from the phoneme to the morpheme

8/12/2019 From the Phoneme to the Morpheme

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From the phoneme to the morpheme

Phonology to morphology

Contrastive analysis in morphological

constructions in English and Spanish

COURSE: INGL 4235

PROF. ANBAL MUOZ CLAUDIO

TUESDAYS & THURSDAYS

3:00-4:20 P.M. ROOM: LCS 101

www1.uprh.edu/animun
http://www1.uprh.edu/animunhttp://www.msnusers.com/http://www.msnusers.com/http://www1.uprh.edu/animun


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PREVIEW

Preview Definitions

Inflectional Paradigms

Derivational Paradigms

Intonation Patterns

Position or Word Order

Form Class Words

(Lexiconmeaning)

NounsClass I, Pronouns, VerbsClass II, AdjectivesClass III,AdverbsClass IV

Function Words(determiners, conjunctions,

others)

Compound nouns

Anglicism, calques,

borrowings, andlanguage evolution

Semantic equivalents

Connotations

idiomatic expressions Morphemes of gender

and number in nouns,pronouns,verbs,articles, adjectives, and

adverbs Lexical units vs.

function words

Affixationsuffixes and

prefixes


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Definitions

Phoneme- any of a small set of basic unitsof sound, different for each language, by

which utterances are represented.

eg. /t/, /d/, /k/, /a/, //

Morphemeany of the minimal

grammatical units of a language that cannotbe divided into smaller grammatical parts

(smallest unit of meaning or lexical unit)

eg. a, at, be, s, ness, ly, ic,


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Paradigms

ParadigmsThe devices used by structuralists for establishing word classes inEnglish include consideration of ways in which certain types of

words can be grouped into sets, called paradigms, on the basisof the inflectional and derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)that they will take.

1. Inflectional paradigmsThey are sets of forms. Each set is made up of a base form

(singular), plus whatever morphemic changeseither the addition

of suffixes or sound changes or bothmay be used to adapt thebase form to certain functions without changing the lexicalmeaning.(1999, Herndon)For example, the inflectional paradigm for the class form(NOUNS) is made up as follows.


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Base

(singular)

Base Form +

plural

Base Form +

possessive

Base Form +

Possessive

plural

teacher teachers teachersThe teachers

book

teachersThe teachers

book

student students students students

Nounsinflectional paradigms


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Spanish inflectional contrast

Base

(singular)

Base Form +

plural

Base Form +

possessive

Base Form +

Possessive

plural

maestro

maestra

maestros

maestras

teachersteachers book

El libro

del maestro

de la maestra

teachers

teachers bookEl libro de los

maestros

El libro de las

maestras


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Derivational Paradigms

Derivational paradigms are made up of

sets of endings that may be attached to

bases that may shift their lexicalmeaning or part ofspeech or both.Some examples of noun-marking

derivational suffixes are hood, -ship, -

ness, and

ment. Words having theseendings are recognized, even in isolation,

as nouns. (1999, Herndon)


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LEXICAL UNITS

Derivational paradigms

friend

neighbor

dark (adj.)

neighborhood

darkness (N)

establish (V)

Establishment (N)

friendship

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

VERBS

Spanish derivational paradigms

Noun: amigo

amistad, amigable, amistoso, etc.

Adjective: oscurooscuridad, oscurecer, etc.

Verb: establecer

Establecimiento, estable, etc.


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Content (Form) words

(carry lexical/ meaning)

1. NounsClass I Words1. Inflectional paradigmgenerally speaking, nouns are forms that will

accept inflections. (slide # 5)

2. Derivational paradigmsmany forms may be recognized as nouns

on the basis of various noun-marking derivational suffixes addedeither to bound bases or to other wordsoften words belonging toother classes. There are literally dozens of these endings. Forexample, -er, -or, and mentadapt verbs to use as nouns;

Examples: verbs + derivational suffix = noun

work + er = worker

play + er = player

stimulate + or = stimulator

govern + ment = government

3. Intonation Patterndifferences of stress may distinguish nounsfrom verbs (slide # 7). Heavier stress on the first syllable almostalways signals a noun; heavier stress on the second signals a verb.noun-sspect / verb -suspct


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Position and word order

Nouns fill certain characteristic positions in relation toother parts of speech. The most obvious is that just beforethe verb.

Examples: The _____ is here. These _____ arebeautiful!

5. Function Words

In English, noun determinersimmediately precede nouns or precede them with certainwords in between. Some noun determiners never appearexcept when followed by a noun and invariably signal itscoming. These are the articles the, a, and an and thepossessive pronouns my, your, our, and their.Other

pronouns are quite frequently used as determiners, buthave other functions as well. These are thedemonstratives this, that, these,and those and the otherpossessive pronouns, his, her, and its.


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Pronouns

When considered a separate class, pronouns are Class IIwords, but most school texts consider them a subcategoryof nouns.

In contrast to nouns, pronouns constitute a closed classno new pronouns have been added to English for

hundreds of years. If anything, the class has becomesmaller instead, as few speakers now make use of theforms thee, thou, thy, and thine.

Personal pronouns fall into an inflectional paradigm that issimilar to, but not exactly like, that for nouns. Forms show

both number and the possessive case, but they also showgender and the nominative and objective cases.

Example: he / his / him (see enclosures)

Pronouns, in most cases are identifiable by the ability ofeach to substitute for a type of noun or noun phrase.

(1999, Herndon)


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2. Verbs Class II Words

a. Inflectional ParadigmEnglish verbs commonly have five forms ,the base form and four inflected forms. These inflections are the present 3rd

person singular, the past, the present participle, and the past participle

form. (see example below)

The present 3rdsingular is similar in many ways to the noun inflections

The past tense, or preterit, is commonly formed with the ed ending,

but there are several irregular allomorphs.

The present progressive is formed by aningsuffix. The past participle makes use of edandenendings or internal vowel

changes. In a class by itself in many ways is the verb be, which has

eight inflected forms (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been)

base 3rd

sing. past present prog. past part.

eat eats ate eating eaten


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Verbs (cont.)b. Derivational Paradigm

Some verbs are marked bysuffixes such as the ateending added to boundbases and nouns, theizeadded to bound bases,nouns, and adjectives, andthe fy added to bound

bases, nouns, andadjectives, and the prefix enadded to nouns andsome other verbs.

Examples: summarize,beautify, locate, etc.

c. Intonation PatternSeecontrasts with nouns marked byintonation

d. Position or WordOrderSome positions mark verbs.

Verbs commonly occupythe first position inrequests, a positionbetween two nouns orpronouns, or betweennoun and adjective oradverb. Heres a simple

set of test frames forverbs.

1. The child may___ something.

2. The children ___ friendly.

3. ___ you ____ me that?

e. Function Wordsfunctionwords that work with verbs arethe various forms of have andbeand the modals can, may,should, will, and others. (1999,Herndon)


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Adjectivesa. Inflectional Paradigms

True adjectives commonlyshow comparative andsuperlative degrees by addinger and est inflections.Derived adjectives make useof the function words moreand most for this purpose.

b. Derivational ParadigmsTrue adjectives fit intoderivational patterns withnouns formed by adding thesuffixnessto true adjectivesand adverbs formed by adding

the suffix

lyto the sameadjectives. (1999, Herndon)

happy-happiness-happi ly

b. (Cont.) Adjectives are derived

from other words by addingsuch endings as y, ic, andous to nouns and bound bases;-ful and lessto nouns; -able,-ent, and iveto verbs andbound bases.

1. greed greedy2. class classic3. danger dangerous4. need needful5. home homeless6. manage manageable7. differ different8. persuade persuasive


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Adverbs

a. Inflectional ParadigmIn a few cases adverbs admitthe comparative andsuperlative degree endings(er, est), usually they usemore and most. Some adverbshave a base form that also

serves as an adjective (fast,hard). In this case the classwill depend upon otherstructural devices. (1999, Herndon)

b. Derivational Paradigmthemost common adverb-marking suffix is thely

added to adjectives(common + ly), (soft+ ly),(bare + ly). .There are other

combinations.

c. Intonation PatternsThe intonation patterns oflarger structures often showadverbs patterning closely withverbs, in contrast to adjectiveswhich usually pattern withnouns.

d. Word OrderMost adverbs in English areextremely mobile. Varioustypes may fill any of severalpositions or positionalcombinations, but almost allcan fill the position following a

noun-verb-complementsequence like the following.

The boy ate his cookies_____.(1999, Herndon)


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Function Words

(do not carry lexicon)

Some words in Englishmay not make use of thestructural paradigms. Theyhave no inflectional or

derivational endings. They perform a function in thesystemoutside of thegrammatical relationships theysignify, they have little or nomeaning.

The categories of function

words are often called closedclassesbecause new forms arerarely, if ever, added to them.

Function words represent only afew hundred of the more thanhalf a million words in English.(1999, Herndon)

subordinators

conjunctions

prepositionsinterrogatives

qualifiers

Auxiliary

verbs

determiners

Function

words


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Function Words

DeterminersThe workings of the determiner class of functionwords is described in some detail under the form class with whichthey appear, the nouns or class I words. The most commonly usedmembers are the, a, an,and some.

Auxiliary VerbsForms of the auxiliaries have and bework withvarious inflected forms of verbs. Modals are usually considered asubcategory because their operation is somewhat different fromthat of have and be. Other auxiliaries are forms of get and do.

QualifiersThey work with both adjectives and adverbs. Some ofthe most frequently used are more, most, very, quite, rather, and

somewhat.

PrepositionsThey introduce modifying or qualifying phrases setapart by intonation pattern and the presence of the prepositionform. They indicate the relation of words with other words. (eg.location, direction, time, etc.)


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ConjunctionsThey always work as

coordinators of linguistics forms or syntactic unitshaving equal value. The two most frequentlyused are and and but.

Subordinatorsthey connect dependentclauses and include words such as because,after, although, unless, and so on, as well as therelative pronouns who, whose, which, andthat.

Interrogativesthey operate in the formation ofquestions and include words such as when,where, why, howand so on, as well as theinterrogative pronouns who, which, and what

Function Words


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Other considerations when contrasting

English and Spanish morphology

Compound nouns

English takes many compound nouns (two words) in contrast to

Spanish.

mochila o bultobook bag

bomberofirefighter

baobathroom

salaliving roomcuaderno-workbook

abuelo(s)grandfather


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Anglicism, borrowings, and language

evolution

Anglicisma word, idiom, or

characteristic feature of the English

language occurring or borrowed byanother language.

eg. Parking, hanguear, badtrip,

from the phoneme to the morpheme

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