what is intelligence? adaptive thinking or actions (piaget) ability to think abstractly, solve...
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What Is Intelligence?
• Adaptive thinking or actions (Piaget)
• Ability to think abstractly, solve problems? Characteristics of Intelligence
• Genetic determination about 50%
• Environmental influence about 50%
Creativity: Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context, valued by others
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A trait – can be identified, measured A single attribute? Spearman Many attributes? Thurstone
•Seven primary mental abilities Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
IQ tests and IQ score - Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests attempt to measure an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings.
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Fluid Intelligence: Decreases in older adults
•Used to solve novel problems
•Skills: reasoning, seeing relationships, inferences,
•Free of cultural influences Crystallized Intelligence: Increases
with age
•Knowledge from experiences (learned)
•General information, vocabulary, etc.
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Not measured with IQ tests: 8 types1) Linguistic2) Logical-mathematical3) Musical 4) Spatial 5) Bodily-kinesthetic6) Interpersonal 7) Intrapersonal8) Naturalist
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Extraordinary talent in one area Otherwise mentally retarded Musical, artistic, calculation abilities
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Practical (Contextual) Component • Adapting to the environment• “Street smart,” age group, culture, etc.
Creative (Experiential) Component• Response to novelty
Analytical (Componential) Component• Information processing • Efficiency of strategies
Intelligent answers, not correct ones!!
• How well can you succeed in life?
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• Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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The “standard” in traditional IQ testing Age-graded items used Older Version: Concept of mental age (MA)
• IQ = MA/CA X 100
• MA- mental age
• CA – chronological age
• IQ score of 100 is average
• 12 year old child who has a MA of 10 has an IQ of…
• 10 year old child who has a MA of 14 has an IQ of…
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Widely Used Today
•WPPSI: ages 3-8
•WISC-IV: ages 6-16
•WAIS-IV: adults Five IQ Scores Derived
• Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) • Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) • Working Memory Index (WMI) • Processing Speed Index (PSI)• Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined
performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI •
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Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
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Developmental Quotient (DQ)•Bayley Scales: Ages 2-30 months•Correlations with Child IQ are low
to zero•Useful for diagnostic purposes
Best Predictors of IQ•Measures of information
processing•e.g., attention, speed of
habituation, preference for novelty
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DQ does not predict later IQ IQ at age 4 predicts later IQ IQ Gains Due to:
•Parents who foster achievement
•Neither strict nor lax parenting IQ Drops: Poverty
•Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis
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Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty)
•Formal operational thinking
• Improved memory and processing skills
•Stability of IQ evident IQ score a good predictor of school
achievement
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Strong Relationships Between:
• IQ and occupational prestige
• IQ and job performance
• IQ and good health/longevity IQ decline by age 80 (longitudinal studies)
•C-S studies show cohort effects
•Fluid IQ peaks at about age 24
•Crystallized (verbal) unchanged until 80’s
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Decline: Poor health, unstimulating lifestyle
Gain (or maintain)
•Above average SES
• Intact marriages
• Intellectually capable spouses
•Active lifestyles “Use it or lose it!”
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The Flynn Effect: Increases in IQ generally Genes: Accounts for half (Twin studies) Home environment; higher SES helps
• Environment is powerful
• Parental involvement and stimulation Firstborn, smaller family are advantages Racial and ethnic differences
• Stereotype threat
• Culture bias in IQ test (need more culture-free tests)
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Raven’s Progressive Matrices• Psychologists created “culture-reduced” tests
without language. It tests abstract reasoning ability (non-verbal intelligence or performance IQ)
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Below-average intellectual functioning: IQ 70
Limited adaptive behavior: Before age 18
•Self-care and social skills (ADL’s) Below age-appropriate expectations Causes
•Organic: e.g., Down syndrome
•Cultural-familial: genes & environment
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High IQ Special abilities: math, arts, leadership Renzuli: combination high IQ, creativity,
and task commitment Can be identified by 18 months Terman’s “Termites”
•Remarkable into adulthood
•Well adjusted
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Ability to produce novel responses Divergent thinking: A variety of solutions Convergent Thinking
•Focusing on best solution
•Measured by IQ test
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Freedom, originality, humor, violence, playfulness
More fantasy and pretend play More open to new experience Little genetic influence: Related to home
•Value nonconformity and independence
•Encouragement of curiosity and playfulness
•Freedom to explore independently
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Increases in the 20’s, 30’s, and early 40’s
•Then declines Peak Times Vary by Fields
•Humanities scholars peak in 60’s
•Artists peak in 30’s and 40’s
•Scientists peak from 40’s to 70’s Enthusiasm and experience required.
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