french baroque architecture - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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7/20/2015 FrenchBaroquearchitectureWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
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VauxleVicomtenearParis,byLouisLeVauandAndrLeNtre,1661
PalaisduLuxembourginParis,builtbetween1615and1620
FrenchBaroquearchitectureFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
FrenchBaroquearchitectureisthenamegiventotheFrencharchitectureduringthereignsofLouisXIII(161043),LouisXIV(16431715)andLouisXV(171574).
FrenchBaroqueprofoundlyinfluenced18thcenturyseculararchitecturethroughoutEurope.Inparticular,thePalaceofVersaillesandthejardinlafranaisewerecopiedbyothercourtsalloverEurope.
Contents
1Seventeenthcentury2Eighteenthcentury3Gallery4Seealso5References
Seventeenthcentury
AlthoughtheopenthreewinglayoutofthepalacewasestablishedinFranceasthecanonicalsolutionasearlyasthe16thcentury,itwasthePalaisduLuxembourg(161520)bySalomondeBrossethatdeterminedthesoberandclassicizingdirectionthatFrenchBaroquearchitecturewastotake.Forthefirsttime,thecorpsdelogiswasemphasizedastherepresentativemainpartofthebuilding,whilethesidewingsweretreatedashierarchicallyinferiorandappropriatelyscaleddown.Themedievaltowerhasbeencompletelyreplacedbythecentralprojectionintheshapeofamonumentalthreestoreygateway.DeBrosse'smeldingoftraditionalFrenchelements(e.g.,loftymansardroofsandcomplexroofline)withsomeitalianatequotations(e.g.,ubiquitousrustication,derivedfromPalazzoPittiinFlorence)cametocharacterizetheLouisXIII
style.
ProbablythemostaccomplishedformulatorofthenewmannerwasFranoisMansart,atirelessperfectionistcreditedwithintroducingthefullBaroquetoFrance.InhisdesignforChteaudeMaisons(1642),Mansartsucceededinreconcilingacademicandbaroqueapproaches,whiledemonstratingrespectforthegothicinheritedidiosyncrasiesoftheFrenchtradition.MaisonsLaffitteillustratestheongoingtransitionfromthepostmedievalchateauxofthesixteenthcenturytothevillalikecountryhousesofthe
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ChteaudeMaisonsLaffittenearParis,byFranoisMansart,1642
PalaceofVersailles
LesInvalides,Paris,byJulesHardouinMansart,1676
eighteenth.Thestructureisstrictlysymmetrical,withanorderappliedtoeachstory,mostlyinpilasterform.Thefrontispiece,crownedwithaseparateaggrandizedroof,isinfusedwithremarkableplasticityandthewholeensemblereadslikeathreedimensionalwhole.Mansart'sstructuresarestrippedofoverblowndecorativeeffects,sotypicalofcontemporaryRome.ItalianBaroqueinfluenceismutedandrelegatedtothefieldofdecorativeornamentation.
ThenextstepinthedevelopmentofFrenchresidentialarchitectureinvolvedtheintegrationofthejardinlafranaiseinthecompositionofthepalace,asisexemplifiedbyVauxleVicomte(165661),wherethearchitectLouisLeVau,thedesignerCharlesLeBrunandthegardenerAndrLeNtrecomplementedeachother.Fromthemaincornicetoalowplinth,theminiaturepalaceisclothedinthesocalled"colossalorder",whichmakesthestructurelookmoreimpressive.ThecreativecollaborationofLeVauandLeNtremarkedthearrivalofthe"MagnificentManner"whichallowedtoextendBaroquearchitectureoutsidethepalacewallsandtransformthesurroundinglandscapeintoanimmaculatemosaicofexpansivevistas.
ThesamethreeartistsscaledthisconcepttomonumentalproportionsintheroyalhuntinglodgeandlatermainPalaceofVersailles(16611690).Onafargranderscale,thepalaceisahypertrophiedandsomewhatrepetitiveversionofVauxleVicomte.Itwasboththemostgrandioseandthemostimitatedresidentialbuildingofthe17thcentury.Mannheim,NordkirchenandDrottningholmwereamongmanyforeignresidencesforwhichVersaillesprovidedamodel.
ThefinalexpansionofVersailleswassuperintendedbyJules
HardouinMansart,whosekeydesignistheDomedesInvalides(16761706),generallyregardedasthemostimportantFrenchchurchofthecentury.HardouinMansartprofitedfromhisuncle'sinstructionandplanstoinstilltheedificewithanimperialgrandeurunprecedentedinthecountriesnorthofItaly.Themajestichemisphericaldomebalancesthevigorousverticalthrustoftheorders,whichdonotaccuratelyconveythestructureoftheinterior.TheyoungerarchitectnotonlyrevivedtheharmonyandbalanceassociatedwiththeworkoftheelderMansartbutalsosetthetoneforLateBaroqueFrencharchitecture,withitsgrandponderousnessandincreasingconcessionstoacademicism.
Eighteenthcentury
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TheRgenceandtheearlyreignofLouisXVsawareactionagainsttheofficialstylethathadbeenperfectedinHardouinMansart'sBtimentsduRoi,whichtooktheshapeoftherococo'smoredelicateandintimatemanner,largelylimitedtointeriorsandworksofdecorativearts.Thestyle,whichsoftenedthendissolvedarchitecturalelementsininteriors,waspioneeredbyNicolasPineau,whocollaboratedwithHardouinMansartontheinteriorsoftheroyalChteaudeMarly.FurtherelaboratedafterMansart'sdeathin1706byPierreLePautreandthen,moreforcefullybyGillesMarieOppendordtandJusteAurleMeissonnier,the"genrepittoresque"culminatedintheinteriorsofthePetitChteauatChantilly(c.1722)andGermainBoffrand'sinteriorsattheHteldeSoubiseinParis(c.1732),whereafashionableemphasisontheatectonicandcurvilinearwentbeyondallreasonablemeasure.Sculpture,paintings,furniture,andporcelaintendedtoovershadowarchitecturaldivisionsoftheinterior.TheclassicaltraditioninFrencharchitecturewasneveroverwhelmed,however,andthereactioninfavorofclassicismbeganasearlyasthe1740sintheAcadmie,intheatelierofGiovanniNiccolServandoniandamongtheyoungpensionnairesattheFrenchAcademyinRome.
Gallery
PalaceoftheInstitutdeFrance,Paris.
ChteaudeDampierrebyJulesHardouinMansart.
ChteaudeBeaumesnil,Eure.
Nancy,PlaceStanislas,E.Hr,17521760.jpg
InsideofthechurchofNotreDamedeBonsecoursinNancy,Lorraine.
NotreDamechurchinBordeaux.
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InsideoftheChapelofVersaillesPalace.
ValdeGrcechurchinParis.
ChteaudeVauxleVicomte,whichinspiredVersailles.
PalaisduLuxembourginParis.
PortaloftheCourCarre,LouvrePalace,Paris.
SaintRochchurchinParis.
GrandTrianoninVersailles.
PalaceofVersailles.
PalaisRohan,Strasbourg.
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ChoirofAuchCathedral,Auch,MidiPyrnes.
Seealso
FrenchBaroqueandClassicism
References
HenryA.Millon(ed.),TheTriumphoftheBaroque:ArchitectureinEurope,16001750(1999).FrdriqueLemerle&YvesPauwels,"BaroqueArchitecture",Flammarion,2008
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