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8/9/2019 Baroque - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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2/10/15 6:aroque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Triumph of the Immaculat e byPaolo de Matteis

The Church of Sant'Andrea alQuirinale, designed by Gian Lorenzo

Bernini

BaroqueFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Baroque (US /b!!ro"k/ or UK /b!!r#k/) is often thoughtof as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motionand clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama,

ension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting,architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began

around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe.[1]

The popularity and success of the Baroque style wasencouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided athe time of the Council of Trent, in response to the

Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate

eligious themes in direct and emotional involvement.[2]

The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroquearchitecture and art as a means of impressing visitors andexpressing triumph, power and control. Baroque palaces are builtaround an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of equentially increasing opulence. However, "baroque" has resonance

and application that extend beyond a simple reduction to either style or

period.[3]

Contents

1 Etymology

2 Modern taste and usage

3 Development

3.1 Periods

4 Painting

5 Sculpture

5.1 Bernini's Cornaro chapel

6 Architecture

7 Theatre

8 Literature and philosophy

9 Music

9.1 Composers and examples

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Brooch of an African,Walters Art Museum

10 See also

11 Notes

12 References

13 Further reading

14 External links

Etymology

The word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco", Spanishbarroco", or French "baroque", all of which refer to a "rough or imperfect

pearl", though whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or some

other source is uncertain.[4] The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 11th editionhought the term was derived from the Spanish barrueco, a large, irregularly-

haped pearl, and that it had for a time been confined to the craft of theeweller.[5] Others derive it from the mnemonic term "Baroco", a supposedly

aboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica.[6] The Latin root can be

ound in bis-roca.[7]

n informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something iselaborate", with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the7th and 18th centuries.

The word "Baroque", like most periodic or stylistic designations, was inventedby later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th and early 18thenturies. It is a French transliteration of the Portuguese phrase "pérola barroca", which means "irregular pea

and natural pearls that deviate from the usual, regular forms so they do not have an axis of rotation are known

baroque pearls".[8]

The term "Baroque" was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. Inparticular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharontrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance. Although it was long thought that the word as aritical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymousatirical review of the première in October 1733 of Jean-Philippe Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in th

Mercure de France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque",omplaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was unsparing with dissonances, constantly changed key

and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.[9]

Modern taste and usage

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Aeneas flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci1598

The word was first rehabilitated by the Swiss-born art historian, Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945) in hisRenaissance und Barock (1888); Wölfflin identified the Baroque as "movement imported into mass," an artantithetic to Renaissance art. He did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modernwriters do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Longdespised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has largelyemained in critical favour. For example the often extreme Sicilian Baroque architecture is today recognisedargely due to the work of Sir Sacheverall Sitwell, whose Southern Baroque Art of 1924 was the first book to

appreciate the style, followed by the more academic work of Anthony Blunt. In painting the gradual rise inpopular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of taste.

n art history it has become common to recognise "Baroque" stylistic phases, characterized by energeticmovement and display, in earlier art, so that Sir John Boardman describes the ancient sculpture Laocoön and

His Sons as "one of the finest examples of the Hellenistic baroque",[10] and a later phase of Imperial Romanculpture is also often called Baroque. William Watson describes a late phase of Shang dynasty Chinese ritua

bronzes of the 11th century BC as "baroque".[11]

The term "Baroque" may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, or design that arehought to have excessive ornamentation or complexity of line.

Development

The Baroque originated around 1600, several decades after theCouncil of Trent (1545–63), by which the Roman CatholicChurch answered many questions of internal reform, addressedhe representational arts by demanding that paintings andculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather

han to the well-informed. This turn toward a populistonception of the function of ecclesiastical art is seen by many

art historians as driving the innovations of Caravaggio andbrothers Agostino and Annibale Carracci, all of who wereworking (and competing for commissions) in Rome around600.

The appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty,ntellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral

appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that

was direct, simple, obvious, and theatrical (illustration, right ). Baroque art drew on certain broad and heroicendencies in Annibale Carracci and his circle, and found inspiration in other artists like Correggio andCaravaggio and Federico Barocci (illustration, right ), nowadays sometimes termed 'proto-Baroque'. Germinadeas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Some general parallels in music make th

expression "Baroque music" useful: there are contrasting phrase lengths, harmony and counterpoint have ouspolyphony, and orchestral color makes a stronger appearance. Even more generalized parallels perceived byome experts in philosophy, prose style and poetry, are harder to pinpoint.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarrotihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Baroccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Merisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Carraccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Carraccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Carraccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Merisihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Watson_(sinologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacheverall_Sitwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Baroccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeneas%27_Flight_from_Troy_by_Federico_Barocci.jpg


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St. Nicholas Church in Lesser Town inPrague was founded in 1703 under lead o

Baroque architect Christoph Dientzenhof

Though Baroque was superseded in many centers by the Rococo style, beginning in France in the late 1720s,especially for interiors, paintings and the decorative arts, the Baroque style continued to be used in architectuuntil the advent of Neoclassicism in the later 18th century. See the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroquepalace (though in a chaste exterior) whose construction began in 1752.

n paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures:ess ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage

gestures of opera, a major Baroque art form. Baroque poses dependon contrapposto ("counterpoise"), the tension within the figures thatmove the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. SeeBernini's David .

The dryer, less dramatic and coloristic, chastened later stages of 8th century Baroque architectural style are often seen as a separate

Late Baroque manifestation, for example in buildings by ClaudePerrault. Academic characteristics in the neo-Palladian style,epitomized by William Kent, are a parallel development in Britain

and the British colonies: within interiors, Kent's furniture designsare vividly influenced by the Baroque furniture of Rome andGenoa, hierarchical tectonic sculptural elements, meant never to be moved from their positions, completed thwall decoration. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail.

The Baroque was defined by Heinrich Wölfflin as the age where the oval replaced the circle as the center of omposition, that centralization replaced balance, and that coloristic and "painterly" effects began to become

more prominent. Art historians, often Protestant ones, have traditionally emphasized that the Baroque styleevolved during a time in which the Roman Catholic Church had to react against the many revolutionary cultumovements that produced a new science and new forms of religion—Reformation. It has been said that the

monumental Baroque is a style that could give the Papacy, like secular absolute monarchies, a formal, imposway of expression that could restore its prestige, at the point of becoming somehow symbolic of the CounterReformation.

Whether this is the case or not, it was successfully developed in Rome, where Baroque architecture widelyenewed the central areas with perhaps the most important urbanistic revision.

Periods

The Baroque era is sometimes divided into roughly three phases for convenience:[12][13][14]

Early Baroque, c.1590–c.1625

High Baroque, c.1625–c.1660

Late Baroque, c.1660–c.1725

Late Baroque is also sometimes used synonymously with the succeeding Rococo movement.

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Caravaggio, The Crowning with Thorns

Still-life, by Josefa de Óbidos, c.1679,Santarém, Portugal, Municipal Library

Painting

A defining statement of what Baroque signifies in painting isprovided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubensor Marie de Medici at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris (now at the

Louvre),[15] in which a Catholic painter satisfied a Catholic patron:Baroque-era conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions as well as the depiction of space andmovement.

Baroque style featured "exaggerated lighting, intense emotions,elease from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism".

Baroque art did not really depict the life style of the people at thatime; however, "closely tied to the Counter-Reformation, this style

melodramatically reaffirmed the emotional depths of the Catholic faith and glorified both church and

monarchy" of their power and influence.[16]

There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona; both approachingemotive dynamism with different styles.

Another frequently cited work of Baroque art is Bernini's Saint Theresa in Ecstasy for the Cornaro chapel in

Saint Maria della Vittoria, which brings together architecture, sculpture, and theatre into one grand conceit.[1

The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorativeRococo.

A rather different art developed out of northern realist traditions17th century Dutch Golden Age painting, which had very littlereligious art, and little history painting, instead playing a crucialpart in developing secular genres such as still life, genre paintingof everyday scenes, and landscape painting. While the Baroquenature of Rembrandt's art is clear, the label is less often used forVermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque paintinshared a part in this trend, while also continuing to produce thetraditional categories.

n a similar way the French classical style of painting exemplified by Poussin is often classed as Baroque, andoes share many qualities of the Italian painting of the same period, although the poise and restraint derivedrom following classical ideas typically give it a very different overall mood.

Sculpture

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Stanislas Kostka on his deathbed byPierre Le Gros the Younger

In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance andthere was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms—theyspiraled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into thesurrounding space. For the first time, Baroque sculpture often hadmultiple ideal viewing angles. The characteristic Baroque sculptureadded extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, orwater fountains. Aleijadinho in Brazil was also one of the great name

baroque sculpture, and his master work is the set of statues of theSantuário de Bom Jesus de Matosinhos in Congonhas. The soapstonesculptures of old testament prophets around the terrace are consideredamongst his finest work.

The architecture, sculpture and fountains of Bernini (1598–1680) givhighly charged characteristics of Baroque style. Bernini wasundoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period. Heapproached Michelangelo in his omnicompetence: Bernini sculpted,worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged spectacles. In

the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both his virtuosity in carving marble and his ability to create figures that combine the physical and the spiritual. Hwas also a fine sculptor of bust portraits in high demand among the powerful.

Bernini's Cornaro chapel

A good example of Bernini's Baroque work is his St. Theresa in Ecstasy (1645–52), created for the CornaroChapel of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. Bernini designed the entire chapel, a subsidiary spalong the side of the church, for the Cornaro family.

Saint Theresa, the focal point of the chapel, is a soft white marble statue surrounded by a polychromatic marbarchitectural framing. This structure conceals a window which lights the statue from above. Figure-groups ofhe Cornaro family sculpted in shallow relief inhabit opera boxes on the two side walls of the chapel. Theetting places the viewer as a spectator in front of the statue with the Cornaro family leaning out of their boxeats and craning forward to see the mystical ecstasy of the saint.

St. Theresa is highly idealized and in an imaginary setting. She was a popular saint of the Catholic ReformatiShe wrote of her mystical experiences for an audience of the nuns of her Carmelite Order; these writings hadbecome popular reading among lay people interested in spirituality. In her writings, she described the love ofGod as piercing her heart like a burning arrow. Bernini materializes this by placing St. Theresa on a cloud wh

a Cupid figure holds a golden arrow made of metal and smiles down at her. The angelic figure is not preparino plunge the arrow into her heart—rather, he has withdrawn it. St. Theresa's face reflects not the anticipationecstasy, but her current fulfillment.

This work is widely considered a masterpiece of the Baroque, although the mix of religious and erotic imagefaithful to St Teresa's own written account) may raise modern eyebrows. However, Bernini was a devout

Catholic and was not attempting to satirize the experience of a chaste nun. Rather, he aimed to portray religio

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Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa

experience as an intensely physical one. Theresa described her bodily reaction to spiritual enlightenment in aanguage of ecstasy used by many mystics, and Bernini's depiction is earnest.

The Cornaro family promotes itself discreetly in this chapel; they are represented visually, but are placed on ides of the chapel, witnessing the event from balconies. As in an opera house, the Cornaro have a privileged

position in respect to the viewer, in their private reserve, closer to the saint; the viewer, however, has a betterview from the front. They attach their name to the chapel, but St. Theresa is the focus. It is a private chapel in

he sense that no one could say mass on the altar beneath the statue (in 17th century and probably through the9th) without permission from the family, but the only thing that divides the viewer from the image is the altail. The spectacle functions both as a demonstration of mysticism and as a piece of family pride.

Architecture

n Baroque architecture, new emphasis was placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light-and-shadechiaroscuro), 'painterly' color effects, and the bold play of volume and void. In interiors, Baroque movemen

around and through a void informed monumental staircases that had no parallel in previous architecture. The

other Baroque innovation in worldly interiors was the state apartment, a sequence of increasingly rich interiohat culminated in a presence chamber or throne room or atate bedroom. The sequence of monumental stairs followed

by a state apartment was copied in smaller scale everywheren aristocratic dwellings of any pretensions.

Baroque architecture was taken up with enthusiasm inentral Germany (see, e.g., Ludwigsburg Palace and

Zwinger, Dresden), Austria and Russia (see, e.g., Peterhof).n England the culmination of Baroque architecture was

embodied in work by Sir Christopher Wren, Sir JohnVanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, from ca. 1660 to ca.725. Many examples of Baroque architecture and town

planning are found in other European towns, and in LatinAmerica. Town planning of this period featured radiatingavenues intersecting in squares, which took cues fromBaroque garden plans. In Sicily, Baroque developed newhapes and themes as in Noto, Ragusa and AcirealeBasilica di San Sebastiano".

Another example of Baroque architecture is the Cathedral of

Morelia, Michoacán in Mexico. Built in the 17th century byVincenzo Barrochio, it is one of the many Baroqueathedrals in Mexico. Baroque churches are also seen in the

Philippines, which were built during the Spanish period.

Francis Ching described Baroque architecture as "a style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century andvariously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a

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entury and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamicopposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, paint

and the decorative arts."[18]

Architecture

Augustusburg Palace near Cologne

Trevi Fountain in Rome

Wilanów Palace in Warsaw, Poland

Interior of the Cornaro Chapel, Santa

Maria della Vittoria church, Romeincluding the Cornaro portraits, butomitting the lower parts of the chapel.

Theatre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevi_Fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustusburg_and_Falkenlust_Palaces,_Br%C3%BChl


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18th-century painting of the RoyalTheatre of Turin

In theatre, the elaborate conceits, multiplicity of plot turns and a variety situations characteristic of Mannerism (Shakespeare's tragedies, forinstance) were superseded by opera, which drew together all the arts intounified whole.

Theatre evolved in the Baroque era and became a multimedia experiencestarting with the actual architectural space. In fact, much of the technolo

used in current Broadway or commercial plays was invented and developduring this era. The stage could change from a romantic garden to theinterior of a palace in a matter of seconds. The entire space became aframed selected area that only allows the users to see a specific action,hiding all the machinery and technology – mostly ropes and pulleys.

This technology affected the content of the narrated or performed piecespracticing at its best the Deus ex Machina solution. Gods were finally abto come down – literally – from the heavens and rescue the hero in the mextreme and dangerous, even absurd situations.

The term Theatrum Mundi – the world is a stage – was also created. The social and political realm in the realworld is manipulated in exactly the same way the actor and the machines are presenting/limiting what is beinpresented on stage, hiding selectively all the machinery that makes the actions happen.

The films Vatel and Farinelli give a good idea of the style of productions of the Baroque period. The Americmusician William Christie and Les Arts Florissants have performed extensive research on all the FrenchBaroque Opera, performing pieces from Charpentier and Lully, among others that are extremely faithful to thoriginal 17th century creations.

Literature and philosophy

For German Baroque literature, see German literature of the Baroque period.

Music

The term Baroque is also used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with thof Baroque art, but usually encompasses a slightly later period.

t is a still-debated question as to what extent Baroque music shares aesthetic principles with the visual anditerary arts of the Baroque period. A fairly clear, shared element is a love of ornamentation, and it is perhapsignificant that the role of ornament was greatly diminished in both music and architecture as the Baroque ga

way to the Classical period.

The application of the term "Baroque" to music is a relatively recent development, although it has recently bepointed out that the first use of the word "baroque" in criticism of any of the arts related to music, in ananonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Rameau’s Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_et_Ariciehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(art)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature_of_the_Baroque_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lullyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Arts_Florissants_(ensemble)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Christie_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatel_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_Machinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Regio_(Turin)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Domenico_Oliviero_-_The_Royal_Theater_in_Turin.jpg


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George Frideric Handel, 1733

Mercure de France in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque,"omplaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly

hanged key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.[19]

However this was an isolated reference, and consistent use was only begun in 1919, by Curt Sachs,[20] and it

was not until 1940 that it was first used in English (in an article published by Manfred Bukofzer).[19]

Many musical forms were born in that era, like the concerto and sinfonia. Forms such as the sonata, cantata aoratorio flourished. Also, opera was born out of the experimentation of the Florentine Camerata, the creatorsmonody, who attempted to recreate the theatrical arts of the Ancient Greeks. An important technique used inbaroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated bass line. Dido'sLament by Henry Purcell is a famous example of this technique.

Composers and examples

Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557–1612) Sonata pian' e forte

(1597), In Ecclesiis (from Symphoniae sacrae book 2, 1615)

Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), L'Orfeo, favola in musica

(1610)

Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672), Musikalische Exequien (1629,

1647, 1650)

Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676), L'Egisto (1643), Ercole amante

(1662), Scipione affricano (1664)

Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687), Armide (1686)

Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643–1704), Te Deum (1688-1698)

Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (1644–1704), Mystery Sonatas (1681)

John Blow (1649–1708), Venus and Adonis (1680–1687)

Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706), Canon in D (1680)

Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713), 12 concerti grossi, Op. 6 (1714)

Marin Marais (1656–1728), Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris (1723)

Henry Purcell (1659–1695), Dido and Aeneas (1687)

Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725), L'honestà negli amori (1680), Il Pompeo (1683), Mitridate Eupator(1707)

François Couperin (1668–1733), Les barricades mystérieuses (1717)

Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1751), Didone abbandonata (1724)

Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741), The Four Seasons (1723)

Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679-1745), Il Serpente di Bronzo (1730), Missa Sanctissimae Trinitatis (1736)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missa_Sanctissimae_Trinitatishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Serpente_di_Bronzohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didone_abbandonata_(Albinoni)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Albinonihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_barricades_myst%C3%A9rieuseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitridate_Eupatorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Pompeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27honest%C3%A0_negli_amorihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlattihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnerie_de_Ste-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont-de-Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Maraishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_concerti_grossi,_op.6_(Corelli)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachelbel%27s_Canonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Pachelbelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(opera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Sonatashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum_(Charpentier)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armide_(Lully)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lullyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipione_affricanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_amantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egisto_(opera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Cavallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalische_Exequienhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Orfeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Ecclesiishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_pian%27_e_fortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrielihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_basshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Cameratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratoriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haendel.jpg


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Johann Sebastian Bach, 1748

Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), Der Tag des Gerichts

(1762)

Johann David Heinichen (1683–1729)

Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764), Dardanus (1739)

George Frideric Handel (1685–1759), Water Music (1717),

Messiah (1741)Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757), Sonatas for harpsichord

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), Toccata and Fugue in D

minor (1703–1707), Brandenburg Concertos (1721), St Matthew

Passion (1727)

Nicola Porpora (1686–1768), Semiramide riconosciuta (1729)

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736), Stabat Mater (1736)

See also

Notes

Andean Baroque

Baroque architecture in Portugal

Dutch Baroque architecture

English Baroque

French Baroque

Gilded woodcarving

Italian Baroque

List of Baroque architecture

Naryshkin Baroque

Neo-baroque

New Spanish Baroque

Petrine Baroque

Polish Baroque

Sicilian BaroqueSpanish Baroque architecture

Ukrainian Baroque

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrine_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_woodcarvinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabat_Materhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiramide_riconosciutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Porporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew_Passionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solo_keyboard_sonatas_by_Domenico_Scarlattihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlattihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music_(Handel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanus_(opera)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tag_des_Gerichtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg


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References

. arg s, aul ( ). e ew or u ic i rary es e erence (th rd ed.). ew ork: acm llan eneral

Reference. p. 262. ISBN 0-02-862169-7.

2. ^ Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya, Gardner's Art Through the Ages (Belmont, CA:

Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005), p. 516.

3. ^ Helen Hills (ed), Rethinking the Baroque (Farnham (Surrey) and Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate Publishing, 2011)

4. ^ OED Online. Accessed 6 June 2008.

5. ^ "Baroque" (http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/b/baroque.html). Encyclopædia Britannica 1911. Retrieved20 April 2011.

6. ^ Panofsky, Erwin (1995). "Three Essays on Style". The MIT Press. p. 19. |chapter= ignored (help)

7. ^ "Baroque" (http://www.etimo.it/?term=barocco). Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana di Ottorino

Pianigiani. Retrieved 26 July 2012.

8. ^ Diogo Mayo (1967-09-15). "Scale Regia" (http://scalaregia.blogspot.ca/2011_06_01_archive.html).

Scalaregia.blogspot.ca. Retrieved 2013-04-20.

9. ^ Claude V. Palisca, "Baroque". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanle

Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).

10. ^ Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art , 1993, OUP, ISBN 0198143869

11. ^ Watson W. (1974), Style in the Arts of China, p. 34, 1974, Penguin, ISBN 0140218637

12. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2011

13. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica: Western painting" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438648/Western-

painting/69563/Early-and-High-Baroque-in-Italy). Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-04-20.

14. ^ Shearer West (ed.) The Bulfinch Guide to Art History: A Comprehensive Survey and Dictionary of Western Art an

Architecture. Bullfinch 1996. ISBN 0-8212-2137-X

15. ^ Peter Paul Rubens The Life of Marie de' Medici (http://www.students.sbc.edu/vandergriff04/mariedemedici.html).

16. ^ Hunt, Martin, Rosenwein, and Smith (2010). The Making of the West (third ed.). Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's. pp

469

17. ^ "Cornaro Chapel" at Bogelwood.com (http://www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xteresa.html).

18. ^ Francis DK Ching, A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, p. 133

19. ^ a b Palisca 2001.

20. ^ Sachs, Curt (1919). Barockmusik [ Baroque Music]. Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters (in German) 26. Leipzig:

Edition Peters. pp. 7–15.

Andersen, Liselotte. 1969. "Baroque and Rococo Art", New York: H. N. Abrams.

Buci-Glucksmann, Christine. 1994. Baroque Reason: The Aesthetics of Modernity. Sage.

Gardner, Helen, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya. 2005. Gardner's Art Through the Ages, 12th edition. Belmo

CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-15-505090-7 (hardcover)

Palisca, Claude V. (1991) [1961]. Baroque Music. Prentice Hall History of Music (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:

- - -

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318382784http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-058496-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780155050907http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner%27s_Art_Through_the_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Buci-Glucksmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#CITEREFPalisca2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_19-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalisca2001_19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-18http://www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xteresa.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-16http://www.students.sbc.edu/vandergriff04/mariedemedici.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/082122137Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-14http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/438648/Western-painting/69563/Early-and-High-Baroque-in-Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140218637http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198143869http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(professor_of_music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-9http://scalaregia.blogspot.ca/2011_06_01_archive.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-8http://www.etimo.it/?term=baroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#chapter_ignoredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-6http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/b/baroque.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-862169-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque#cite_ref-1


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Baroqueart .

Wikisource has the text ofthe 1911 Encyclopædia

Britannica article Baroqu

Further reading

External links

The baroque and rococo culture (http://www.baroquelife.org)

Webmuseum Paris(http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/)

barocke in Val di Noto – Sizilien

(http://www.sentieridelbarocco.it/)

Baroque in the "History of Art" (http://www.all-

art.org/history252_contents_Baroque_Rococo.html)

The Baroque style and Luis XIV influence (http://www.antiquestopic.com/the-baroque-style-1620-170

Melvyn Bragg's BBC Radio 4 program In Our Time: The Baroque

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime.shtml)

"Baroque Style Guide"

(http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style03b/index.html). British

Galleries. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20070819090827/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galle

Wakefield, Steve. 2004. Carpentier's Baroque Fiction: Returning Medusa's Gaze. Colección Támesis. Serie A,

Monografías 208. Rochester, NY: Tamesis. ISBN 1-85566-107-1.

Bazin, Germain, 1964. Baroque and Rococo. Praeger World of Art Series. New York: Praeger. (Originally published

French, as Classique, baroque et rococo. Paris: Larousse. English edition reprinted as Baroque and Rococo Art , New

York: Praeger, 1974)

Hills, Helen (ed.). 2011. Rethinking the Baroque. Farnham, Surrey; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6685

Hortolà, Policarp, 2013, The Aesthetics of Haemotaphonomy. Sant Vicent del Raspeig: ECU. ISBN 978-84-9948-991

Kitson, Michael. 1966. The Age of Baroque. Landmarks of the World's Art. London: Hamlyn; New York: McGraw-H

Lambert, Gregg, 2004. Return of the Baroque in Modern Culture. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-6648-8.

Martin, John Rupert. 1977. Baroque. Icon Editions. New York: Harper and Rowe. ISBN 0-06-435332-X (cloth); ISB

0-06-430077-3 (pbk.)Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1964. Renaissance and Baroque (Reprinted 1984; originally published in German, 1888) The cla

study. ISBN 0-8014-9046-4

Vuillemin, Jean-Claude, 2013. Episteme baroque: le mot et la chose. Hermann. ISBN 978-2-7056-8448-8.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782705684488http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuillemin,_Jean-Claudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801490464http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_W%C3%B6lfflinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0064300773http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/006435332Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rupert_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826466488http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Lamberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kitsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788499489919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Vicent_del_Raspeighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754666851http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Bazinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855661071http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318382784http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-058496-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070819090827/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style03b/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museumhttp://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style03b/index.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime.shtmlhttp://www.antiquestopic.com/the-baroque-style-1620-1700/http://www.all-art.org/history252_contents_Baroque_Rococo.htmlhttp://www.sentieridelbarocco.it/http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/http://www.baroquelife.org/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baroquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisourcehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baroque_art


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/bg_styles/Style03b/index.html) from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.

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