fingerprint based bank locker system

IMC THUMB IMPRESSION BANK LOCKER SYSTEM

1.1) OVERVIEW:

According ancient Greek scripts BIOMETRICS means study of life. Biometrics

studies commonly include fingerprint, face, iris, voice, signature, and hand

geometry recognition and verification. Many other modalities are in various

stages of development and assessment. Among these available biometric traits

Finger Print proves to be one of the best traits providing good mismatch ratio and

also reliable. The present scenario to operate a bank locker is with locks which

are having keys. By this we can’t say that we are going to provide good security

to our lockers. To provide perfect security and to make our work easier, we are

taking the help of two different technologies viz. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and

BIOMETRICS. In this project we are using our fingerprint and password as a key

to open bank locker there by avoiding the usage of keys. There by providing

security and reliability.

1.2) OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

This project is related with Embedded system technology. The main objective

of this project is,To provide good security to bank lockers by using a unique

module called fingerprint module. In which a person’s fingerprint is stored and

identified .If at all a person has to enter a locker room ,he need to scan his

fingerprint in the fingerprint scanner then after verification further he need to enter

the desired password ,thus using fingerprint, password we are avoiding the

usage of keys and providing good security for our lockers.

1.3) AIM OF THE PROJECT:

In this project heart of entire project is microcontroller. Many ancient

methodologies have come up like signature face ,iris, voice identification, but all

these can be immitated or fabricated . However, a fingerprint is completely

unique to an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. so our project is a real

time project for providing perfect authentication , we can also increase & expand

security levels by using finger print technology it also consumes low power and

flexible application

1


1.4) ADVANTAGES&DISADVANTAGES:

There are many advantages of our project because fingerprint is unique for every

person it cannot be immitated or fabricated .It is not same in the case of twins

also,the advantages are

Sophisticated security

No manual errors

No false intrusion

Need not to carry ant card

Others cannot steel the user’s entry key

DISADVANTAGES

It has less memory.

If external memory is interface with microcontroller it takes large time to access data base

1.5) THEIESES ORGANISATION:

This project FINGERPRINT BASED BANK LOCKER SYSTEM is used for

providing safety and security and to avoid the usage of keys. The present

scenario to operate a bank locker is with locks which are having keys. By this we

can’t say that we are going to provide good security to our lockers. To provide

perfect security and to make our work easier, we are taking the help of two

different technologies viz. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS.

CHAPTER 2

THEORITICAL CHAPTER

2.1)INTRODUCTION:

2


This project is related with Embedded systems and bometrics technologies. The

main objective of this project is,to provide safety for our bank lockers and

reliability.It uses fingerprint and password as a key to open the bank locker .

When coming to our application the images of the persons who are authorized to

enter into the locker room will be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove

that the persons are authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images.

This scanner is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. By using this controller we will

be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the

person has to enter the unique id which is given to him to open his locker with the

help of a keypad. Immediately the locker will be opened. After the work has been

completed if a switch is pressed the locker will be closed again. If an

unauthorized person tries to scan his image then an indication will be given by a

buzzer which is interfaced to the controller. If an authorized person forgets his id

he will be given 3 chances to re-enter the id.

This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal

voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is

used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of 230/12V step down

transformer,NGE-OP67 module,AT89S52,lcd ,stepper motor,keypad

2.2) AT89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured

using

Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the

industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on

a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which

provides a

3


highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256

bytes

of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit

timer/counters, a

six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip

oscillator,

and clock circuitry.

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51® Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Eight Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag

2.3) FINGERPRINT MODULE:

NGE - OP 67 fingerprint verification module. NGE - OP 67 module adopts optic

fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NGE- OP

67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template

matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc.

Proprietary Intellectual Property

Optic fingerprint enrollment device, NGE - OP 67 hardware as well as

fingerprint algorithm.

4


Wide Application Range of Fingerprints with Different Quality

Self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism is used in the course of

finger

Print enrollment. This ensures good image quality for even dry or wet

fingers, thus it has wider application range.

Low Price

The cost of module is greatly reduced by using self-developed optic

fingerprint enrollment device.

Easy to Use and Expand

It is not necessary for user to have professional knowledge in the field of

fingerprint verification. User can develop powerful fingerprint verification

application systems with the command set provided by NGE - OP 67.

Low Power Consumption

Sleep/awake control interface makes NGE - OP 67 suitable for occasions

that require low power consumption.

Different Security Levels

User can set different security level according to different application

environment.

System Characteristic

NG OP-67 Blue backlight Fingerprint Sensor Module adopts the optic fingerprint

sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NG OP-67 is able to

conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching,

fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. This finger print can be available

with various type of image qualities in case of wet fingers ,dry fingers the quality

varies .by using this module that type of finger prints can also be scanned easily

and identified.2steps involved are

1) feature extraction

2) image extraction

2.3.2 Concepts in Fingerprint System

● Fingerprint Feature

Fingerprint algorithmic means capturing features from fingerprint image, it

represents the

5


fingerprint information. The saving, matching and capturing of fingerprint

templates are all manipulated through fingerprint features.

● 1:1

Comparing 2 fingerprint templates, return info: matching or not matching.

● 1:N Searching

Search the matching fingerprint from numbers of fingerprint features.

Return info: No matching features or having matching features and returning the

matching feature’s Id simultaneity.

System parameter and interface

1. Power supply ………………………5V

2 .Working current ……………………170mA

3. Peak value current …………………200mA

4. Fingerprint input time……………… ＜250ms

5. 1:1 matching time ……………………＜600ms Matching features + matching

6 .1:900 searching time…………………. ＜2s

7 .Fingerprint capacity Max…………….. 960

8 .FAR(False Acceptance Rate) …………＜0. 001 %

9 .FRR (False Rejection Rate)……………＜1.5 %

10 .Fingerprint template size …………….. 512bytes

11. Outer interface …………………………UART

12.baud rate ………………………………..9600bps.

2.4)ULN2003:

The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high Voltage, high

current Darlington arrays each containing seven open collector Darlington pairs

with common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak

currents of 600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and

the inputs are pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout.

These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including

solenoids, relays DC motors; LED displays filament lamps, thermal print heads

and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in

6


16 pin plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal

resistance. They are available also in small outline package (SO-16) as

ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

FEATURES OF DRIVER:

· Seven Darlington’s per package

· Output currents500mA per driver(600mA peak)

· Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads

· Outputs can be paralleled for high currents

· TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs.

· Inputs pinned opposite to outputs

· Simplified layout

2.5) STEPPER MOTOR:

A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that

can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be

controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control).

Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large

stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop

commutated).

Stepper motors are constant power devices. As motor speed increases, torque

decreases. (most motors exhibit maximum torque when stationary, however the

torque of a motor when stationary 'holding torque' defines the ability of the motor

to maintain a desired position while under external load). Steppers exhibit more

vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor from

one position to another (called a detent). The vibration makes stepper motors

noisier than DC motors.

7


Generally for opening locks we cannot use dc motor so here we are using

stepper motor to open the locker .It produces a step angle of 90 in order to close

or to open the locker.

2.6)Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number

of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each

pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two

transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are

perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light

passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the

polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.

2.7)POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators.

Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac

voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed

dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit,

which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which

remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load

connected to the dc voltage changes.

2.8)MAX232:

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to

signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual

driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single

+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for

implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V

to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just

for driving the RS-232 in this case.

2.9)CONCLUSION:

8

available. Line lengths

of 8,

16,

20,

24, 32

and

40

chara

cters

are all

stand

ard, in

one,

two


Micro controller is the heart of total system. The micro controller controls all the

devices connected in the project. Micro controller sends pulses to all the devices,

which are connected to it. Fingerprint module is used for scanning and

identification of fingerprints.It has a capacity to store 960 records. keypad is used

for entering the password. LCD displays whether the person is authenticated or

unauthenticated person. ULN2003 drives the steppermotor and the motor rotates

in clockwise direction(90 degrees) for opening and in anticlockwise for closing the

bank locker .

CHAPTER-3

DESIGN ASPECTS

3.1)INTRODUCTION:

This project is related with Embedded systems and Fingerprint technologies.The

main objective of this project is to provide bank locker which uses fingerprint and

password as key to open the locker,instead of carrying keys . Fingerprint

authentication is possibly the most sophisticated method of all biometric

technologies and has been thoroughly verified through various applications.

Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiencyThis is the

simplest and most reliable project.If a owner looses his bank locker key he had to

replace it,in this case there are more chances for robery ,replacing the locker with

a new key takes a lot of time ,in order to overcome these difficulties and make

our own things to be done easier we are going for this ”fingerprintbased

banklocker system”

Here there is no need to carry cards,no false intrusions,no

manual errors,sophisticated security is provided,this project is

highly economical microcontroller based

arrangement, designed for use in almost all the banks in our

country.

3.2)BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT:

9

Power supply

AT89S52

UC

16X2LCD


Figure1:BLOCKDIAGRAM

3.2.2)DESCRIPTION

This fingerprint based bank locker system we are using finger print to provide

security to our banklockers.Here the scanner type is NGE - OP 67. NGE - OP

67 module adopts optic fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance

DSP and Flash. NGE- OP 67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing,

template generation, template matching, fingerprint searching, template storage,

etc.it can store upto 960 records This module can operate in 2 modes they are

Master mode and User mode. We will be using Master mode to register the

fingerprints which will be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique

id.

Keypad is used for entering password ,LCD is used for the purpose of display

whether it is a authorized person/unauthorized person, here the device is nothing

but stepper motor ULN2003E is the driver used here it has 7 i/p’s and 7 o/p’s it’s

unique feature of this driver.Here uln is used to drive the stepper motor.

When this fingerprint module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using

it in user mode. In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the

stored images(finger prints). When coming to our application the images of the

persons who are authorized to enter into the locker room will be stored in the

module with a unique id. To prove that the persons are authorized to enter that

area they need to scan their images.after that they have to enter the password so

that the locker will be opened automatically.

10

ULN2003A FingerPrint

Scanner

KeypadBuzzer

device


3.3)HARDWARE USED:

The modules used for implementing this projects are,

1. POWER SUPPLY-

Used for giving 5v power supply.

2. MICRO CONTROLLER-

It is the heart of enttire system.Used for interfacing all these devices which are

connected to it.sending pulses to each device in order to control it

3. NGE-OP67 FINGERPRINT MODULE:




fingerprint searching, template storage, etc.

4. ULN2003-

It has 7 sets of inputs and outputs .It is used as driver to stepper motor.

5. STEPPER MOTOR-

Used for opening and closing the bank locker

6 .LCD-

Displaying the messages like whether the person is authenticated or

unauthenticated enter the password etc.

3.4)MICRO CONTROLLER:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured

using

Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the

industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system



provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.11



bytes


timer/counters, a


oscillator,


Features

• Compatible with MCS-51® Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Eight Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag

3.4.1)Internal structure:

12


Figure2:internal diagram of at89s52

Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Programand Data Memory.

Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory

If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external

memory.

On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses

0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses

2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

13


Data Memory

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes

occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means

that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are

physically separate from SFR space.

3.4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF 89S52:

Figure3:pin diagram of 89s52

Power - Vcc, Vss

Reset – RST

Crystal - XTAL[1,2]

External device interfacing– EA, ALE, PSEN, WR, RD

I/O Port – P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3

P3 is shared with control lines

– Serial I/O RxD, TxD,

14


– external interrupts INT0, INT1

– Counter control T0, T1

P0 and P2 are multiplexed with Address and Data bus

REGISTERS:

In the CPU, registers are used to store information temporarily. That

information could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the

data to be fetched. The vast majority of 8051 registers are 8–bit registers. In the

8051 there is only one data type: 8bits. The 8bits of a register are shown in the

diagram from the MSB (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least significant bit)

D0. With an 8-bit data type, any data larger than 8bits must be broken into 8-bit

chunks before it is processed. Since there are a large number of registers in the

8051, we will concentrate on some of the widely used general-purpose registers

and cover special registers in future chapters.

D

7

D

6

D

5

D

4

D

3

D

2

D

1

D

0

The most widely used registers of the 8051 are A (accumulator), B, R0, R1, R2,

R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR (data pointer), and PC (program counter). All of the

above registers are 8-bits, except DPTR and the program counter. The

accumulator, register A, is used for all arithmetic and logic instructions.

SFRs (Special Function Registers)

Among the registers R0-R7 is part of the 128 bytes of RAM memory.

What about registers A, B, PSW, and DPTR? Do they also have addresses? The

answer is yes. In the 8051, registers A, B, PSW and DPTR are part of the group

of registers commonly referred to as SFR (special function registers). There are

many special function registers and they are widely used. The SFR can be

accessed by the names (which is much easier) or by their addresses. The

following two points should noted about the SFR addresses.

The Special function registers have addresses between 80H and FFH.

These addresses are above 80H, since the addresses 00 to 7FH are

addresses of RAM memory inside the 89S52

15


Not all the address space of 80H to FFH is used by the SFR. The unused locations

80H to FFH are reserved and must not be used by the 8051 programmer.

Symbo

l

Name Addres

s

ACC Accumulator 0E0H

B B register 0F0H

PSW Program status word 0D0H

SP Stack pointer 81H

DPTR Data pointer 2 bytes

DPL Low byte 82H

DPH High byte 83H

P0 Port0 80H

P1 Port1 90H

P2 Port2 0A0H

P3 Port3 0B0H

IP Interrupt priority control 0B8H

IE Interrupt enable control 0A8H

TMOD Timer/counter mode control 89H

TCON Timer/counter control 88H

T2CON Timer/counter 2 control 0C8HT2MOD

Timer/counter mode2 control 0C9H

TH0 Timer/counter 0high byte 8CHTL0 Timer/counter 0 low byte 8AHTH1 Timer/counter 1 high byte 8DHTL1 Timer/counter 1 low byte 8BHTH2 Timer/counter 2 high byte 0CDHTL2 Timer/counter 2 low byte 0CCHRCAP2H

T/C 2 capture register high byte

0CBH

RCAP2L

T/C 2 capture register low byte

0CAH

SCON Serial control 98H

SBUF Serial data buffer 99HPCON Power control 87H

Table1: 89S52 Special function register Address

3.4.3)Design considerations:

16


Due to insufficiency of the memory we are going for many versions of

microcontrollers ,in this case AT89S52 has 8k of flash memory so it is

advantageous

Design and Efficiency:Microcontrollers are designed for single purpose and

focuses on only single application .so this microcontroller is very efficient .

Cost:

This microcontrollers available for very cheap costs and serves a lot of purposes

this at89s52 also acts as a watchdog timer which is used as reset circuit in our

pc’s.

Speed:

Table2:speed characteristics

The speed depends upon on the no clock cycles required and that is shown

below

17


Table3:Absolute Maximum Ratings of AT89S52

3.4.4)BASIC CIRCUIT -THAT MAKES 8051 WORKS.

Figure4: Basic circuit diagram

3.4.5) Description:18


EA/VP Pin:The EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 89s52 executes

program fromInternal ROM

Reset Circuit

RESET is an active High input When RESET is set to High, Microcontroller

goes back to the power on state.The 89s52 is reset by holding the RST high

for at least two machine cycles and then returning it low.

Power-On Reset

- Initially charging of capacitor makes RST High

- When capacitor charges fully it blows

Manual reset -closing the switch momentarily will make RST High.

Port functions:

Port 0(Pin 32-39)-Dual-purpose port- 1. general purpose I/O Port.

2. multiplexed address & data bus

Open drain outputs

Port 1 (Pin 1-8): Dedicated I/O port – Used solely for interfacing to external devices

Internal pull-ups

Port 2(Pin 21-28): Dual-purpose port- 1. General purpose I/O port.

2. a multiplexed address & data bus.

Internal pull-ups

Port 3(Pin 10-17):Dual-purpose port- 1. General purpose I/O por

2. pins have alternate purpose related

to special features of the 8051 Internal pull-ups

19


Why is such an oddball crystal frequency?

11.0592 MHz crystals are often used because it can be divided to give you

exact clock rates for most of the common baud rates for the UART,

especially for the higher speeds (9600, 19200).

Despite the "oddball" value, these crystals are readily available and

commonly used

The 89s52 oscillator and clock:

The heart of the 89s52 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which

all the internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 And XTAL2

is provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a

quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic

internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 89C51

designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16

MHz.

Figure5:crystal oscillator and clock cycle generation



provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.


bytes


timer/counters, a

20



oscillator,


3.5)POWER SUPPLY:

3.5.1)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND INTRODUCTION:

Figure 6: 5v Power supply circuit, Figure7:12v Power supply circuit

Power supply unit consists of following units

i) Step down transformer

ii) Rectifier unit

iii) Input filter

iv) Regulator unit

v) Output filter

3.5.2)DESCRIPTION

21


STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER

The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage

from230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it

is stepped down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To

reduce or step downthe voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less

number of turns in its secondarycore. The output from the secondary coil is also

AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion

is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit

Bridge rectifier

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is

also available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called

a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative

sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V

when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the

diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass

and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three

times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand Please see the

Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Figure8 :circuit diagram of Bridge rectifier and their output signal

INPUT FILTER:

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed

andpure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce

the harmonicsof the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is

charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it

will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not

22


allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is

free from ripples.

Regulator

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable

output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.

Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most

regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload

protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Figure9:Voltage Regulator

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power

transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right Thus this can

be successfully reduced here. The regulators are mainly

classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Further they can also be classified

as:

i) Positive regulator

1---> input pin

2---> ground pin

3---> output pin

It regulates the positive voltage.

ii) Negative regulator

1---> ground pin

2---> input pin

3---> output pin

It regulates the negative voltage.

OUTPUT FILTER:

23


The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most

oftenused asas filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It

charges duringthe positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the

negative half cycle. Soit allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC

voltage. This filter is fixed after theRegulator circuit to filter any of the possibly

found ripples in the output received finally.Here we used 0.1μF capacitor. The

output at this stage is 5V and is given to theMicrocontroller.

3.6) STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITHAT89S52 USING ULN2003:

STEPPER MOTOR:

Figure10:Stepper motor

BASICS OF STEPPER MOTOR

Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is really

hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle impulses to

one input of step controller and direction information to another input. Direction

information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical one on that pin and

"right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple - every impulse makes

the motor operating for one step and if there is no impulse the motor won't start.

Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate.

This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all

the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information).

The picture below represents the scheme for connecting the step motor to

microcontroller and appropriate program code follows.

24


The key to driving a stepper is realizing how the motor is constructed. A diagram

shows the representation of a 4 coil motor, so named because 4 coils are used to

cause the revolution of the drive shaft. Each coil must be energized in the correct

order for the motor to spin.

Step angle

It is angle through which motor shaft rotates in one step. step angle is different for

different motor . selection of motor according to step angle depends on the

application , simply if you require small increments in rottion choose motor having

smaller step angle.

No of steps require to rotate one complete rotation = 360 deg. / step angle in

deg

Steps/second

The relation between RPM and steps per sec,is given by,

steps or impulses /sec. =(RPM X Steps/revolution)/60

Pause between impulses can be shorter or longer and it defines revolution rate.

This rate cannot be infinite because the motor won't be able to "catch up" with all

the impulses (documentation on specific motor should contain such information).

So referring to RPM value in datasheet you can calculate steps/sec and from it

delay or pause between impulses.

RPM calculation:-

One can calculate the exact RPM at which motor will run. We know that motor

needs 200

pulses to complete 1 revolution. Means if 200 pulses applied in 1 second motor

will

complete 1 revolution in 1 second. Now 1 rev. in 1 sec means 60 rev. in 1 minute.

That

will give us 60 RPM. Now 200 pulses in 1 sec means the PRF is 200 Hz. And

delay will

25


be 5 milli second (ms). Now let’s see it reverse.

* If delay is 10 ms then PRF will be 100 Hz.

* So 100 pulses will be given in 1 sec

* Motor will complete 1 revolution in 2 second

* So the RPM will be 30.

In same manner as you change delay the PRF will be changed and it will change

RPM\

Unipolar motors

A unipolar stepper motor has logically two windings per phase, one for each

direction of

magnetic field. Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed

without

switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very

simple (e.g.

a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a phase, one end of each

winding is

made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical two phase

motor.

Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five

leads.

Fig 11: Unipolar stepper motor coils

In this, we are interfacing stepper Motor with One Phase on Sequence. In one

phase mode, each successive coil is energized in turn. One phase mode

produces smooth rotation and lowest power consumption of three modes. Steps

are applied in order from one to four. After step four, the sequenced is repeated

to step one.

The Stepper Motor is easily interfaced with 8051 and ULN 2003.Darlinton pair

26


with high current rating. User can make Driver Circuit with help of Transistor. But

IC’s ULN 2003 is best method for ease of design. User can use Pull up and Pull

down for enhancing or decaying the value of current.

3.6.1)Internal Diagram of ULN2003 driver:

Fig12: the Darlington pair connection of transistor.

Darlington pairs are back to back connection of two transistors with some

source resistors.

The important point to remember is that the Darlington Pair is made up of two

transistors

and when they are arranged as shown in the circuit they are used to amplify

weak signals.

The amount by which the weak signal is amplified is called the ‘GAIN’.

3.6.2)PIN CONNECTIONS OF ULN2003:

27


Figure13: pin connections of ULN2003

The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003 and ULN2004Aare high Voltage, high

current Darlington arrays each containing seven open collector Darlington pairs

with

common emitters. Each channel rated at 500mAand can withstand peak currents

of

600mA.Suppressiondiodesare included for inductive load driving and the inputs

are

pinned opposite the outputs to simplify board layout.

These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of

loads

including solenoids, relays DC motors; LED displays filament lamps, thermal print

heads

and high power buffers. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are supplied in

16 pin

plastic DIP packages with a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance.

They are

available also in small outline package (SO-16) as

ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.

Of all motors, step motor is the easiest to control. It's handling simplicity is

really hard to deny - all there is to do is to bring the sequence of rectangle

28


impulses to one input of step controller and direction information to another

input. Direction information is very simple and comes down to "left" for logical

one on that pin and "right" for logical zero. Motor control is also very simple -

every impulse makes the motor operating for one step and if there is no

impulse the motor won't start.Stepper motor would not without the support of

any driver here we are using a driver for this purpose i.e ULN2003A .

3.6.3)Design Considerations:

Table4:Absolute Maximum Ratings of ULN2003

If the stepper Motor with One Phase on Sequence. In one phase mode, each

successive coil is energized in turn. One phase mode produces smooth

rotation and lowest power consumption of three modes. Steps are applied in

order from one to four. After step four, the sequenced is repeated to step

oneUsually these stepper motors are of low cost ,they consume low

power ,they have more applications compared to other motors ,they are very

compac and they produce various step angles

3.6.4)Circuit Diagram:

29


Fig 14: shows the a model of using stepper motors

A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that

can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can

be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop

control). Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are

very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are

closed-loop commutated).

Here a stepper motor is used for controlling the gates. A stepper motor is a

widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement.

They function as their name suggests - they “step” a little bit at a time. Steppers

don’t simply respond to a clock signal. They have several windings which need to

be energized in the correct sequence before the motor’s shaft will rotate.

Reversing the order of the sequence will cause the motor to rotate the other way

The block diagram of stepper motor interfacing is shown below:

Fig15: Interfacing Stepper motor using ULN2003.

Port 2 is given to another ULN2003 chip to drive another stepper motor.

These two chips connected to microcontroller through a source in line Called SIL

30


Figure16:Pin Configuration of ULN2003

3.6.5)DESCRIPTION:

ULN2003 is a 16 pin dip. Its connections can be explained as follows:

First 4-pins of chip are connected to microcontroller pin at 37-40 pins and second

at

21-24 pins. And 8th pin of chip is grounded. A stepper contains 5 terminals, 4

winding

wires and a power supply wire. These 4 winding wires are connected to chip and

another

to supply. in this circuit too the four pins "Controller pin 1",2,3 and 4 will control

the

motion and direction of the stepper motor according to the step sequence sent by

the

controller.

Table5:Modes and selection modes of ULN2003.

31


FEATURES OF DRIVER:

· Seven Darlington’s per package

· Output currents500mA per driver(600mA peak)

· Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads

· Outputs can be paralleled for high currents

· TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL compatible inputs.

· Inputs pinned opposite to outputs

· Simplified layout

Applications

Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of

positioning

systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system,

and are

simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems.

Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis

machine CNC machines often directly driving lead screws or ball screws. In the

field of

lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment

such as

linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts.

Other

uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid

control

systems.

Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners,

computer

printers, plotters and many more device.

3.7)LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD):

32


Figure 17:2x16 lcd

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number

of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each

pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two

transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are

perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light

passing through one would be blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the

polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other.

A program must interact with the outside world using input and output

devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common

devices attached to an controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common

LCDs connected to the contollers are 16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means

16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20

characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

33


Here we are using a 2x16 LCD i.e 2 rows and 16 columns

34

available. Line lengths

of 8,

16,

20,

24, 32

and

40

chara

cters

are all

stand

ard, in

one,

two


FEATURES:

•Display construction……………16 Characters * 2 Lines

•Backlight……………………………LED(B/5.0V)

•Viewing direction…………………6 o’clock

•Operating temperature…………… Indoor

•Driving voltage…………………… Single power

•Driving method……………………1/16 duty,1/5 bias

•Type………………………………… COB (Chip On Board)

•Number of data line………………8-bit parallel

3.7.1) INTERNAL STRUCTURE:

Fig 18: Internal structure of LCD

LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low

electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-

35

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)


poweredelectronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical

device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in

front of alight source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour

or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD

technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[1] By 2008,

worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT

units.

3.7.2 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Figure19:lcd internal connections

36

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display#cite_note-0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Light_sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics


Table6:Pin Description of lcd

LCD COMMANDS DESCRIPTION

RS R/W D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Function

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear LCD and memory, home cursor

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Clear and home cursor only

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1/0 S Screen action as display character written

S=1/0:Shift screen/cursor

I/O=1/0:cursor R/L, screen L/R

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B D=1/0:Screen on/off

C=1/0:Cursor on/off

B=1/0:Cursor blink/no blink

0 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L 0 0 S/C: 1/0:screen/Cursor

R/L: Shift one space R/L

0 0 0 0 1 DL N F 0 0 DL=1/0:8/4 Bits per Character

N=1/0; 2/1 Rows of Characters

F=1/0;5*10/5*7Dots/Character

0 0 0 1 Character address Write to character RAM address after this

37


0 0 1 Display data address Write to display RAM address after this

0 1 BF Current address BF=1/0:busy/Notbusy

1 0 Character type Write byte to last RAM chosen

1 1 Character type Read byte from last RAM chosen

3.7.3)Design Considerations:Specifications:

Display Format : 16 characters (W) x 2 lines (H)

General Dimensions : 80.0 mm (W) x 36.0 mm (H) x 9.5 mm (T)

Character Size : 2.95 mm (W) x 4.35 mm (H)

Character Pitch : 3.65 mm (W) x 5.05 mm (H)

Viewing Area : 64.0 mm (W) x 13.8 mm (H)

Dot Size : 0.55 mm (W) x 0.50 mm (H)

Dot Pitch : 0.60 mm (W) x 0.55 mm (H)

Display Type : Positive or Negative

LC Fluid : STN Yellow-Green

Backlight LED : Optional

Polarizer Mode : Reflective

View Angle : 6 o’clock or 12 o’clock

Controller : S6A0069 orEquivalent

Temperature Range : 0oC to 50oC (Operating); -20oC to 70oC (Storage)

3.7.4) Circuit Diagram for LCD interfacing with AT89s52:

Fig20: Circuit Diagram for LCD interfacing with AT89s52

38

A

T

8

9

S

5

2


LCD is used in this project for the purpose of displaying messages. LCD

interfacing consists of several parts like AT89C451 microprocessor, 2 × 16 line

LCD are main components needed. AT89C51 is a 40 pin DIP micro processor.

LCD is a 2 line 16 pin device, 2 lines means it contains 2 rows to display.To

develop a protocol to interface this LCD with 89S52 first we have to

understandhow they functions. These displays contain two internal byte-wide

registers, one for command and second for characters to be displayed.

There are three control signals called R/W, DI/RS and En. Select By making

RS/DI signal 0 you can send different commands to display. These commands

are used to initialize LCD, to display pattern, to shift cursor or screen etc.

AT89S52 can be divided in to 4 ports, and each port consists of 8 pins. All the

data lines of LCD are connected with port P1. i.e., data lines D0-D1 are

connected to port P1 i.e., to pin numbers 1 to 8 through a SIL, SIL is a few ohms

of resistance connected to withstand the large voltages and currents.‘EN’ pin is

connected with P2.0, ‘DI’ (RS) is connected with P2.1 and R/W pin is connected

with P2.2. i.e., the three pins are connected to the port two. The operation ofLCD

depends upon these three pin only. For the pins 18 and 19 a crystal oscillator

circuit is connected to generate clock signals to the micro processor to enable its

pins. And 20th pin is grounded with oscillator

3.7.5) DESCRIPTION

39


EN:

Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are

sending it data. To send data to the LCD bring EN high (1) and wait for the

minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to

LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

RS:

Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as

a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).

When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on

the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS

high.

RW:

Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the

data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is

effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status")

is a read command

Vcc, Vss, VEE :

While Vcc and Vss provide +5v and ground, respectively, Vee is used for

controlling LCD contrast.

D0 - D7:

The 8 - bit data pins, D0 - D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the

contents of the LCD's internal registers.

Logic status on control lines:

• E - 0 Access to LCD disabled

40


- 1 Access to LCD enabled

• R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD

- 1 Reading data from LCD

• RS - 0 Instructions

- 1 Character

3.8)NGE - OP 67 Stand-alone fingerprint module

Figure 21: NGE-OP67fingerprint module

System Feature

NGE - OP 67 fingerprint verification module. NGE - OP 67 module adopts optic

fingerprint sensor, which consists of high-performance DSP and Flash. NGE- OP

67 is able to conduct fingerprint image processing, template generation, template

matching, fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. Compared with similar

products from other suppliers, NGE - OP 67 proudlyboasts of following features:

Proprietary Intellectual Property

Optic fingerprint enrollment device, NGE - OP 67 hardware as well as

fingerprint algorithm.

41


Wide Application Range of Fingerprints with Different Quality

Self-adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism is used in the course of

finger

Print enrollment. This ensures good image quality for even dry or wet

fingers, thus it has wider application range.

Low Price

The cost of module is greatly reduced by using self-developed optic

fingerprint enrollment device.

Immense Improved Algorithm

NGE - OP 67 algorithm is specially written according to optic imaging

theory. The algorithm is good for de-shaped or low-

quality fingers due to its

excellent correction and tolerance features.

Flexible Application

User can easily set NGE - OP 67 Module to different working modes

depending on complexity of application systems. User can conduct

secondary development with high efficiency and reliability.

Easy to Use and Expand

It is not necessary for user to have professional knowledge in the field of

fingerprint verification. User can develop powerful fingerprint verification

application systems with the command set provided by NGE - OP 67.

Low Power Consumption

Sleep/awake control interface makes NGE - OP 67 suitable for occasions

that require low power consumption.

Different Security Levels

User can set different security level according to different application

environment.

3.8.1)FINGER PRINT SENSOR

42


Figure22:finger print sensor

solid-state fingerprint sensor is an ideal direct-contact fingerprint acquisition

device.

Designed for embedded devices, this high-performance,low-power, low-cost

capacitive sensor is easy to integrateinto Internet appliances such as laptops,

personal digital

assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones

The sensor's ImageSeek™ function takes several images ofa finger and selects

the best image in a fraction of a second while changing the capacitive array bias

levels.

The NGE-OP67 is the first fingerprint-sensing device to incorporate three modes

of communication: universal serial bus (USB), micro-controller unit (MCU), and

serial

peripheral interface (SPI).This makes the sensor easy to integrate into different

types of devices without requiring external interface devices.It also has built-in

electronics that simplify the software needed to support the chip.The chip's 256 x

300 array and

new thin package provide you with a space saving, costeffective image area that

exposes more sensor array to thefingerprint contact area.

Conserves Power:

The nge-op67 operates at less than 20 microAmps instand-by mode.This

reduces processing overhead and saves battery life in mobile devices.The

FPS200 has an integrated automatic finger detection (AFD) circuit that sends an

interrupt signal to the host microprocessor when

a finger is placed on the sensor. AFD eliminates the requirement imposed on the

host microprocessor to continually "poll" the fingerprint sensor to determine

whether a finger is present.This feature allows the host microprocessor to remain

43


in stand-by mode unless a finger is placed on the sensor. It also provides you

with high quality fingerprint images From all types of skin—dry to moist—in a

wide range of climatic conditions, even hot and humid.This widens the application

range of the sensor while dramatically reducing the false acceptance rate (FAR)

and FRR

3.8.2) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

System Characteristic




fingerprint searching, template storage, etc. This finger print can be available

with various type of image qualities in case of wet fingers ,dry fingers the quality

varies .by using this module that type of finger prints can also be scanned easily

and identified.2steps involved are

1) feature extraction

2) image extraction

● Fingerprint Feature

Fingerprint algorithmic means capturing features from fingerprint image, it

represents the

fingerprint information. The saving, matching and capturing of fingerprint

templates are all manipulated through fingerprint features.

● 1:1

Comparing 2 fingerprint templates, return info: matching or not matching.

● 1:N Searching

Search the matching fingerprint from numbers of fingerprint features.

Return info: No matching features or having matching features and returning the

matching feature’s Id simultaneity.

System parameter and interface


2 .Working current ……………… ……170mA


44



5. 1:1 matching time ……………………＜600ms Matching features + matching

fingerprint




9 .FRR (False Rejection Rate)……………＜1.5 %

10 .Fingerprint template size …………….. 512bytes

11. Outer interface …………………………UART

12.baud rate ………………………………..9600bps.

3.8.3)INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig23:block diagram of fingerprint module

This consists of a fingerprint sensor through which scanning isdone and ccd

module is the nextin this opticql light is totally reflected by using total internal

reflection phenomenon

This feature allows the host microprocessor to remain in stand-by mode unless a

finger is placed on the sensor. It also provides you with high quality fingerprint

images From all types of skin—dry to moist—in a wide range of climatic

conditions, even hot and humid.This widens the application range of the sensor

45


while dramatically reducing the false acceptance rate (FAR) and FRR.DSP

processor is used for image aquisitionand ROM is used for the storage of finger

prints.

3.8.4)DESCRIPTION:

FIG24: Fingerprint Identification process

Step1:Image Acquisition:

Real-time image acquisition method is roughly classified into optical and non-optical. Optical

method relies on the total reflection phenomenon on the surface of glass or reinforced plastic

where the fingertip is in contact. The sensor normally consists of an optical lens and a CCD

module or CMOS image sensor. Ultrasonic wave, heat, and pressure are also utilized to obtain

images with the non-optical fingerprint sensors. Non-optical sensors are said to be relatively

more suitable for massive production and size reduction such as in the integration with mobile

devices. Detailed comparison is found in Table 1.

Optical Non-optical

Measuring Method

lightpressure, heat, capacitance, ultrasonic wave

Strength

highly-stable performancephysical/electrical durabilityhigh-quality image

low cost with mass production compact size integrated with low-power application

Weakness

relatively high costlimit to size-reductionrelatively easy to fool with a finger trace or fake finger

physical/electrical weaknessperformance sensitive to the outer environment(temperature, dryness of a finger)

Application entrance, time, and PCsecurity

46


attendance controlbanking servicePC security

e-commerceauthenticationmobile devices & smart cards

Table7:optical &non optical lens characteristics

Step 2. Feature Extraction:

There are two main ways to compare an input fingerprint image and registered

fingerprint data. One is to compare an image with another image directly. The

other is to compare the so-called 'features' extracted from each fingerprint image.

The latter is called feature-based/minutia-based matching. Every finger has a

unique pattern formed by a flow of embossed lines called “ridges” and hollow

regions between them called “valleys.” As seen in the Picture 2 below, ridges are

represented as dark lines, while valleys are bright.

Step 3. Matching:

The matching step is classified into 1:1 and 1:N matching according to its

purpose and/or the number of reference templates. 1:1 matching is also called

personal identification or verification. It is a procedure in which a user claims

his/her identity by means of an ID and proves it with a fingerprint. The

comparison occurs only once between the input fingerprint image and the

selected one from the database following the claim by the user.

On the contrary, 1:N matching denotes a procedure where the system

determines the user's identity by comparing the input fingerprint with the

information in the database without asking for the user's claim. A good example

of this is AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System) frequently used in

criminal investigation

47


3.9)MAX232:

3.9.1) INTERNAL STRUCTURE:

Fig25:Internal diagram of MAX232

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial

port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a

dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

48


The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single

+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for

implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V

to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just

for driving the RS-232 in this case.

3.9.2) PIN DIAGRAM

Fig 26: MAX 232 Pin Diagram

Features:

1. Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply

2. LinBiCMOSE Process Technology

3. Two Drivers and Two Receivers

4.±30-V Input Levels

5. Low Supply Current. 8 mA Typical

6. Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28

7. Designed to be Interchangeable With Maxim MAX232

49


8. Applications are TIA/EIA-232-F Battery-Powered Systems Terminals, Modems,

Computers

9. ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per MIL-STD-883, Method 3015

10. Package Options Include Plastic Small-Outline (D, DW) Packages and Standard

Plastic (N) DIPs

3.9.3) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

N.o Name Purpose Signal VoltageCapacitor

Value MAX232

Capacitor

Value

MAX232A

1 C1++ connector for

capacitor C1

capacitor should

stand at least 16V1µF 100nF

2 V+output of voltage

pump

+10V, capacitor

should stand at

least 16V

1µF to VCC 100nF to VCC

3 C1-- connector for

capacitor C1

capacitor should


4 C2++ connector for

capacitor C2

capacitor should


5 C2-- connector for

capacitor C2

capacitor should


6 V-output of voltage

pump / inverter

-10V, capacitor

should stand at

least 16V

1µF to GND 100nF to GND

50


7 T2out Driver 2 output RS-232

8 R2in Receiver 2 input RS-232

9 R2out Receiver 2 output TTL

10 T2in Driver 2 input TTL

11 T1in Driver 1 input TTL

12 R1out Receiver 1 output TTL

13 R1in Receiver 1 input RS-232

14 T1out Driver 1 output RS-232

15 GND Ground 0V 1µF to VCC 100nF to VCC

16 VCC Power supply +5V see above see above

TABLE 8:DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF MAX 232

3.9.4)Ciruit diagram

51


Fig27:circuit diagram

3.9.5)DESCRIPTION:

A standard serial interface for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic 1 is

-3V to -12V and logic 0 is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD

pins of the microcontroller thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long

been using in many microcontrollers boards. It is a dual RS232 receiver /

transmitter that meets all RS232 specifications while using only +5V power

supply. It has two onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V

to -10V power supplies from a single 5V supply. It has four level translators, two

of which are RS232 transmitters that convert TTL/CMOS input levels into +9V

RS232 outputs. The other two level translators are RS232 receivers that convert

RS232 input to 5V.

3.10 CONCLUSION:

Microcontroller is the entire heart of the system.here it sends pulses to all

52


components and there by controls all the devices which are interfaed to it.the

fingerprint module is another important module which is used image

acquisition,template generation,template storage etc,keypad is used for entering

the password.uln driver is used to drive the stepper motor.max232 is used is as

serial communication interface.buzzer rings incase of user mismatch.

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1)INTRODUCTION:

The Keil 8052 compiler package includes uVision2 which is an Integrated

Development Environment (IDE) along with all the utilities you may need to

create embedded application programs for the MicroController family. Keil is a

cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and

cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.

Concept of compiler:

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.

Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying

microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in

53


one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a particular

processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example

compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform

The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program

immediately. Secondly programs produced by compilers run much faster than the

same programs executed by an interpreter. However compilers require some

time before an executable program emerges. Now as compilers translate source

code into object code, which is unique for each type of computer, many compilers

are available for the same language.

Concept of cross compiler:

A cross compiler is similar to the compilers but we write a program for the target

processor (like 8051 and its derivatives) on the host processors (like computer of

x86) It means being in one environment you are writing a code for another

environment is called cross development. And the compiler used for cross

development is called cross compiler

4.2) VARIOUS LOGICS USED:

In this” Fingerprintbased banklocker system”the main steps involved are

1)Interfacing lcd to microcontroller

2)Enrolling

3)Identifying

4.2.1 LOGIC 1:

The logic that is used to interface the LCD includes LCD initialization, writing

data, a delay logic and setting of LCD commands.

4.2.2) LOGIC 2:

54


In this project first of all authenticated person has to scan his finger print

Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiency and further

enhanced the technology in providing security.The logic used is used for enrolling

the fingerprint in the finger print module there our fingerprints are stored in the

ROM inside it.

The finger print module can operate in 2 modes they are Master mode and

User mode. We will be using Master mode to register the fingerprints which will

be stored in the ROM present on the scanner with a unique id. When this module

is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode. In this mode

we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. In this logic we

are using in module in the master mode.

If the enrollment is done successfully then we will get a message enroll success

otherwise enroll failed.

4.2.3) LOGIC 3:

After enrollment next step is identification. In this mode we will be verifying the

scanned images with the stored image.If at all the scanned fingerprint matches

with the stored image then a message is displayed on the lcd that is”

Identification success”.If a unauthorized person tries to scan his fingerprint then a

message will be displayed on the lcd ”Identification failed”then buzzer will start to

ring indicating that a wrong person has entered the room.After identification step

a message appears on the lcd “enter the password” then we need to enter the

specified password .After entering the password then the bank locker will be

opened after sometime it will be closed .

If the password is wrong then a message will be displayed on the lcd ”wrong

password”

4.3)LOGIC1: Lcd interfacing

4.3.1) ALGORITHM:

The algorithm that shows LOGIC 1 is as shown below.

55


1. Start

2. Initialize the LCD

3. Clear the display

4. Set LCD address or command

5. Write character to the LCD or string to the LCD

6. Set command byte and data byte.

7. Set some delay using Delay function.

8. For RS low or high enable RS as low and enable write.

9. For EN low generate enable pulse.

10.For EN high pull up enable pulse.

11.For RW high set Read mode.

12.Configure Port 1 to Input port.

13.Display the data.

4.3.2) FLOW CHART FOR LOGIC 1:

56


57


Fig 28: Flow Chart of LCD interfacing with microcontroller

4.3.3) SOURCE CODE:

The source code that is written to interface the LCD with the microcontroller is as

follows.

Code for interfacing LCD with 89S52 microcontroller.

//===============================================

//LCD PROTOTYPES

void Delay();

void lcd_init(); //lcd initialisation

void lcd_clear(); //clear display

58


void lcd_cmd(unsigned char); //set the lcd address or command

void lcd_char(unsigned char); //write the character to LCD

void lcd_print(unsigned char *); //write the string to LCD

//===============================================

sbit RS =P1^6; //REGISTER SELECT

sbit EN =P1^7; //ENABLE

#define LCD P2 //DATA0-DATA7 TO P2

//===============================================

unsigned char i;

//===============================================

void Delay()

{

unsigned char j;

for(i=0;i<15;i++)

for(j=0;j<95;j++);

}

//===============================================

void lcd_init()

{

lcd_cmd(0x38);

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_cmd(0x0C);

lcd_cmd(0x06);

lcd_cmd(0x80);

}

//===============================================

void lcd_clear(void)

{

lcd_cmd(0x01);

lcd_cmd(0x80);

}

//===============================================

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char cmd)

59


{

Delay();

LCD =cmd;

RS =0;

EN =1;

for(i=0;i<100;i++);

EN =0;

for(i=0;i<100;i++);

}

//===============================================

void lcd_print(unsigned char *str)

{

while(*str)

{

LCD =*str;

RS =1;

EN =1;

Delay();

EN =0;

str++;

}

}

4.3.4) DESCRIPTION:

The logic that is used to interface the LCD with the microcontroller includes LCD

initialization initially and then the lcd is to be cleared, then the commands are set

to set the address of the display and then a delay function is used to generate

some delay. As per the command the display occurs. Configure port 1 as input

port. This is the logic that is used to interface the LCD to the microcontroller.

60


Thus the logic that is used to interface the LCD to the microcontroller can be

explained.

4.4)LOGIC2: ENROLLMENT

4.4.1) ALGORITHM:

STEP1: INITIALIZE THE REGISTERS OF MICROCONTROLLER,LCD, UART

STEP2:Assign the switches and buzzer to the ports of microcontroller

m1=P3^2,m2=P3^3,m3=P3^4,m4=P3^5,and buzz=P1.7

STEP3:clear the lcd and print ‘finger print based banklocker system,

STEP4:clear the LCD and then display put your finger and press 1:ENROLLING

2:IDENTIFYING

STEP5:IF SW1=1 then Enrolling and displays Enrolling……..

STEP6: fill the SBUF with Fp[i]

STEP7: IF (Fp[0]==00XEF)&&(Fp[1]==0X01)&&(Fp[9]==0X00) then display Enroll

success

STEP8: ELSE enroll failed then Buz=1 then after some delay buz=0

STEP 9: GOTO start

61


4.4.1 FLOW CHART:

s

Figure 29:flow chart for enrollment

62

START

Intialize MC with registers

Assign

M1=P3^2,M2=P3^3

M3=P3^4,M4=P3^5

Buz = P1^7; Clear the lcd

If KEY=1

key=1

Store SBUF with Fp(i)

enrolling

If step7

step7

YesNo

Enroll Failed Enroll Success

Stop


4.4.3)SOURCE CODE:

#include <AT89X51.H>

#include <LCD_8_BIT.H>

#include <UART.H>

#include <Keypad.H>

/**********************************************************/

void Entpass();

**********************************************************/

sbit m1=P3^2; //A

sbit m2=P3^3; //B

sbit m3=P3^4; //A'

sbit m4=P3^5; //B'

sbit Buz = P1^7;

/**********************************************************/

unsigned char fp[20],str[4];

unsigned char Enroll[12]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X10,0X00,0X14};

unsigned char Identify[12]={0xEF,0X01,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0XFF,0X01,0X00,0X03,0X11,0X00,0X15};

unsigned char b1=0,b2=0;

/**********************************************************/

void Delay1(unsigned int itime)

{

unsigned int i,k=0;

for(i=0;i<itime;i++)

63


for(k=0;k<1000;k++);

}

/**********************************************************/

void main()

{

unsigned char key,i;

Buz=0;

m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0;

lcd_init();

uart_init();

lcd_clear();

lcd_print(" Welcome To");

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print(" BIET College");

Delay1(400);

Start:

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Finger Print");

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print("Bank locker Sys");

Delay1(400);

while(1)

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Put Ur Finger & ");

64


lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print("Pres-1:ENR,2:IDT");

key = keypad();

if(key =='1')

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Enrolling....");

Delay1(100);

i=0;

while(i<12)

{

uart_char(Enroll[i]);

i++;

}

RI=0;

for(i=0;i<14;i++)

{

while(!RI);

fp[i] = SBUF;

RI=0;

}

if((fp[0]==0xEF)&&(fp[1]==0x01)&&(fp[9]==0x00))

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Enroll Success");

65


Delay1(400);

b1=0; b2=0;

b1=fp[11]/10;

b2=fp[11]%10;

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print("Id:");

lcd_cmd(0xC3);

lcd_char(b1+0x30);

lcd_char(b2+0x30);

Delay1(500);

goto Start;

}

else

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Enroll Failed");

Buz=1;

Delay1(400);

Buz=0;

goto Start;

}

}

4.4.4) DESCRIPTION:

Intialize the registers of microcontroller ,LCD , UART and Keypad, and then

assign the switches to M1=P3.2,M2=P3.3,M3=P3.4,M4=P3.5 respectively and

66


buzzer to P1.7 of microcontroller. There is a unique code for enrolling finger print

by using pack commands. First of all clear LCD then it will display a message

“Finger print bank locker system”. After some delay it displays another message

“Put your finger , Pres-1:ENR,2:IDT”.

If we press the key1 in the keypad then lcd displays “ Enrolling”, then

we need to scan our finger print in the finger print scanner. If the finger print is

successfully stored then enroll is success If the enrollment is not done

successfully, then lcd will display a message “Enroll failed”. Then buzzer will

change from 1 to 0 state.

4.5 LOGIC 3:IDENTIFICATION

4.4.1 ALGORITHM:

STEP0: Start

STEP1: After enrollment success, the next step is identification.

STEP2: If SW2==1 then Identifyand displays”Identifying……”

STEP3: Then store SBUF with Fp[i]

STEP4: If( Fp[0]==0XEF)&&(Fp[1]==0x01)&&(Fp[9]==0x00) then displays

“Identifying success”.

STEP5: Else displays “Identifying Failed” then buzzer will ON and goto STEP0.

STEP6: If identification is success, lcd displays “ Enter the password”.

STEP7: if((str[0]=='1')&&(str[1]=='2')&&(str[2]=='3')&&(str[3]=='4')) then locker will

be opened. After some delay locker will be closed. else lcd displays a message “

Wrong password”.

STEP8: Stop.

4.5.2)FLOWCHART:

67


F

igure30:flow chart for identification

4.5.3 SOURCE CODE:

68

START

Clear the lcd

If

key=2

Store SBUF with Fp(i)

Identifying

If key=2

step4

YesNo

Identification Failed Identification Success

Stop

Enter password

Check password

password

Locker is opened by stepper motor

yes

Wrong password

No

Locker is closed

delay


if(key =='2')

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Identifying....");

i=0;

while(i<12)

{

uart_char(Identify[i]);

i++;

}

i=0;

while(i<16)

{

while(!RI);

fp[i] = SBUF;

RI=0;

i++;

}

if((fp[0]==0xEF)&&(fp[1]==0x01)&&(fp[9]==0x00))

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Identification");

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print("Success");

I Delay1(400);

69


b1=0; b2=0;

b1=(fp[11])/10;

b2=(fp[11])%10;

lcd_cmd(0xC9);

lcd_print("Id:");

lcd_cmd(0xCC);

lcd_char(b1+0x30);

lcd_char(b2+0x30);

Delay1(300);

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Enter Password:");

Entpass();

if((str[0]=='1')&&(str[1]=='2')&&(str[2]=='3')&&(str[3]=='4'))

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Locker opening....");

//======FORWARD======//

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

{

m1=1;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=1;m3=1;m4=0;

70


Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=1;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1;

Delay1(40);

m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1;

Delay1(40);

m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

}

Delay1(500);

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Locker closing....");

//======REVERSE======//

for(i=0;i<4;i++)

{

m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=1;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=0;m4=1;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=1;

71


Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=0;m3=1;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=1;m3=1;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=0;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

m1=1;m2=1;m3=0;m4=0;

Delay1(40);

}

Delay1(50);

goto Start;

}

else

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Wrong Password");

Delay1(400);

goto Start;

}

}

else

{

lcd_clear();

lcd_print("Identification");

72


lcd_cmd(0xC0);

lcd_print("Failed");

Buz=1;

Delay1(400);

Buz=0;

goto Start;

}

}

}

}

/**********************************************************/

void Entpass()

{

unsigned int loc=0xC0;

unsigned char n=0,key=0;

while(1)

{

key=keypad();

lcd_cmd(loc);

lcd_char(key);

Delay1(150);

str[n]=key;

loc++;

n++;

if(n>=4)

73


break;

}

}

4.5.4)DESCRIPTION:

After enrollment is done successfully the next step is identification.here in this

code we are using key 2 in the keypad for identification. Mean while we need to

scan our finger for identification if identification is done successfully the lcd

displays a message that “identification success”otherwise it displays a message

“identification failed”

In case of successful identification the next step is entering the password

we need to enter the correct password then locker will be opened automatically

by the stepper motor and after some delay it will be closed.

If we type the wrong password locker will not be opened again we need

to do identification her in this logic we are declaring variables m1,m2,m3,m4 and

initializing them with various values for producing the step angle in the stepper

motor

4.6)CONCLUSION:

Our project software program will be simulated by using KEIL SOFTWARE and

this program is dumped into micro controller using FLASHMAGIC.The

corresponding results can be observed.

The program will be dumped and the hardware is worked by using the code

dumped in the microcontroller.Here the locker will be opened if enter the correct

password.We are writing code to perform all these functions.

CHAPTER-5

RESULTS

5.1)Introduction:

74


The idea behind this project fingerprint based bank locker system is to provide

high security to our bank lockers and also providing relaibility i.e no need to carry

keys ,no manual errors ,no false intrusion,no need to carry cards,easy transaction

etc.Here microcontroller and fingerprint module are the main components of this

system .Microcontroller is used for interfacing and controlling all the devices

where as finger print module does the operations such as able to conduct

fingerprint image processing, template generation, template matching, fingerprint

searching, template storage, etc. where entering of password enrollment and

identification are done through software coding .

5.2)Schematic diagram of project

Fig 31:schematic diagram

PHOTOGRAPH OF HARDWARE KIT

75


5.3)DESCRIPTION:

This circuit consists of a Finger print scanner, an 8051 microcontroller, a uln

driver, a lcd,a stepper motor, keypad .Image Registration: Through Serial

Communication

The main module of this project is finger print scanner. So we are

concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. When this module is interfaced to the

microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode. In this mode we will be verifying

the scanned images with the stored images. id. To prove that the persons are

authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images.This fingerprint

76


module is connected to port3.0,3.1 .NG OP67 is the finger print scanner we are

using her it can store upto 960 records .It has inbuilt DSP and flash ,It provides

best quality of scanning.

After the scanning has been completed the person has to enter the unique id

which is given to him to open his locker with the help of a keypad.Here keypad is

used for entering password

When coming to our application the images of the persons who are authorized to

enter into the locker room will be stored in the module with a unique id. To prove

that the persons are authorized to enter that area they need to scan their images.

This scanner is interfaced to 8051 microcontroller. By using this controller we will

be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the

person has to enter the unique id which is given to him to open his locker with the

help of a keypad. Immediately the locker will be opened. After the work has been

completed if a switch is pressed the locker will be closed again. If an

unauthorized person tries to scan his image then an indication will be given by a

buzzer which is interfaced to the controller. If an authorized person forgets his id

he will be given 3 chances to re-enter the id.

77


CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION&FUTURE SCOPE TO WORK

6.1 CONCLUSION:

In ‘Finger Print Based Bank Locker System’ we observed practical

implementation finger print technology. Fingerprint authentication has particularly

proved its high efficiency and further enhanced the technology in providing

security.

Even features such as a person’s gait, face, or signature may change with

passage of time and may be fabricated or imitated. However, a fingerprint is

completely unique to an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. This

exclusivity demonstrates that fingerprint authentication is far more accurate and

efficient than any other methods of authentication. , we can also increase &

expand security levels by using finger print technology it also consumes low

power and flexible application

So by this project we successfully avoided the usage of keys instead used

fingerprint and password as key to open the locker thus providing safety and high

reliability.we increase the no of fingerprints storage by connecting this system to

a database.

The main advantages of our project are Sophisticated security , No manual

errors,Accuracy,No false intrusion,Need not to carry any card ,Others cannot

steel the user’s entry key.

6.2) FUTURE SCOPE TO WORK:

GSM modem can be connected to this unit to communicate to security

department, in case of unauthorized entry trials.

This project efficiency can be increased by connecting it to a database.

Additional modules can be added with out affecting the remaining

modules. This

allows the flexibility and easy maintenance of the developed system.

78


It can be used as E-Voting system if we remove the stepper motor

Automatic diving license system

No need of manual security if all banks are operated by using fingerprint

technology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

www.howstuffworks.com

www.biometrics.com

www.eceprojects.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.answers.com

www.fingerprintindia.com

www.google.com

www.atmel.com

www.ieeeprojects.com

http://www.electro_tech_online.com

79

http://www.electro_tech_online.com/

http://www.atmel.com/

http://www.google.com/

http://www.fingerprintindia.com/

http://www.wikipedia.com/

http://www.eceprojects.com/

http://www.biometrics.com/

http://www.howstuffworks.com/


APPENDIX

7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

80


81


LCD SPECIFICATIONS:SLCDLLLLllpecifications:

Display Format : 16 characters (W) x 2 lines (H)

General Dimensions : 80.0 mm (W) x 36.0 mm (H) x 9.5 mm (T)

Character Size : 2.95 mm (W) x 4.35 mm (H)

Character Pitch : 3.65 mm (W) x 5.05 mm (H)

Viewing Area : 64.0 mm (W) x 13.8 mm (H)

Dot Size : 0.55 mm (W) x 0.50 mm (H)

Dot Pitch : 0.60 mm (W) x 0.55 mm (H)

Display Type : Positive or Negative

LC Fluid : STN Yellow-Green

Backlight LED : Optional

Polarizer Mode : Reflective

View Angle : 6 o’clock or 12 o’clock

Controller : S6A0069 or Equivalent

Temperature Range : 0oC to 50oC (Operating); -20oC to 70oC (Storage)

NGE-OP67 fingerprint module specifications:


2 .Working current ……………………170mA


82



5. 1:1 matching time ……………………＜600ms Matching features + matching fingerprint




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fingerprint based bank locker system

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