first - history generation

8/7/2019 First - History Generation

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Historical Developments

The history of computers is long and fascinating

We are going to review some major historicaldevelopments

Were going to proceed in generations

Note that nobody is in perfect agreement aboutthese generations

But its a convenient to organize the history ofcomputers

People disagrees about the first computer aswell.


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beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia!

Abacus


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Generation 0: Babbage

In 1822 Charles Babbage (Englishmathematician, philosopher),sometimes called the father ofcomputing built the Different Engine

Machine designed to automate thecomputation (tabulation) of polynomialfunctions (which are known to be goodapproximations of many usefulfunctions) Based on the method of finite

difference by which polynomial valuescan be computing without ever havingto do a multiplication

Implements some storage All internal, the user doesnt store

anything.


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Generation 0: Babbage

In 1833 Babbage built the Analytical Engine, buthe died before he could build it It was built after his death, powered by steam!

It was much more general than the differenceengine, and could in theory perform any

mathematical operation This is really the first machine that somewhat

resembles our computers An arithmetic processing unit (the mill)

A memory (the store)

Input/output devices (punched metal cards)

Inspired by Jacquard automatic weaving loom! Convenient for wheeled machines

A conditional branching instruction!

In 1842, Ada Lovelace (English mathematician,daughter of Lord Byron) wrote instructions forthe Analytical Engine to compute the Bernoullinumbers: the first computer program! A programming language is named after her


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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956

First Generation Electronic

Computers used Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum tubes are glass tubeswith circuits inside.

Vacuum tubes have no air insideof them, which protects the

circuitry.


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Generation 1: Vacuum Tubes

The vacuum tube is the first known device toamplify, switch, or modify a signal (by controllingthe movements of electrons) The basis from a whole generation of computers

But high energy consumption, high heat, large

Still used today in high-end audio amplifiers andother applications

In the 1930s, Konrad Zuse (German) designed amachine akin to the Analytical Engine of Babbagethat was supposed to use vacuum tubes It didnt due to lack of funds (Zuse was doing it in

his parents living room on Berlin)

He used electromechanical relays instead

He never managed to convince the Nazis tobuy/fund his invention!

His machines were called the Z1, Z2, and Z3, anddestroyed during the bombing of 2nd world war


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Generation 1: ENIAC

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator andComputer) was unveiled in 1946: the first all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer Designed by Mauchly and Eckert

Shares many elements with the ABC computer, which wasbuilt to solve linear equations

Specs 17,468 vacuum tubes

1,800 sq ft 30 tons

174 kilowatt of power

1,000-bit memory

Punched card


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Generation 1: ENIAC


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U

NIV

AC - 1951

First fully electronicdigital computer built inthe U.S.

Created at theUniversity ofPennsylvania

ENIAC weighed 30 tons

contained 18,000vacuum tubes

Cost a paltry $487,000


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F

irst Computer Bug - 1945

Relay switches partof computers

Grace Hopperfound a moth stuckin a relayresponsible for amalfunction

Called itdebugging acomputer


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Generation 1: New Concepts The use of binary

In the 30s Claude Shannon (the father ofinformation theory) had proposed that the use ofbinary arithmetic and boolean logic should be usedwith electronic circuits

The Von-Neumann architecture In 1944, John von Neumann (Hungarian) learned

about ENIAC and joined the group.

He wrote a memo about computer architecture,formalizing the ideas that came out of ENIAC andtransferring them to a wider audience

This became the Von Neumann machine model,which we still use today

Note that Eckert and Mauchly have prettymuch been forgotten (they were the realinventors)


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The Von-Neumann Architecture

Three hardware systems

A Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A memory, which stores both program and data

An input/output system Computers today are still very close to this basic

architecture

Well come back to it

CPU Memory

I/O

System


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Generation 2: Transistors

Vacuum tubes have many shortcomings, as weveseen, but on top of it they are were not reliable

ENIAC often had more downtime than uptime

In 1948, Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley inventedthe transistor at Bell Labs

A solid-state version of the vacuum tube that uses silicon,which is a semi-conductor

Lower power consumption, smaller, more reliable,cheaper, much lower heat dissipation

This was the beginning of a newera for electronics and for the

computer market


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First Transistor

Uses Silicon

developed in 1948

won a Nobel prize

on-off switch

Second Generation

Computers usedTransistors, starting in1956


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Generation 2: Transistors

Generation 2 computers were still bulky and expensive, andso there were only in universities, government agencies, andlarge businesses

It was the beginning of big computer vendors

IBM IBM7094: for scientific application (1962)

IBM1401: for business applications (1959)

DEC, Univac

CDC 6600: first supercomputer $10 million 10 million instructions/sec, 60-bit words, 128kword of memory

Build by a team led by Seymour Cray

Transistor-based computer enabled space travel and manyother advances


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Generation 2: IBM7094


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Generation 2: IBM1401


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Generation 2: CDC6600


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Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

In the late 50s, Kilby and Noyceindependently came up with theidea of an Integrated Circuit (IC)

The IC allowed dozens of transistors to exist on asingle silicon chip, which was smaller than thepreviously available single transistor

This lead computers to become smaller, faster, andcheaper

IBM System/360 were the first computers to be builtentirely with ICs Other new concept for these computers: (assembly) code

was portable across different machines in the family!


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Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

Seymour Cray created the Cray ResearchCorporation

Cray-1: $8.8 million, 160 million instructionsper seconds and 8 Mbytes of memory


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Integrated Circuits

Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).

Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitorsintegrated together into a single chip


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The First Microprocessor

1971

The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s)

108Khz

Called Microchip


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What is a Microchip?

Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)

Transistors, resistors, and capacitors

4004 had 2,250 transistors

Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors

Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)


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Generation 4: VLSI

Improvements to IC technology made it possible to integratemore and more transistors in a single chip SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100

MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-1,000

LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-10,000 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): >10,000

Many argue that VLSI marks the beginning of Generation 4

The important point is that with VLSI it became possible tohave a full CPU on a single chip, also called a microprocessor

The first microprocessor was created by Intel in 1971 (manypeople start generation 4 then) 4004 microprocessor: 4-bit, 108KHz

RAM chip: 4Kbit


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Generation 4: ENIAC on a chip

In 1997, the 50th anniversary of the ENIAC,students at U. Penn built a single chipequivalent to the ENIAC

ENIAC

1,800 sqft, 30-ton, 174 kilowatts

On one-tenth of a chip?

174,569 transistors ~10 times less than typically present on a chip in

1997!


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Generation 4: Microprocessors

With the advent of microprocessors it becamepossible to build personal computers

1977: Apple II

1981: IBM PC


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Birth of Personal Computers - 1975

256 byte memory (not

Kilobytes orMegabytes)

2 MHz Intel 8080 chips

Just a box with flashinglights

cost $395 kit, $495assembled.


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Apple Computers

Founded 1977

Apple II released 1977

widely used in schools

Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola 68000

Microchip processor

first commercial computer withgraphical user interface (GUI) andpointing device (mouse)


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IBM PC - 1981

IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture

First wide-selling personal

computer used in business 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors

4.77 Mhz processing speed

256 K RAM (Random Access

Memory) standard One or two floppy disk drives


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1990s: Pentiums and Power

Macs

Early 1990s began penetration of computers intoevery niche: every desk, most homes, etc.

Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for PCs

Macs became more PC compatible - easy filetransfers

Prices have plummeted $2000 for entry level to $500

$6000 for top of line to $1500


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21st Century Computing

Great increases in speed, storage, andmemory

Increased networking, speed in Internet

Widespread use of CD-RW

PDAs

Cell Phone/PDA WIRELESS!!!


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Generation 5?

The term Generation 5 is used sometimesto refer to all more or less sci fi futuredevelopments

Voice recognition Artificial intelligence

Quantum computing

Bio computing

Nano technology Learning

Natural languages


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Generations of Electronic

ComputersFirst

Generation

Second

Gen.

Third

Gen.

Fourth Gen.

Technology VacuumTubes

Transistors IntegratedCircuits

(multipletransistors)

Microchips(millions of

transistors)

Size Filled WholeBuildings

Filled half aroom

Smaller Tiny - PalmPilot is aspowerful as

old buildingsizedcomputer


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Evolution of Electronics

Vacuum

Tube

Trans s or

In egra ed

C rcu

M croch p

(VLSIC)


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Summary

Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators

Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers

Generation 2: Transistor Computers Generation 3: Integrated Circuits

Generation 4: Microprocessors


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Moores Law

We have talked about the evolution from SSI, MSI, LSI, to VLSI andbeyond

What has made this evolution possible is the fact that the transistordensity per chip has increased Higher transistor density is correlated to compute capacity and speed

(but not identical) One question is: how fast does transistor density increase?

In 1965, Gordon Moore (co-founder of Intel) ventured theobservation that transistor density in an integrated circuit increasesexponentially, doubling every 24 months

Sometimes quoted as every 18 months, although data from Intel chipsis closer to a 24-month doubling

Sometimes quoted as computer clock rates double

This empiricalobservation has held true for several decades

But its wrong interpretations (e.g., computer clock rates doubleevery XX months), which were true for a while no longer are!


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Moores Law


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Conclusion

Computers have come a long way, but it issomewhat surprising to realize how thegeneral principles are still the same

e.g., Von-Neumann architecture

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