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FONJAK

FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT ON

EVALUATION OF OPPORTUNITIES To ESTABLISH A CDM LULucFPROJECT IN MVILA SUBDIVISION SOUTH CAMEROON

Fondafion Frifz Jokob

BP. 80 NgoulemokongCorneroun

Avant. projet 01BT N' FFD 92/04 Rev. I (F)<< Identification d;un projet pour Ia R^habilita. tmn. et I Am6nagemen. t

des For^ts Secondaires Degradees d. u D^partem. ent de Ia Mvila,Cameroun. >>.

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^J PERSONNEL TECHNIQUE ET SCIENTIFIQUE DE L'AVANT PROJET

Coordinoteur de I' ovonf projef

Consultonf infernofionol en MDR

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Nom coinplef : Fondofion Fijiz Jokob (FONJAK)

Adonsou Kokouvi

Adresse : BP 80 Ngoulemokong

Dr. Hubertus Schmidtke

Telephone : + 2376269583I 912.806

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AGENCE D' EXECUTION

Courtier electronique : I^^

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Confenf

Summory

I. Schedule of visit in South Cornero0n ....................... Erreur ! Signet non d^fini.

2 . Torg ef .......................................,.....,,,,.,.............................................,.,.,.,..,............ 5

3 . M eIh o d s of ev o I u o Iio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 . I n trod u c fi o n ......,........................,.,.,.,.,....*.,...,...,...............................,.,...........,....... 6

5. Crunch issues of o CDM Afforesfofion I Reforesfofion Projects .............,.,.,.., 8

Afforestotion octivifies, proof of 1990 sfofus . .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .,..... ., .. .. .. .. .. ..,.. .. .. .. .. . 9B Q S eli n e d ef e rini n O IiO n . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Ad d in o n o lily .,............,.,....,................,.............................,......................,.,.,..........,.. I OP erm o n e n c e .....................................,...............................,..................,.........,.,......, I O81 0d Iversity ...............,.......................,.,.........................,.....,...................................... I OSOC io - eco n o in i CS ...,.......................,......................................,................................. I OMo n ito ri n g ....,................................,.................................,.....................................,., I OL eo ko g e ....................,...............,...................................,.....,....,............................... I ILegol o rid in stiruIio n o1 0 s p e CIS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I

6 . C o n c I u sio ns .........................,,,.*.,...................................,............,.,....................... I I

7 . R ecom men d ofi on s ......................,...................,.,.....,..,.......,............................... I 4

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^. Summory

More fhon 20 % of o11 Grithropogenic green house 90s emissions derive fromdegrodofion Grid destruction of fropicol forests. South Cornero0n is o tvpicolofricon region for slosh Grid burn proctice, Holf of the corbon of the regionhos been emitted Yet. Fonjok is on NGO Ihof helps to improve o9riculfuroltechniques Grid rurol economics. The octivifies of Fonjok help to reduce thepressure on the forest Grid help to reduce the corbon emission. There is oPIOnting component in the Fonjok octivities. But this does not comply with therequirements of the very restrictive rules for CDM Afforestotion Reforestationprojects for I he first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol 2008 - 200 12.Moin OSpect is Ihot forest conservotion is not on eglible project or octivifytype. The rules do riot consider the conditions of the humid tropics.

Be couse of the mentioned reosons it is recommended not to OPPly for oCDM-project for the first commitment period. If is recommended to the stoleof Cornero0n, Fonjok, ITFO, Worldbonk, Grid UNFCCC to toke SouthCorner o0n OS o pilot project for developing the new project type Forestconservofion" for the subsequent commitment periods offer 2012. This projecttype is in discussion Grid the SIGkeholders ore encouroged to toke influenceGrid pressure on this subject.

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I . To rg ofToeef of the mission wos to evoluote the opportunity to esfoblish o CDMproject in the region of Mvilo, south Cornero0n, which is the geogrophicoloreo of octivify of the ONG Fonjok Fondofion Frifz Jokob. It is o evoluofionproject to prepore the decision if further steps to esfoblish o CDM project shollbe initioted or not.

The evoluolion took into considerof ion the structure, forgets Grid octivifies Ihofore specific to Fonjok.

2. Methods of evoluofion

Contocts folks Grid discussions with people involved in the project,Fonjok SIGff, Grid exfernol speciolists.On site OSsessment by occomponying survey Ieom.

People confocfed:

Persons involved in

Adonsou,Kokouri

Ndongo, Leopold Aime

Bin Nioh, Doreen

Medougo Benjomin

Eininonue!

ro'ect

Don o, Chorles

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Aton

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Abonbo A. Jeon Gustove

Mallet, Moilhios

Notion o1 coordinofor of Fonjok

ono, A. Alexondre

Fonjok SIGff Grid project loomciponl (SOCio-economic OSsessmenl

Other contocted

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Gockowski, Joines

Eonjok sfoff Grid project porticiponf (SOCio-economic OSsessmenl

Houser, SfefonSonwo, Denis J.

Fonjok SIGff Grid project porticiponf IbiodiversifyOSsessmenf

Robi Iio, Volenfino

Notion o1 consultonf on cono ro h

Notion o1 consultonl biodiversif OSsesment

Notion o1 consultonf

ersons

InfernofionolOSsessmenf

11TA In emotion o1 Institute of Tro

11TA In emotion o1 Institute of Tro

11TA In emotional Institute of Tro

consultonf

11TA In emotion o1 Instif ate of Tro

biodiversif OSsessment

(socio-economic

ICOI A

ICOI A

icol A

riculfure

icol A

riculfure

riculfure

riculture

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3. Introduction

Fonjok (Foundofion Frifz Jokob)Foiljok is o NGO Ihof comes from o prtvofe swiss initialIve, Torget of Eonjok isto mmgofe poverty by introducing more sus+Qinoble 10nd use techniques, bystrengthening self orgonising structures. It develops improved o9riculfurolmethods to reduce slosh Grid burn octivities. It GISo initiotes Grid supportsIOCol Grid regionol cooperofive orgonisotions to sell o9riculturol products tobetter prices, to improve the economic situofion of the rurol people.

The heodquorter of Fonjok is IOCofed of the villoge of Ngolemokong of thein Qin route from Yoounde to Ebolowo the copifol of the Province of SouthCornero0n.

Cleon developmenf mechonism CDMThe Convention on Climofe Chonge Grid the Kyoto protocol ore infernofionolITeofies with the forget to mmgofe climofe chonge by reducing green house90s IGHG) emissions. The in dustriolised countries Grid countries in Ironsifionhove committed themselves to reduce their GHG emission by 8% reloted tothe emission of the bose yeor 1990 in overo9e during the commitment periodfrom 2008 2012. Those countries ore listed in the Annex I of the KyotoProtocol.

Severo1 cleon development mechonisms CDM hove been developed toobjoin Ihot forget. One of these mechonisms ore "projects" Ihof reduce GHGemissions to the o1mosphere or Ihof sequester corbon from the of in oslohere innon Annex I countries. Those projects con be conducted in countries that orenot listed in Annex one, like the developing countries. If on Annex I country isnot oble to fulfil its obligofions, if is o110wed to buy specific certificofes derivingfrom such CDM projects. Most CDM projects ore conducted in the sectors ofenergy Grid industry. They ore emission reduction projects. Other types ofprojects ore methon conversion projects. Methon (CH3 Grid CH4+) is 21 timesmore do in o9ing the climofe Ihon CO2, So the burning of Methon to CO2couses o huge positive effect. Another project types Iho+ ore eligible ore"Lond Use Lond Use Chonge Grid Forestry" LULUCF projects,f~

LULUCF CDM projects or CDM AR ProjectsIn this type of projects corbon is bound from the otmosphere Gridsequestered in biomoss. BY PIOnting new frees. Forest must be off orested orreferested IAR).

More Ihon 20 % of o11 Grithropogenic GHG emission come from degrodofionGrid destruction of fropicol forests. But forest conservofion hos been excludedfrom eligibility OS O CDM project. Only off oresfofion Grid reforesfofion octivitiesunder very specific conditions ore o110wed to be occounted under CDM.

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Those conditions ore specified Art. 12 of the Morrokesh Accords Grid in theGood Procfice Guidonces GPG for LULUCF projects. Torgef of this evoluotionis to check if those conditions ore fulfilled Grid o CDM project con beesfoblished in the region of Mvilo.

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Notiono1 Coinmunicofion of Corner@0n (NC)

In 1995 the 10/01 Qinounf of Cornero0n emission wos 44 Mio f CO2e er eor(p. 6 NC)Out of this 10nd use chonge tatilisotion. de forrel mode more Ihon 50%.

The boseline scenorio for the forest sector shows on emission increment u to99 Mio I CO2e in 2010,126.7 Mio f CO2ein 2020 Grid 164 Mio f CO2e in 2030.This shows the expected development of further degrodofion Griddeforesfofion in Cornero0n. If shows the huge effect Grid it shows GISo the bipotentiol this sector inoy contribute to mmgote climote chonge.

CO2 Emission in Soufh Cornero0n

Brown ef. o1 I 1990) I esfimofe Ihof shifting cultivotion procfices in Am cooccount for 70% of the cleoring of closed conopy forests. Nolte ef o120012CGIculofe for the region of Mbolmoyo Grid Ebolowo, in between which Mvilois located o loss of co. 50% of the originol corbon stock of the primory forest.This oninolc b I k F1This originol corbon stock wos Ground 300 I C/ho (Gockowski et o1.20013),Be couse the loss is correlated to the populofion growth we con SOY fhof theprocess of degrodotion Grid loss of forest oreo is going on with occelerofinspeed. This contributes to the development described in the NC. On the otherhond there ore still50% of the originol Qinount of Corbon existing.

More defoiled dojo on the Mvilo oreo were eloboroted Ihrou h this studTorget of this work wos GISo to evoluofe, if the octivities of Fon'ok, which hovepositive effects on the corbon emission situofion con be token OS O CDMproject Ihof inoy generofe odditionol income from corbon credits.

4. Crunch issues of o CDM Afforestation I ReforestationProjects

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Those crunch issues were evoluofed> Afforesfofion octivities, proof of 1990 skitus> Boseline deforminotion

> Addition Girty> Permonence

> Biodiversity> Socio-economics (including tenure rights)> Monitoring> Legol Grid institution o1 issues

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Brown S. and Lugo A. E. 1990: Tropical secondary forests. Journal of of Tropical EColog 6: I-32~ Nolte C, , Kotto-Same I. , Moukam A. , Thankabail P. S. , Weise S. F. , Woomer P-L. and Za tack L. 2001: Land-Use Characterization and Estimation of Carbon Stocksin the Alternatives to Slash-and Burn Benchmark ACameroon Resource and Crop Management Research Monograph No. 281nternational Institute of Tro ICalAgriculture

GockowskiI. , Blaise NICameleu G. and Weridt I. 2001: Implications of Resource-use Intensification for thEnvironment and Sustainable Technology Systems in the Central African Rainforest. CAB International 2001IsBN 0 8519943s O. pp 1972/9I~'

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Afforesfofion activities, proof of 1990 sfofus

Only corbon sequestrotion from pionting Gallvities con be occounfed underCDM. And they must be conducted on oreos Ihof were non-forest in 1990. Soo11 contributions to slow down the degrodofion process I hot help the climotedefinitely connof be foken info occounf.

There ore GISo problems with the definition of forest. Some follows inoy folltempororily under the FAO definition of forest in the me ontime between 1990Grid 2008. But they hove not been forest in the consciousness of the Furolpopulolion. Forest coveroge often is not removed completely of the first timeof slosh-Grid burn. But the trees ore removed more Grid more with the

subsequent follow robfions. Primory forest, secondorY forest, shodedPIOntotions unshoded o9riculfur01 10nd. The borders ore fluent, The proof offthe non-forest slotus in 1990 inoy be difficult, be couse the spots ore often verysinoll. One possible source for Ihof informotion is Genol photogrophs ofI :20'000 SCOle fhof wos token in I 985. They ore of excellent qualify.

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The non-forest oreos of I 990 must fit to the proposed pionfofion oreo.

The octivities of Fonjok do not Ieod to offores+ed oreos, but to single free orsinoll free group pionling tin exomple Africon Plum). Those piontings do notcomply with the requirements of o CDM project where new forests must beinitioted.

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Boseline deforminofion

In the humid tropics of Cornero0n normolly there is o spontoneous rioturo!regenerofion of trees. So there is in the sense of corbon stock no or no bigdifference to pionfed oreos. If there is no more o9riculfurol use of the 10nd theboseline is very like the project cose, But the boseline is determined by the10nd use proctice of the rurol popu!chion, This is chorocferised by differentintensify of crop PIOnfing.

The most intensive type is permonent or Grinuol crop. Be couse the soils orepoor this type of o9riculture needs fertilising. If is procfised only on sinoll ports.The most common type is the subsequence of crop PIOnfing for I to 3 yeorsfollowed by o period of follow. This follow period con be of different durofion.There ore short, inId Grid long term follows. On this oreos offer crop PIOn+ing isended be couse of too less nutrients in the soil, there is spontoneous noturolregenerofion of new vegefofion including forest frees.

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.^ Be couse of short follows o boseline of o certoin oreo connof be determined.

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AdditionalifyThe Addition o1ity criterion me ons Ihot the climofe effect must be cousedminimum portly by the project octivities. If ony PIOntofions ore conductedGrimyoy they ore not oddifionol. So if free seedlings ore IPOrfly) finonced by oCDM-contribution this condition con be fulfilled.

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Permanence

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The criterion of permonence me ons Ihot the corbon sequestered mustreinoin for o very long time on the oreo Grid this must be guoronteed Gridproofed or the replonting of trees in cose of loss. In foct for PIOnted trees this ispossible.

BiodiversityThis is not o problem of o11. Any project octivifies fhof reduce degrodofionGrid destruction of forest help to conserve the noturo! biodiversity. Lorge oreooff orestofion ore not being conducted or PIOnned in South Cornero0n whichinoy couse biodiversity problems in the cose of monocultures.

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Socio-economics

The PIOnfofions OS well OS o11 octivities of Fonjok do octuolly contribute directlyto improve the economic situofion of the IOCol people. The informalioncollected in this evoluofion is extremely helpful onywoy for Fonjok. Theincreosing populofion couses pressure on the forest, Improvements of theo9riculfurol methods will help to solve this tendency. Degrodofion of forest willIeod to o deficit of fertile 10nd. Any octivify of Fonjok is fighting this negofivedevelopment,

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MonitoringIf there ore offorestofion oreos monitoring is not o problem. There oreOPProved methods to me OSure Grid monitor corbon stocks of forests. Tome OSure the whole effect of o regionol project, riot I he single trees or oreosore me OSured. With o systematic sompling the corbon bolonce of on entireregion con be esfimofed quite exoctly (Brown S. e+ o1 1989). Usuolly remotesensing techniques combined with forresinol somple me OSuremenfs ore used.Those methods ore derived from common forest inventory methods (Brown efo1 19894, Nolfe e1012001)5.

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' Brown S, , Gillespie A. I. R. and Lugo A. E. 1989: Biomass estimation methods for tropical foests withapplications to forest inventory data, Forest Science 35: 881-902

' Nolte C. , Kotto-Same J. , Moukam A. , Thankabail P. S. , Weise S. F. , Woomer P-L. and Zapfack L, 2001: Land-Use Characterization and Estimation of Carbon Stocks in the Alternatives to Slash-and Burn Benchmark Area in

Cameroon Resource and Crop Management Research Monograph No. 281ntemational Institute of TropicalAgriculture

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LeokogeThis is on negofive exfernol effects of o CDM-AR-project. Will formers burn Griduse new forests or secondory forest on other PIOces insteod of o conserved oroff orested oreo? Such questions must be onswered very cleorly. If must beproved Ihof there is no negofive Ieokoge. There is o certoin donger for Ihof.

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Legol and institutional aspects

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Properly righfs fo the 10nd : Even there is n0 10nd registry o11 10nd belongs tosomebody. Officiolly o11 forest belongs to the SIGfe. But the individuol propertyis known exoctly inside the villoge communities. Lond is being herifoged GridGISo sold. Confrocfs with 10nd owners seem not to be o problem. A coinrocfsigned by o certoin number of witnesses is volid. But nevertheless there is no10nd registry which is o precondition for CDM projects of the first commitmentperiod (2008-2012). If the 10nd is property of o fomily o off oresfed oreobelongs to the person Ihof mode if. A more individuol property right iscreoled by such PIOnfings, This inoy couse properly problems inside thefomily. All this in okes it difficult to estoblish o CDM project under the currentrules of the Kyoto Protocol.

Inchfufionol OSpecfsCornero0n hos estoblished o focol point for Kyoto Protocol issues6, but if hosnot OPPlied for o designofed notion o1 oathorify DNA Yet. Only such oninstitution con occepf CDM projects on o notion o1 level. And this is oprecondition for occepfonce of projects by the climote secretoriot. A DNAinoy be esfoblished within o short time by designoting the current focol point,

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6. Conclusions

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20% of o11 Grithropogenic emissions derive form the forest sector. ESPeciolly thedestruction Grid degrodolion of fropicol forests contributes to this hugeQinount of CO2 emissions. The Ngolomocong oreo is o very tvpicol regionwhere this degrodotion process is going on. The notion o1 coinmunicofion ofCornero0n shows the forest sector OS the 10rgest CO2-source of the country.

' M. Joseph Armath6 Amougou,Ministere de 1' errvironnement at de in protection do in natureBP 25013 Yaounde

(237)222-1106/990-3210(237) 222-1106josepharmathe@yahoo. ft

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The 10nd use procfice couses loss of corbon. Holf of the originol corbon stockof 300 fC/ho hos been o1reody emitted to the of in OSphere.

Fonjok helps the rurol people to improve the o9riculturol techniques Grid toesfoblish independent in orkef structures. So the pressure on the forest con bereduced, the income of the people con be increosed. Fonjok works with IOColSIGff Grid is occepfed by the IOCol people. Be couse the income of the IOColpeople is being increosed by using the new techniques Grid in orkefingstructures, the people keep them. A more sustoinoble 10nd use is beingimplemented, The process of forest degrodofion is reduced or stopped. Insome coses forests con be restored.

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Activities like those conducted by Fonjok ore without doubt cousing Gridsupporting tendencies o901nst forest degrodotion ond ore contributing tommgofe climofe chonge. The SOCioeconomic Grid environment o1 benefits oreout of doubt.

But the positive climofe effect connot be occounled under the current rulesof the Kyoto Protocol.

For the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol2008-2012 conservationof forest is excluded from occounting. For the subsequent period this is underdiscussion ogoin..

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Afforesfofion Grid Refores+of ion con be occounfed under certoin conditionsIhof connof be fulfilled in South Cornero0n. The sinoll SCOle Grid short time10nd use procfice with different follow rototion periods Grid portlyregenerofion do not fit to the requirements of o CDM AR project. The proof ofthe non forest criterion in 1990 is difficult be couse of severo1 follow robtionswith portly forest periods since Ihot lime. The octivifies portly Ieod toPIOnfofions of frees. But those trees ore mostly 1010nfed OS singles or in sinoll

Those oreos often do not comply with the forest definitions of thegrou ps.

FAO. Are OS ore off orested very seldom. If o9rlcultur01 10nd is off oresfed there isthe donger f hot somewhere else forest is burnt down insteod. So there is odonger of Ieokoge effects.

Nevertheless the Fonjok octivities help to slow down the deforestofion processGrid to mmgofe GHG emission.

The restrictive requirements for CDM AR projects connof be complied with inthe humid fropic conditions.

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Importonf issues in the humid tropics ore:Be couse the growth roles ond 10nd use dynomics ore very high the1990 non forest criterion is not useful.

Not individuol PIOnfofions but the corbon stock o whole region must beconsidered.

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7. Recommendations

For further proceeding there ore three options:

o1 OPPly for CDM, preconditions to be reolisedb) not to OPPly for CDM but for volunfory octions.cj OPPly for o CDM project for further commitment periods loftsr 2012)

when conservofion is o110wed.

o) If is riot recommended to OPPly for o CDM-offoresfolion/reforesfofionproject for the first commitment period be couse sever o1 reqiremenfsconnof be fulfilled.

b) It is recommended to OPPly for the corbon in orkef relofed withvoluntory octions.

This is one opportunity fhof inoy be followed. There is o corbon in orkefbeing developed, Ihof is outside the strict regulofions of the KyotoProtocol Grid the Morrokesh Accords. Privofe persons or coinponies

wonf to live, oct or produce corbon neatrolly. in this in orkef credibility isimportont Grid not the formol restrictions. In this context the Fonjokproject inoy OPPly for portly occounfing its corbon binding effects.

c) 11 is recommended to OPPly for o CDM project for further coinmifmenfperiods (offer 2012) when conservofion is o110wed. Fonjok inoy supportthis opportunity by lobbying for the subject, Cornero0n hos rotified theKyoto protocol Grid con toke o position in the upcoming discussion onoccounting forest conservotion in the subsequent Kyoto protocolcommitment periods. This is o big potential of the country to toke port inthe future corbon in orkef, For the Fonjok project this is o midtermopportunity.

Cornero0n should try to toke influence in the discussion of including forestconservotion info the CDM for the commitment periods offer 2012.

South Cornero0n is o Iypicol Africon slosh Grid burn region Ihof couses o lot ofCO2 emissions. If is recommended to propose south Cornero0n OS o test oreofor Africon humid tropics to develop new methodologies for new CDM forestconservofion projects.

Fortok in colloborofion with 11TA inoy be oble to initiofe such o CDM forestconservotion pilot project together with InO, UNFCCC, Worldbonk orBiocorbon Fund, 11TA hos o1reody worked in Ihof subject.

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