Layout Styles

• Full-custom• Gate-array• Standard-cell• Macro-cell• FPGA (Field Programmable Gate-Array)

Full-custom• Complete control over transistor and interconnect

dimensions (within design rule constraints)• Produces Optimized Design (density, power,

performance)• Circuit Designers create application-specific building

blocks– Technology Provider (foundry) provide SPICE/HSPICE transistor

models, parasitic extraction tools– Models are used to drive transistor sizing/layout constraints

• Layout technician creates graphics from design schematic

• Top level down/Bottom level up• Continual verification of design as it becomes more

defined

Design Rule Constraints

• Minimum Spacing– Between metal lines (varies per layer)– Line width– Transistor channel lengths– Active area

• Via stacks• (Check from work)

Full-custom Disadvantages

• Most time-consuming• Most error-prone• Highest NRE (non-recurring expense)

– Design time– Layout time– Mask costs

• Longest time to manufacture

Gate-array Layout

• Transistors pre-placed, fixed in size

• Personalized by metal routing

• Fastest to manufacture

• Lowest mask cost

• Lends itself to automated placement and wiring

Gate Array

VddG

nd

Horizontal Routing ChannelVertical R

outing Channel

Sea of Gates: Routing Channels removed,route at higher metal layers

Gate Array Example

VddG

nd

A A

B B

Vdd Vdd

Schematic

A

A

B

B

OutOut

Gate-array Disadvantages

• Non-optimized spacing

• Limited transistor sizing options– Density– Performance– Power

• Wiring blockages/inefficiencies

• Excess circuitry

Standard Cell Layout

• Design partitioned into cells of standard height• Power and Ground (Power grid) wiring preset• Technology provider supplies libraries of pre-designed

cell elements for usage (utilize varying numbers of cells)– Primitives (NAND, NOR, etc.)– Storage Elements (DFF)

• Libraries can be tailored to specific applications (e.g., low power vs. high performance)

• Requires full manufacturing sequence• Typically automated place and wiring

Standard Cell Layout

Routing Channel

Routing Channel Feed-through cell

Note uniformheight

Our Cell Library

• Need specifics on library students will be using

Standard Cell Disadvantages

• Cell height restrictions limits cell library contents

• Full set of masks

• Longer manufacturing times

Macro-cell Layout• Library elements provided by technology supplier (e.g.,

foundry)• Elements can be of varying heights and widths• Richer variety of library elements (IP friendly)

Macro-cell Disadvantages

• Similar to Standard-cell in length of manufacturing times, mask costs

• Placement and wiring more complex

• Pre-layout of power grid more difficult, may not be possible

FPGA

• Field Programmable Gate Array• Array of logic blocks (Configurable Logic Blocks CLB)• Switchable interconnect resources

– Wire segments of varying lengths– Programmable switches that connect logic resources to wire

segments

• Final user sets switches (CLB and interconnect)• Immediate Use (“zero” fab time)• Minimal expense• Great for hardware prototyping

FPGA: Virtex-II Architecture

• Virtex™-II architecture’s core voltage operates at 1.5V

• Virtex™-II architecture’s core voltage operates at 1.5V

I/O Blocks (IOBs)I/O Blocks (IOBs)

ConfigurableLogic Blocks (CLBs)

ConfigurableLogic Blocks (CLBs)

Clock Management (DCMs, BUFGMUXes)Clock Management (DCMs, BUFGMUXes)

Block SelectRAM™resourceBlock SelectRAM™resource

Dedicated multipliersDedicated multipliers

Programmable interconnectProgrammable interconnect

© 2005 Xilinx, Inc. All Rights Reserved For Academic Use Only

Slices and CLBs

• Each Virtex™-II CLB contains four slices– Local routing provides

feedback between slices in the same CLB, and it provides routing to neighboring CLBs

– A switch matrix provides access to general routing resources

CIN

SwitchMatrix

BUFTBUF T

COUTCOUT

Slice S0

Slice S1

Local Routing

Slice S2

Slice S3

CIN

SHIFT

© 2005 Xilinx, Inc. All Rights Reserved For Academic Use Only

Slice 0

LUTLUT CarryCarry

LUTLUT CarryCarry D QCE

PRE

CLR

DQCE

PRE

CLR

Simplified Slice Structure

• Each slice has four outputs– Two registered outputs,

two non-registered outputs– Two BUFTs associated

with each CLB, accessible by all 16 CLB outputs

• Carry logic runs vertically, up only– Two independent

carry chains per CLB

© 2005 Xilinx, Inc. All Rights Reserved For Academic Use Only

FPGA Disadvantages

• Least efficient use of silicon/wiring resources• Limited size options• Limited performance• Not good for high volume applications• If used for prototyping, still may have significant changes

when migrate to higher performance design and package solution