freud - ontogeny of personality piaget - ontogeny of intelligence development of intelligence (vs....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Freud - ontogeny of personality
Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence
• Development of intelligence (vs. measurement)
• Knowledge is the result of sensory input and action
• Schema: unit of organization of knowledge
• Schemata are undergoing constant revision
• Genetic (developmental) epistemology– Neither nature nor nurture are sufficient
explanations of knowledge
![Page 3: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Contrast Between Piaget’s Views of Knowledge and Those of Other Thinkers
• KANT: Children born with basic categories of time, space, number, and causality.
• BORING: Intelligence is what an intelligence test measures.
• PIAGET: Sought to discover how concepts of time, space, number. causality and intelligence develop.
![Page 4: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Schema: Structure that adapts
• Organization of knowledge changes with experiences.
• Relationships between schema change.
• The basic unit of knowledge.
• Knowledge neither innate (cf. Chomsky) nor the aggregate of different behaviors (e.g., Skinner).
![Page 5: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Schemata change continuously by:
• Adaptation: modification of schemas by experience.
• Assimilation: quantitative enrichment (generalization), e.g. calling a goat a “doggie.”
• Accommodation: qualitative enrichment (discrimination), e.g. calling a dog an “animal”.
• Equilibrium: process whereby schemata minimize conflict between assimilation (responding to new stimulus in old way) and accommodation (changing response in accordance with demands of new input).
![Page 6: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Schema of Sucking Reflex
• At birth:• Turning of the head when cheek is stimulated• Opening mouth when lips are stimulated• Sucking when inside of mouth is stimulated• Swallowing when liquid reaches throat
• After a few weeks:• Searching for the breast when child is against
mother's body• Sucking movements in anticipation of feeding• Non-nutritive thumb sucking• Sucking on spoons and blocks
![Page 7: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Development Of Imitative Schemata
• Pseudo-imitation: Parent imitates child who continues activity in question
• Partial imitation: Parent opens and closes eyes. Child only opens eyes.
• Full imitation: Child attempts to perform all features of activities modeled by adult, e.g., dancing, athletics.
![Page 8: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stages of Cognitive Growth A shift from perception of the here and now to abstract
reflection about the world.
• Sensory-Motor Period: (0-2 years)– Integration of sensory information, separate motor
movements• Preoperational Period: (2-7 years)
– Development of representational strategiese.g., by addition of counting
• Concrete Operational Period: (7-11 years)– Emergence of specific problem solving skills
e.g., multiplication skills• Formal Operational Period: ( 11 years and
onward)– Emergence of general problem solving skills
e.g., set theory
![Page 9: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sensory-Motor Period William James: "bloomin, buzzin,
confusion"
• Unintegrated sensations and movements
• No object constancy
– no distinction between stable and changing objects.
– no object permanence. Has to learn to search for a previously present object.
• No (or poor) differentiation of self from others.
![Page 10: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cognitive development at end of Sensory-Motor period:
• Object permanence
• Complex instrumental behavior
• Simple imitation
• Ability to generate images
• Beginnings of language
• Representational Ability: Child could previously interact with environment only through direct sensory contact; now she can carry aspects of world in her head.
![Page 11: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 12: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 13: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 14: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 15: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 16: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 17: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thoughtCan only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner of
her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 18: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pre-operational Period
• Pre-operational intelligence is intuitive; child cannot make logical statements
• Ego-centric thought-Can only take one point of view-Child can only respond to one dimension at a
time (that which it perceives)• No operations - Child responds solely on basis of
perceptions and representations • Magical demonstrations convincing - child a prisoner
of her immediate perceptual experience. • No conservation (length, liquid volume, solid volume)
– Can’t say “clay is thinner but wider”• Animistic view of world
– Cloud, streams, bicycles are alive– Walls, trees, tables are not
• Name of a thing an intrinsic property (cf. Romeo: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet”)
• Moral judgments don’t allow for intent
![Page 19: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Egocentric Thought
What does the doll see?
![Page 20: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Conservation of Liquid
![Page 21: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Conservation of Amount
Which row has more pennies?
Are both sticks the same length?
Do both blobs have the same amount of clay?
![Page 22: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Conceptual Ability
Put together those items that are alike.
![Page 23: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
“Sticks in Order”
![Page 24: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Concrete Operational Period
• Child cannot grasp logical operations.
• Child understands concrete (but not abstract) rules that apply to specific situations.
• Concrete child can:– adopt perspective of viewer– alternate thoughts about two or more dimensions of
an object– understand conservation of length, volume, etc.– sort by category (concretely, not abstractly)
![Page 26: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Concrete vs. Formal Operations
Build a new tower on the floor that is as high as the tower on the table
![Page 27: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Formal Operations
• Child generates hypotheses
• Can think about thinking
• Concerned with beliefs - values
• Can argue if A is true, then B must follow.
• Can argue “other things being equal”.
![Page 28: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Will a falling ball stop in midair?
Will a falling ball pass through a solid object?
(Liz Spelke)
![Page 29: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
“Magic Show”:
How many Mickey Mouse dolls does the infant expect?
1 + 1 = 3 causes more looking time than 1 + 1 = 2.
(Karen Wynn)
![Page 30: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“Magic Show”:
How many pieces of eggplant does the monkey expect?
1 + 1 = 3 causes more looking time than 1 + 1 = 2.
(Marc Hauser)
![Page 31: Freud - ontogeny of personality Piaget - ontogeny of intelligence Development of intelligence (vs. measurement) Knowledge is the result of sensory input](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf55503460f949c4403/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)