final paper1

Bury or Burn:

An Analysis of Filipinos’ Preference between Interment and

Cremation

Type 3 Research

2009-2010

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST – MANILA

AUTHORS

Custodio, Donna Lea M.

Donggon, Lea R.

Francisco, Veronicca T.

Mayores, Jo Ann D.

Torrefranca, Shiela R.

March 2010

1

I. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION 1-3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 4-5

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 6

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 7

HYPOTHESIS 8

OBJECTIVES 8

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 9-10

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

STATEMENT OF THE SALIENT RELATED LITERATURE AND

RELEVANCE TO THE PROPOSED STUDY 11-24

III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 25

DATA 25-26

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS EVALUATION 27-55

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56-58

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 58

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE 59-60

2

I. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the study

In the increasing population on the Filipinos, space are needed

for housing, many of the farm have been turn to subdivision in

order to satisfy the need for living spaces. Also because of this the

cost of lands has been in all time high, whether it commercial,

residential, or even for your last resting place. Memorial plans cost

are over the top, costing almost as high as a one story house. That

is why Filipinos are starting to look for alternatives to memorial

plans; one of the alternatives is the cremation.

Cremation comes in several types; Direct with no viewing or

service, cremation with no viewing but with a memorial service and

cremation with viewing and with cremation following the viewing.

An unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a tiny residue of

bodily remains is left in the chamber after cremation and mixes

with subsequent cremations. Not all that remains is bone. There

may be melted metal lumps from missed jewelry, casket furniture,

dental fillings, and surgical implants, such as hip replacements.

Large items such as titanium hip replacements or casket hinges are

usually removed before grinding, as they may damage the grinder.

They may be returned to the family, or are more commonly sold as

ferrous/non-ferrous scrap metal. After grinding, smaller bits of

metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as

gleanings) are sieved out and may be later interred in common

3

consecrated ground in a remote area of the cemetery or sold as

precious metal scrap.

Cremated remains can be kept in an urn, stored in a special

memorial building “columbarium”, buried in the ground at any

location or sprinkled on a special field, mountain, or in the sea. In

addition, there are several services in which the cremated remains

will be scattered in a variety of ways and locations. Some examples

are via a helium balloon, through fireworks, shot from shotgun

shells, or scattered from an airplane (this is not illegal in most

jurisdictions, in part because laws prohibiting it would be difficult to

enforce). One service sends a lipstick-tube sized sample of the

cremated remains into low earth orbit, where they remain for years

(but not permanently) before re-entering the atmosphere. Another

company claims to turn part of the cremated remains into synthetic

diamonds that can then be made into jewelry. Cremated remains

may also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an

artificial reef, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into a

portrait of the deceased. Cremated remains can be scattered in

national parks in the U.S., with a special permit. They can also be

scattered on private property, with the owner's permission. A

portion of the cremated remains may be retained in a specially

designed locket known as cremation jewelry. The cremated remains

may also be entombed. Most cemeteries will grant permission for

burial of cremated remains in occupied cemetery plots that have

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbarium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_diamond

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea

already been purchased or are in use by the families disposing of

the cremated remains, without any additional charge or oversight.

The research are interested to know if an alternative to

traditional burial like cremation can be accepted in our conservative

catholic population. Are the Filipinos more open minded now, or are

the Filipinos still traditional.

5

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framwork of the study is explained in the

following diagram:

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

INTERVENING

VARIABLES

DEPENDET VARIABLE

Respondents’

Profile

Age

Gender

Income

Occupation

Race

Education

Religion

Promotion

Trend

Choice of respondents

between interment

and cremation

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The researchers think that the independent variables and

intervening variables are related to thechoice of the respondents

between cremation and interment.

The age of the respondents greatly affect their decision, younger

generation’s belief differ from what the older generation beieve in. The

gender of therespondents is another element that can affect their

awareness. Another factor is family income. It is a common belief

among Filipinos that only the rich andaffluent can afford to have their

7

dead cremated. Occupation may also have an effect on the

respondents choice. Religion may also be a factor in determining their

choice. Different religions have different views regarding burial. The

race of the respondents may also affect their decision. Another

important factor to be considered is the respondents’ educational

background.

Promotion such as advertisement and word of mouth may be

perceived to have an effect in the respondent’s decision. The more the

respondents know about the process of cremation, the more they are

inclined to decide wisely between cremation and traditional burial.

Another intervening factor to be considered is the trend in the market.

8

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1

9

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The title of the research study is “Bury or Burn: An Analysis of

Filipinos’ Preference between Interment and Cremation”. The research

study mainly focuses on determining the acceptability of cremation

among Filipinos. The study will also focus on the relationship of the

respondents’ profile to their decision as to whether they would go for

traditional burial or cremation.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Income

1.4 Occupation

1.5 Religion

1.6 Race

1.7 Education

2. How do the following factors influence the choice of the

respondents?

2.1 Religion

2.2 Promotion

2.3 Trend

3. Is there a relationship between the respondents profile and

their choice between the two types of burial?

10

HYPOTHESES

1. That all the respondents have the right to decide for their family.

2. That all the respondents are knowledgeable about cremation.

3. That there are respondents who have a deceased member of the

family who undergo cremation.

4. That the respondents will choose cremation because it more

practical.

5. That somehow the respondents will choose traditional burial

because in cremation it is difficult for the family to decide and it

is expensive.

6. That all the respondents prefer cremation than traditional burial.

7. That the religious belief is the factor that strongly influences

their choice whether traditional burial or cremation.

8. That the respondents have memorial plan.

9. That all the respondents are not against cremation.

OBJECTIVES:

General Objective: To analyze and determine the Filipinos’

preference between interment and cremation.

Specific Objectives:

To determine the level of acceptability of cremation among

Filipinos

11

To find out the factors that strongly influence the choice of

respondents between interment and cremation

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study will focus on determining the acceptability of

cremation among Filipinos. Another focus of the study is the

relationship of the respondents’ profile to their decision as to whether

they would go for traditional burial or cremation. Moreover, the study

will also show the awareness of Filipino people about cremation.

The study will consider how external factors such as promotion,

word-of-mouth, religious beliefs, economic, family and relatives,

practicality and others that influence the choice of the respondents.

The research study was limited to the analysis of information

taken from two hundred (200) respondents who were between the

ages of twenty-five (25) to sixty (60) and have an annual income of

ranging from one hundred thousand (P100, 000) to six hundred

thousand (P600, 000), since it is the normal age for working adults who

can have the right to decide for their family. And thus, it is believe that

at this age, people are knowledgeable about cremation and interment

or traditional burial.

12

Furthermore, the residence of the respondents was also limited

to Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pasay, Parañaque and Malolos,

Bulacan. The area of the study was chosen because it is convenient to

the researchers.

Because of the limited time of the researchers in gathering data

based on the volume of crematoriums here in the Philippines, the

student researchers were not able to comply with the required

information.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The output of the research will be valuable to the funeral

industry, government, people who are unaware about cremation and

interment, student researchers of this study and other researchers who

may do similar study in the future.

To the Funeral Industry, for they will be informed about the

potential demand of cremation in the Philippines.

To the government for they will be able to know the benefits

brought about by the cremation to the people.

To other people who are unaware about cremation for they will

be informed about some facts on cremation.

To the students-researchers of the study for they will learn from

their experiences while undertaking the investigation.

13

And lastly to other researchers who may do similar study in the

future, for they will have it as a reference in their study.

14

II. Review of Related Literature

In an Instruction dated May 8, 1963, the Holy Office permitted

cremation as a legitimate mode of disposing the dead body of the

faithful, provided the reason for choosing cremation does not stem

from a denial of Christian dogmas, the animosity of a secret society, or

hatred of the Catholic religion and the Church. The Instruction

recommends, however that the practice of reverently burying the

faithful departed should be preserved. The 1983 Code of Cannon Law

(can. 1176 #3) makes the same provision. The Instruction states:

“The reverent, unbroken practice of burying the bodies

of the faithful departed is something the Church has

always taken pains to encourage. It has surrounded the

practice with rites suited to bringing out more clearly the

symbolic and religious significance of burial and has

threatened with penalties those who might attack this

sound practice. The Church has especially employed such

sanctions in the face of hate-inspired assaults against

Christian practices and traditions by those who, imbued

with the animosity of their secret societies, sought to

replace burial by cremation. This practice was meant to be

a symbol of their antagonistic denial of Christian dogma,

15

above all of the resurrection of the dead and the

immortality of the soul.”

The issue is not therefore an intrinsically evil act, opposed per se to

the Christian religion. This has always been the thinking of the Church

in certain situations where it was or is clear that there is an upright

motive for cremation, based on serious reasons, especially of public

order, the Church did not and does not object to it.

There has been a change for the better in attitudes and in recent

years more frequent and clearer situations impeding the practice of

burial have developed. Consequently, the Holy See is receiving

repeated requests for a relaxation of church discipline relative to

cremation. The procedure is clearly being advocated today, not out of

hatred of the Church or Christian customs, but rather for reasons of

health, economics, or other reasons involving private or public order.

Sticking to Tradition

While rising interment expenses have ushered in wider acceptance

of cremation, those who embrace it are mostly middle to upper class

families with some wherewithal to bury their dead the traditional, if

more expensive, way.

Rabago says “these are the people who most

likely have more access to information but faith

16

sometimes stands in the way.” Marivic Malaluan, 34,

says her deeply religious family still believes in the

tradition way of burying their departed.

“Our loved ones have already suffered enough when

they were alive. Burning their flesh is like living them

more suffering," says Malaluan, a call center agent in

Makati City. On All Saints Day, Marivic and her family

would again trek to the crowded public cemetery in

San Nicolas, Batangas for about 102 kilometers south

of Manila, to pay respects to their dead.

"We don’t mind the heat and discomfort. We only do

this once a year," she says.

Civil & Public Services

The Manila city government will soon offer free cremation services

to poor residents following the completion of a crematorium near the

entrance of the Manila North Cemetery.

In a statement, Mayor Alfredo Lim said the

construction of the crematorium is in line with the

“womb to tomb” services being offered by his

government to the city’s residents.

17

http://services.inquirer.net/tagcloud/keyword.php?tag=Civil%20&%20Public%20Services&id=309&imp=

Residents may choose to keep the ashes of their

loved ones at home or they may avail of the pauper’s

burial lots being offered by the city government at

the Manila North Cemetery.

On top of this, they may also hold the wake of their

departed loved ones at the crematorium.

Lim assured residents that the city government will

take care of their needs from birth to death.

He cited the free pre-natal care and hospital services

being offered to expectant mothers as well as the

free medical care provided to senior citizens in city-

run hospitals.

Burial Methods

Except from cremation there are so many alternative ways of

burying the dead. It ranges from natural burial to sky burial. Some

burial practices are heavily ritualized; others are simply practical.

Natural burial is the process by which a body is returned to the

earth to decompose naturally in soil. It also includes embalming which

is the practice of preserving a body against decay, and is used in many

18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embalming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_burial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual

cultures. In addition, mummification is a more extensive method of

embalming, further delaying the decay process.

m In funeral services, the body is often put on display. Many

cultures feel that the deceased should be presented looking his/her

finest.

Burial at sea is the practice of depositing the

body in an ocean or other large body of water

instead of soil. It may be disposed in a coffin, or

without one.

Funerary cannibalism is the practice of eating the

remains. This may be for many reasons: for example

to partake of their strength, to spiritually "close the

circle" by reabsorbing their life into the family or

clan, to annihilate an enemy, or due to pathological

mental conditions. The Yanomami have the habit of

cremating the remains and then eating the ashes

with banana paste.

Ecological funeral is a method of increasing the

rate of decomposition in order to help fertilize the

soil.

19

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_funeral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy

Excarnation is the practice of removing the flesh

from the corpse without interment. The Zoroastrians

have traditionally left their dead on Towers of

Silence, where the flesh of the corpses is left to be

devoured by vultures and other carrion-eating birds.

Alternatively, it can also mean butchering the corpse

by hand to remove the flesh (sometimes referred to

by the neologism "defleshing").

Gibbeting was the ancient practice of publicly

displaying remains of criminals.

Hanging coffins are coffins which have been

placed on cliffs. They can be found in various

locations, including China and the Philippines.

Resomation involves disposal through an

accelerated process of alkaline hydrolysis.

Sky burial involves placing the body on a

mountaintop.

Cremation is catching on in the Philippines. More and more Filipinos

are gravitating towards this means of disposal of human remains.

Cremation, although inhumation is still largely practiced in the

Philippines, has been constantly gaining acceptance, especially in

20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_burial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resomation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_coffins

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Silence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Silence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excarnation

urban areas where there are crematoriums. Reasons vary from

practicality, hygiene, economic conditions of the family, or personal

choice of the departed. It may serve as a funeral or post funeral rite

that is an alternative to the interment of an intact body in a casket.

Cremated remains, which are not a health risk, may be buried or

immured in memorial sites or cemeteries, or they may be legally

retained by relatives or dispersed in a variety of ways and locations.

More Filipino families are now opting to cremate their departed

because of the rising costs of cemetery lots in privately-owned

memorial parks. The cost factor tends to make cremation attractive.

Generally speaking, cremation is cheaper than traditional burial

services especially if direct cremation is chosen, in which the body is

cremated as soon as legally possible without any sort of services.

Cremation in Other Countries

In the U.S., a body ready to be cremated must be placed

in a container for cremation, which can be a simple

corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket. Most

casket manufacturers provide a line of caskets specially

built for cremation. Another option is a cardboard box

that fits inside a wooden shell designed to look like a

21

traditional casket. After the funeral service, the interior

box is removed from the shell before cremation,

permitting the shell to be reused. Funeral homes may

also offer rental caskets, which are traditional caskets

used only for the duration of the services, after which

the body is transferred to another container for

cremation. Rental caskets are sometimes designed with

removable beds and liners, which are replaced after

each use.

In the UK, the body is not removed from the coffin and

is not placed into a container as described above. The

body is cremated with the coffin, which is why all UK

coffins that are to be used for cremation must be made

of combustible material. The Code of Cremation Practice

forbids the opening of the coffin once it has arrived at

the crematorium, and rules stipulate it must be

cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service.] Thus,

in the UK, bodies are cremated in the same coffin as

they are placed in at the undertaker's although the

regulations allow the use of an approved 'cover' during

the funeral service. It is recommended that jewelry be

removed before the coffin is sealed for this reason. After

the cremation process has been completed, the remains

22

are passed through a magnetic field to remove any

metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the

crematorium grounds, or increasingly, recycled. The

ashes are then given to relatives or loved ones or

scattered in the Crematorium grounds where facilities

exist.

In Australia, the deceased are cremated in a coffin

supplied by the undertaker. Reusable or cardboard

coffins are becoming popular, with several

manufacturers now supplying them. If cost is an issue, a

plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a

"chippie") will be offered. Handles (if fitted) are plastic

and approved for use in a cremator. Coffins vary from

natural cardboard or unfinished particle board (covered

with a velvet pall if there is a service) to solid timber;

most are veneered particle board.

In late 19th century Australia, the modern cremation

movement campaigned for cremation on the basis of

public health, economic and aesthetic grounds.

However, cremation was slow to gain acceptance. In

1891, South Australia became the first state to legalize

cremations and build a crematorium - West Terrace

23

Cemetery in 1903. In Victoria, a cremation bill was

passed in 1903, formalizing and regulating the practice,

and limiting it to approved cemeteries. In New South

Wales, a bill was not passed until 1925.Rookwood is the

oldest continuously operating crematorium in Australia.

It began operation in 1925 and now performs around

2500 cremations per year. Of the 128,500 people that

die each year in Australia, 54 per cent are cremated -

this figure is increasing by half a per cent each year.

Around the world, other percentages include:

UK - 70.70%

USA - 27.12%

Japan - 99.41%

Italy - 6.62%

Ireland - 5.40% (estimate only)

Ghana -1.78%

Cremations can be "delivery only," with no preceding

chapel service at the crematorium (although a church

service may have been held) or be preceded by a

service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only

allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best

use of the cremators, perhaps by holding the body

24

overnight in a refrigerator. As a result, a lower fee is

applicable. Delivery-only may be referred to in industry

jargon as "west chapel service."

In a Japanese funeral and in Taiwan, the bones are not

pulverized unless requested beforehand, and are

collected by the family.

In Japan, the night before the funeral, the very close

relatives hold a special ceremony called 'Otsuya' to

farewell the body. Japanese burn candles and incense

and stay awake all night, just in case the person wakes

up. Monks also visit to pray and give the person a

Buddhist name.

After the body has been cremated, relatives each take a

bone with chopsticks and place it in a white pottery jar.

This way they send a message that they haven't

abandoned the body. The voice box bone is a special

bone because it is the shape of Buddha sitting in prayer.

After 49 days the bones can go in a gravestone at the

cemetery.

In Hindu religion, fire is considered a sacred gateway to

the spiritual world. Cremation of the body has to occur

25

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_funeral

within six hours of the person's death in the simplest

ceremonial way.

Balinese religion is based on respect for and worship of

God and ancestors, and is a combination of Hindu

elements and indigenous Balinese culture. After death,

the body must be dissolved and returned to its original

elements. After someone dies in Bali, the body is either

put in the temple or in a special house. The family

brings cakes, coffee or whatever they cook for them just

as if they were alive. This helps them keep contact with

the soul which stays around the body for three days

after the death. The whole village helps with the

cremation, making offerings and food. They always try

to be happy, as this makes it easier for the soul to

leave. The size and elaborateness of the cremation

ceremony reflects the wealth of the deceased's family.

Since cremations are large and expensive festivals,

sometimes the body is temporarily buried until the

family can afford the cremation.

Cremation has been more readily accepted in some

European and Asian countries: the figure in England,

Germany, and Denmark, for example, is more than 50

26

percent. In Japan, where cremation was illegal in 1875,

the practice has become almost universal.

The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is

one of the reasons they are called ashes, although a

non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains", a

portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains". (The

Cremation Association of North America prefers the

word "cremains" to not be used for referring to "human

cremated remains." The reason given is that "cremains"

is though to have less connection with the deceased,

whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more

identifiable human connection.

An unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a tiny

residue of bodily remains is left in the chamber after

cremation and mixes with subsequent cremations.

The practice of cremation has extended considerably in

many places in the last decades. Other countries have their

different ways of treating their dead love ones. It is being

observed that cremation in other countries is already more

27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau

dominant than the traditional burial especially in Japan where

almost 100% of its citizens prepared cremation. Cremation of

other countries varies depending on their religions and beliefs.

While this custom has no Christian origins and, in itself, is not

contrary to truths taught by the Church, it is not prohibited when

carried out with an upright intention and for grave causes. In

many countries, it is usually done in a crematory but others may

prefer different methods. An example is the common practice of

open-air cremation in India.

As of now, cremation is getting more attention in the

Philippines. It is starting to penetrate not only those in the middle

and upper classes but also the poor who have granted free

cremation for civil and public services. Cremation is a better

choice of burial method here in the Philippines because of the

fast increase in population needing more space to live in and for

environmental purposes and practicality. FACT: All of us will die.

A real human will make arrangements for that departure and

avoid having his or her family make that arrangement.

28

III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This study made use of the descriptive form of research.

Convenience sampling is employed in selecting samples. The

researchers do the data gathering in their respective place of

residence. Two hundred target respondents are divided equally among

the researchers. Survey was also conducted in order to come up with

the needed information.

A set of questionnaire was distributed to the respondents

Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pasay, Parañaque and Malolos, Bulacan.

The survey sheets tackeled the acceptance of the Filipino’s in

cremation.

The questionnaire also aimed to gather basic information from

the respondents including age, gender, occupation and economic

status.

DATA

29

The descriptive approach made use as the approach to this

study. The sources of data came from the survey conducted by the

student-researchers in their respective place of residence.

The data gathered became the basis for interpretation of the

respondent’s beliefs and perceptions about cremation.

Statistical treatment simply refers to the frequency and percentage

used in determining the number of respondents where F corresponds

the number of frequency and P corresponds the number of population.

The computation is based in the equation;

F/P x 100

30

IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS EVALUATION

Table 1

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Gender

AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON

G

MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU

E

PASAY

GENDER F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Female 27 67.5

%

21 52.5% 41 68.33

%

7 35% 8 40% 9 45%

Male 13 32.5

%

19 47.5% 19 31.67

%

13 65% 12 60% 11 55%

SUBTOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%

TOTAL 200 respondents

The table above shows that there are more female respondents

than male in the areas of Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila while in Pasig,

Parañaque and Pasay area, there are more male respondents than

female. In Bulacan 27 out of 40 or 67.5% are female while 13 or 32.5%

are male. In Mandaluyong, 21 out of 40 or 52.5% are female while 19

or 47.5% are male. In Manila, 41 out of 60 are female while 19 or

31

31.67% are male. In Pasig 7 out of 20 or 35% are female while 13 or

65% are male. In Parañaque, 8 out of 20 or 40% are female while 12 or

60% are male. In Pasay, 9 out of 20 or 45% are female while 11 or 55%

are male.

1.2 Age


G


E

PASAY

AGE F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

25-30 3 7.5% 10 25% 10 16.67

%

6 30% 4 20% 3 15%

31-35 7 17.5

%

4 10% 10 16.67

%

1 5% 2 10% 3 15%

36-40 10 25% 7 18% 12 20% 1 5% 2 10% 4 20%

41-45 5 12.5

%

8 20% 14 23.33

%

7 35% 5 25% 1 5%

46-50 6 15% 4 10% 4 6.67% 2 10% 2 10% 4 20%

51-55 3 7.5% 3 8% 3 5% 2 10% 3 15% 4 20%

56-60 6 15% 4 10% 7 11.67

%

1 5% 2 10% 1 5%

SUBTOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%


32

The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan

aged 36-40 with 25% or 10 out of 40 respondents. In Mandaluyong

most of the respondents aged 25-30 with 25% or 10 out of 40

respondents. In Manila, Pasig and Parañaque, most of the respondents

aged 41-45 with 23.33%, 35% and 25% respectively. In Pasay most of

the respondents aged 36-40, 46-50 and 51-55 with 20 % or 4 out of 20

respondents.

Out of 40 respondents in Bulacan, there are 7.5% or 3

respondents aged 25-30, 17.5% or 7 respondents aged 31-35, 25% or

10 respondents aged 36-40, 12.5% or 5 respondents aged 41-45, 15%

or 6 respondents aged 46-50, 7.5% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and

the remaining 15% or 6 respondents aged 51-60.

Out of 40 respondents in Mandaluyong, there are 25% or 10

respondents aged 25-30, 10% or 4 respondents aged 31-35, 18% or 7


respondents aged 46-50, 8% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and the

remaining 10% or 4 respondents aged 51-60.

Out of 60 respondents in Manila, there are 16.67% or 10

respondents aged 25-30, 16.67% or 10 respondents aged 31-35, 20%

or 12 respondents aged 36-40, 23.33% or 14 respondents aged 41-45,

6.67% or 4 respondents aged 46-50, 5% or 3 respondents aged 51-55

and the remaining 11.67% or 7 respondents aged 51-60.

33

Out of 20 respondents in Pasig, there are 30% or 6 respondents

aged 25-30, 5% or 1 respondent aged 31-35, 5% or 1 respondent aged

36-40, 35% or 7 respondents aged 41-45, 10% or 2 respondents aged

46-50, 10% or 2 respondents aged 51-55 and the remaining 5% or 1

respondent aged 51-60.

Out of 20 respondents in Parañaque, there are 20% or 4



respondents aged 46-50, 15% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and the

remaining 10% or 2 respondents aged 51-60.

Out of 20 respondents in Pasay, there are 15% or 3 respondents

aged 25-30, 15% or 3 respondents aged 31-35, 20% or 4 respondents

aged 36-40, 5% or 1 respondent aged 41-45, 20% or 4 respondents

aged 46-50, 20% or 4 respondents aged 51-55 and the remaining 5%

or 1 respondent aged 51-60.

1.3 Civil Status


G


E

PASAY

CIVIL

STATUS

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Single 9 22.5

%

10 25% 12 20% 5 25% 2 10% 5 25%

Married 27 67.5

%

28 70% 44 73.33

%

13 65% 15 75% 14 70%

Widow/ 4 10% 2 5% 4 6.67% 2 10% 3 15% 1 5%

34

Widower

SUBTOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%


The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,

Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are married based

on their answer at the percentage of 67.5%, 70%, 73.33%, 65%, 75%

and 70% respectively.

In Bulacan, out of 40 respondents, 22.5% or 9 respondents are

single, 67.5% or 27 respondents are married and 10% or 4

respondents are widows/widowers.

In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, 25% or 10 respondents

are single, 70% or 28 respondents are married and 5% or 2


In Manila, out of 60 respondents, 20% or 12 respondents are

single, 73.33% or 44 respondents are married and 6.67% or 4


In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 25% or 5 respondents are single,

65% or 13 respondents are married and 10% or 2 respondents are

widows/widowers.

35

In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, 10% or 2 respondents are

single, 75% or 15 respondents are married and 15% or 3 respondents

are widows/widowers.

In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, 25% or 5 respondents are

single, 70% or 14 respondents are married and 5% or 1 respondent is

widow/widower.

1.4 Education


G


E

PASAY

EDUCATION F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

High School 5 12.5

%

2 5% 6 10% 9 45% 3 15% 5 25%

College 29 72.5

%

27 67.5% 50 83.33

%

8 40% 14 70% 11 55%

Post

Graduate

6 15% 11 27.5% 4 6.67% 3 15% 3 15% 4 20%

SUBTOTAL 4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%



Mandaluyong, Manila, Parañaque and Pasay are college graduate

based on the given answers at the percentage of 72.5%, 67.5%,

83.33%, 70% and 55% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents

are high school graduate at the percentage of 45%.

36

In Bulacan, 12.5% or 5 out of 40 respondents are high school

graduates, 72.5% or 29 respondents are college graduates and 15% or

6 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.

In Mandaluyong, 5% or 2 out of 40 respondents are high school

graduates, 67.5% or 27 respondents are college graduates and 27.5%

or 11 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.

In Manila, 10% or 6 out of 60 respondents are high school

graduates, 83.33% or 50 respondents are college graduates and 6.67%

or 4 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.

In Pasig, 45% or 9 out of 20 respondents are high school

graduates, 40% or 8 respondents are college graduates and 15% or 3

respondents obtained a post graduate degree.

In Parañaque, 15% or 3 out of 20 respondents are high school



In Pasay, 25% or 5 out of 20 respondents are high school



1.5 Occupation

AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU PASAY

37

G E

OCCUPATIO

N

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Unemployed 1 2.5% 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25% 5 25%

Self-

employed

1 2.5% 8 20% 24 40% 4 20% 6 30% 6 30%

Employed 38 95% 32 80% 36 60% 16 80% 9 45% 9 45%

SUBTOTAL 4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100

%

2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%



Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are employed based

on the given answers at the percentage of 95%, 80%, 60%, 80%, 45%

and 45% respectively.

In Bulacan, 2.5% or 1 out of 40 respondents is unemployed, 2.5

or 1 respondent is self-employed and 95% or 38 respondents are

employed.

In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, there are none or 0%

unemployed, 20% or 8 respondents are self-employed and 80% or 32

respondents are employed.

In Manila, out of 60 respondents, there are none or 0%



38

In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, there are none or 0%



In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, there are 25% or 5

unemployed respondents, 30% or 6 self-employed respondents and

45% or 9 employed respondents.

In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, there are 25% or 5 unemployed

respondents, 30% or 6 self-employed respondents and 45% or 9

employed respondents.

39

1.6 Annual Income


G


E

PASAY

ANNUAL

INCOME

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

P 100,000-

200,000

31 77.5

%

24 60% 28 46.67

%

18 90% 11 55% 8 40%

P 200,000-

400,000

7 17.5

%

9 23% 4 6.67% 1 5% 2 10% 4 20%

P 400,000-

600,000

2 5% 7 18% 28 46.67

%

1 5% 7 35% 8 40%

SUBTOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%



Mandaluyong, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay earn an annual income of

P100,000-200,000 based on the given answers at the percentage of

77.5%, 60%, 90% 55% and 40% respectively. In Manila, most of the

respondents earn and an annual income of P100,000-200,000 and

P400,000-600,000 at the percentage of 46.67%.

In Bulacan, 77.5% or 31 out of 40 respondents earn from

P100,000-200,000 annually, 17.5% or 7 respondents earn from

P200,000-400,000 annually and 5% or 2 respondents earn from

P400,000-600,000 annually.

40

In Mandaluyong, 60% or 24 out of 40 respondents earn from

P100,000-200,000 annually, 23% or 9 respondents earn from


P400,000-600,000 annually.

In Manila, 46.67% or 28 out of 60 respondents earn from

P100,000-200,000 annually, 6.67% or 4 respondents earn from

P200,000-400,000 annually and 46.67% or 28 respondents earn from

P400,000-600,000 annually.

In Pasig, 90% or 18 out of 20 respondents earn from P100,000-

200,000 annually, 5% or 1 respondent earn from P200,000-400,000

annually and 5% or 1 respondent earn from P400,000-600,000

annually.

In Parañaque, 55% or 11 out of 20 respondents earn from

P100,000-200,000 annually, 10% or 2 respondents earn from


P400,000-600,000 annually.

In Pasay, 40% or 8 out of 20 respondents earn from P100,000-

200,000 annually, 20% or 4 respondents earn from P200,000-400,000

annually and 40% or 8 respondents earn from P400,000-600,000

annually.

41

Table 2

Are you familiar with cremation?


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Yes 40 100% 40 100% 60 100% 20 100% 20 100% 20 100%

No 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 40 100

%

40 100% 60 100

%

20 100

%

20 100% 20 100

%

The table above shows that all of the respondents in Bulacan,

Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are familiar with

cremation.

In Bulacan, 100% or 40 respondents answered yes and there is

none or 0% of the respondents answered no. In Mandaluyong, 100% or

40 respondents answered yes and there is none or 0% of the

respondents answered no. In Manila, 100% or 60 respondents

answered yes and there is none or 0% of the respondents answered

no. In Pasig, 100% or 20 respondents answered yes and there is none

or 0% of the respondents answered no. In Parañaque, 100% or 20

respondents answered yes and there is none or 0% of the respondents

42

answered no. In Pasay, 100% or 20 respondents answered yes and

there is none or 0% of the respondents answered no.

Table 3

How did you know about cremation?


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Word of

Mouth

24 51.06

%

19 36.54% 45 62.5% 14 51.85

%

12 60% 10 50%

News 12 25.53

%

14 26.92% 8 11.11

%

8 29.63

%

4 20% 3 15%

Advertisin

g

9 19.15

%

10 19.23% 13 18.06

%

3 11.11

%

4 20% 7 35%

Others 2 4.26% 9 17.31% 6 8.33% 2 7.41% 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 4

7

100% 52 100% 7

2

100% 2

7

100% 20 100% 2

0

100

%


Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay knew about

cremation through word of mouth based on the percentage of 51.06%,

36.54%, 62.5%, 51.85%, 60% and 50% respectively.

In Malolos, 51.06% or 24 respondents knew about cremation

through word of mouth, 25.53% or 12 respondents knew cremation

43

through news, 19.15% or 9 respondents through advertising and

4.26% or 2 respondents knew about cremation from other sources.

In Mandaluyong, 36.54% or 19 respondents knew about

cremation through word of mouth, 26.92% or 14 respondents knew

cremation through news, 19.23% or 10 respondents through

advertising and 17.31% or 9 respondents knew about cremation from

other sources.

In Manila, 62.5% or 45 respondents knew about cremation




In Pasig, 51.85% or 14 respondents knew about cremation




In Parañaque, 60% or 12 respondents knew about cremation

through word of mouth, 20% or 4 respondents knew cremation through

news, 20% or 4 respondents through advertising.

In Pasay, 50% or 10 respondents knew about cremation through

word of mouth, 15% or 3 respondents knew cremation through news,

35% or 7 respondents through advertising.

Table 4

Have a deceased member of your family been cremated?

44


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Yes 4 10% 14 35% 6 10% 7 35% 3 15% 3 15%

No 36 90% 26 65% 54 90% 13 65% 17 85% 17 85%

TOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100

%

2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%


Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay, doesn’t have a

deceased member of their family that cremated based on the answers

at the percentage of 90%, 65%, 30%, 65%, 85% and 85% respectively.

In Bulacan 10% or 4 respondents out of 40 answered yes and

90% or 36 respondents answered no. In Mandaluyong 35% or 14

respondents out of 40 answered yes and 65% or 26 respondents

answered no. In Manila, 10% or 6 out of 60 respondents answered yes

and 90% or 54 respondents answered no. In Pasig, 35% or 7 out of 20

respondents answered yes and 65% or 13 respondents answered no. In

Parañaque, 15% or 3 respondents out of 20 answered yes and 85% or

17 respondents answered no. In Pasay, 15% or 3 respondents out of 20

answered yes and 85% or 17 respondents answered no.

Table 4.1

If yes, what was your relation to the deceased?

AREA BULACA MANDALUYON MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU PASAY

45

N G E

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Grandparen

t

0 0 4 20% 0 0 4 44% 0 0 2 66.67

%

Mother 0 0 1 5% 1 14.29

%

0 0 1 33.33% 0 0

Father 0 0 2 10% 1 14.29

%

0 0 1 33.33% 0 0

Sibling 1 25% 2 10% 1 14.29

%

0 0 0 0 0 0

Child 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Grandchild 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Uncle 1 25% 4 20% 0 0 5 56% 0 0 0 0

Aunt 0 0 1 5% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Niece/

Nephew

1 25% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

In-law 0 0 3 15% 2 28.57

%

0 0 1 33.33% 1 33.33

%

Others 1 25% 3 15% 2 28.57

%

0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 4 100

%

20 100% 7 100% 9 100

%

3 100% 3 100%

Table 4.2

Were there members of the family/relatives who did not agree with the decision to

cremate?

AREA BULACA

N

MANDALUYON

G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Yes 0 0 2 14.29% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

No 4 100% 12 85.71% 6 100% 7 100% 3 100% 3 100%

46

TOTAL 4 100

%

14 100% 6 100

%

7 100

%

3 100% 3 100

%

In Bulacan, out of the 4 respondents who have a deceased

member of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is

none who did not agree with the decision to cremate.

In Mandaluyong, out of the 14 respondents who have a deceased

member of family who have been cremated, 85.71% or 12 respondents

said that there is none who did not agree with the decision to cremate

and the remaining 14.29% or 2 respondents answered yes.

In Manila, out of the 6 respondents who have a deceased



In Pasig out of the 7 respondents who have a deceased member

of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is none who

did not agree with the decision to cremate.

In Parañaque, out of the 3 respondents who have a deceased



In Pasay, out of the 3 respondents who have a deceased member

of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is none who

did not agree with the decision to cremate.

47

Table 5

In your opinion, what are the advantages of cremation?


G


E

PASAY

Advantage

s

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Less costly 13 21.67

%

14 24.14% 9 14.06

%

3 13.64

%

6 30% 5 25%

More

practical

27 45% 22 37.93% 38 59.38

%

5 22.73

%

3 15% 3 15%

Environmen

t friendly

9 15% 6 10.34% 4 6.25% 9 40.91

%

3 15% 2 10%

It is less

burdensome

on the part

of the family

10 16.67

%

14 24.14% 12 18.75

%

4 18.18

%

8 40% 10 50%

Others 1 1.67% 2 3.45% 1 1.56% 1 4.55% 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 6

0

100% 58 100% 6

4

100% 2

2

100% 20 100% 2

0

100

%

The table shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,

Mandaluyong and Manila think that the advantage of cremation is that

it is more practical based on their answer at the percentage of 45%,

37.93% and 59.38% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents

think that the advantage of cremation is that it is environment friendly

at the percentage of 40.91%. Most of the respondents in Parañaque

and Pasay think that the advantage of cremation is that it is less

49

burdensome on the part of the family based on their answer at the

percentage of 40% and 50% respectively.

In Bulacan, 21.67% or 13 respondents think that cremation is

less costly. 45% or 27 respondents think it is more practical. 15% or 9

respondents think that cremation is environment friendly. 16.67% or

10 respondents think that cremation is less burdensome on the part of

the family and 1.67% or 1 respondent thinks that cremation is

advantageous than others.

In Mandaluyong, 24.14% or 14 respondents think cremation is

less costly. 37.93% or 22 respondents think that it is more practical.

10.34% or 6 respondents think cremation is environment friendly.

24.14% or 14 respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the

part of the family and 3.45% or 2 respondents think cremation is

advantageous as compared to others.

In Manila, 14.06% or 9 respondents think cremation is less costly.

59.38% or 38 respondents think that it is more practical. 6.25% or 4

respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 18.75% or 12

respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the part of the

family and 1.56% or 1 respondent thinks cremation is advantageous as

compared to others.

In Pasig, 13.64% or 3 respondents think cremation is less costly.

22.73% or 5 respondents think that it is more practical. 40.91% or 9

respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 18.18% or 4

50


family and 4.55% or 1 respondent thinks cremation is advantageous as

compared to others.

In Parañaque, 30% or 6 respondents think cremation is less

costly. 15% or 3 respondents think that it is more practical. 15% or 3

respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 40% or 8


family.

In Pasay, 25% or 5 respondents think cremation is less costly.

15% or 3 respondents think that it is more practical. 10% or 2

respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 50% or 10


family.

51

Table 5.1

On the other hand, what do you think are the disadvantages of cremation?


G


E

PASIG

Disadvantag

es

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Expensive 11 23.4% 3 5.77% 9 12.16% 9 37.5% 8 40% 5 25%

Hazardous to

environment

3 6.38% 4 7.69% 5 6.76% 1 4.17% 7 35% 5 25%

Difficult for

family to

decide

12 25.53% 19 36.54% 20 27.03% 2 8.33% 0 0 2 10%

Opinion of

relatives are to

be considered

16 34.04% 16 30.77% 13 17.57% 3 12.50% 1 5% 3 15%

Not humane 2 4.26% 4 7.69% 20 27.03% 5 20.83% 2 10% 3 15%

Disrespectful

for the dead

3 6.38% 1 1.92% 6 8.11% 4 16.67% 2 10% 2 10%

Others 0 0 5 9.62% 1 1.35% 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 4

7

100% 52 100% 7

4

100% 2

4

100% 20 100% 2

0

100

%


think that the disadvantage of cremation is that in cremation opinions

of the relatives are to be considered based on their answer at the

percentage of 34.04%. In Mandaluyong, most of the respondents think

that the disadvantage of cremation is the difficulty of the family to

decide at the percentage of 36.54%. In Manila, most of the

respondents think that the disadvantage of cremation is the difficulty

52

of the family to decide and not humane at the percentage of 27.03%.

Most of the respondents in Pasig and Parañaque think that the

disadvantage of cremation is that it is expensive at the percentage of

37.5% and 40% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents think

that the disadvantage of cremation is that it is expensive and

hazardous to environment at the percentage of 25%.

In Bulacan, 23.4% or 11 respondents think that cremation is

expensive. 6.38% or 3 respondents think that cremation is hazardous

to environment. 25.53% or 12 respondents think that it is difficult for

the family to decide. 34.04% or 16 respondents think that in

cremation, opinions of relatives are to be considered. 4.26% or 2

respondents think cremation is not humane. 6.38% or 3 respondents

think cremation is disrespectful for the dead.

In Mandaluyong, 5.77% or 3 respondents think that

cremation is expensive. 7.69% or 4 respondents think that it is

hazardous to environment. 36.54% or 19 respondents think that it is

difficult for the family to decide. 30.77% or 16 respondents think that

in cremation, opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 7.69% or 4

respondents think that cremation is not humane. 1.92% or 1

respondent thinks that it is disrespectful for the dead and 9.62% of the

respondents said that carbon footprint, it is left inside or outside the

house and cultural beliefs are the disadvantages of cremation and

others said that cremation has no disadvantages.

53

In Manila, 12.16% or 9 respondents think that cremation is

expensive. 6.76% or 5 respondents think that it is hazardous to

environment. 27.03% or 20 respondents think that it is difficult for the

family to decide. 17.57% or 13 respondents think that in cremation,

opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 27.03% or 20


respondents thinks that it is disrespectful for the dead and 1.35% or 1

respondent claim that cremation is disadvantageous as compared to

others.

In Pasig, 37.5% or 9 respondents think that cremation is

expensive. 4.17% or 1 respondent thinks that it is hazardous to

environment. 8.33% or 2 respondents think that it is difficult for the

family to decide. 12.5% or 3 respondents think that in cremation,

opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 20.83% or 5


respondents think that it is disrespectful for the dead.

In Parañaque, 40% or 8 respondents think that cremation is

expensive. 35% or 7 respondents think that it is hazardous to

environment. None of the respondents think that it is difficult for the

family to decide. 5% or 1 respondent thinks that in cremation, opinions

of the relatives are to be considered. 10% or 2 respondents think that

cremation is not humane. 10% or 2 respondents think that it is

disrespectful for the dead.

54

In Pasay, 25% or 5 respondents think that cremation is

expensive. 25% or 5 respondents think that it is hazardous to

environment. 10% or 2 respondents think that it is difficult for the

family to decide. 15% or 3 respondents think that in cremation,

opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 15% or 3 respondents

think that cremation is not humane. 10% or 2 respondents think that it

is disrespectful for the dead.

Table 6

Which do you prefer?


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Traditional Burial 31 77.5

%

21 52.5% 49 81.67

%

14 70% 9 45% 7 35%

Cremation 9 22.5

%

19 47.5% 11 18.33

%

6 30% 11 55% 13 65%

TOTAL 4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100% 2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%


Mandaluyong, Manila and Pasig prefer traditional burial based on the

given answer at the percentage of 77.5%, 52.5%, 81.67% and 70%

respectively. In Parañaque and Pasay, most of the respondents prefer

55

cremation based on the given answer at the percentage of 55% and

65%respectively.

In Bulacan, 77.5% or 31 out of 40 respondents prefer traditional

burial over cremation and the remaining 22.5% or 9 respondents

prefer cremation.

In Mandaluyong, 52.5% or 21 out of 40 respondents prefer

traditional burial over cremation and the remaining 47.5% or 19

respondents prefer cremation.

In Manila 81.67% or 49 out of 60 respondents prefer traditional

burial over cremation and the remaining 18.33% or 11 respondents

prefer cremation.

In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 70% or 14 respondents chose

traditional burial and the remaining 30% or 6 respondents prefer

cremation.

In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, 45% or 9 respondents

prefer traditional burial over cremation and the remaining 55% or 11

respondents chose cremation.

In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, 35% or 7 respondents prefer

traditional burial and the remaining 65% or 13 respondents prefer

cremation.

Table 6.1

Which of the following factors strongly influence your choice?


G


E

PASAY

56

Factors F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Religious

Beliefs

17 38.64

%

17 31.48% 39 58.21

%

12 50% 8 40% 8 40%

Family

and

Relatives

16 36.36

%

14 25.93% 12 17.91

%

7 29.17

%

6 30% 9 45%

Economi

c

1 2.27% 4 7.41% 2 2.99% 0 0 2 10% 0 0

Practical

Reasons

10 22.73

%

17 31.48% 12 17.91

%

3 12.5% 4 20% 3 15%

Others 0 0 2 3.7% 2 2.99% 2 8.33% 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 4

4

100% 54 100% 6

7

100% 2

4

100% 20 100% 2

0

100

%


stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their choice

between interment or traditional burial and cremation based on their

answer at the percentage of 38.64%. In Mandaluyong, most of the

respondents stated that practical reasons and their religious belief

strongly influenced their choice at the percentage of 31.48%. In

Manila, Pasig and Parañaque, like in Bulacan, most of the respondents

their stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their choice at

the percentage of 58.21%, 50% and 40% respectively. In Pasay, most

of the respondents cited that their family and relatives strongly

influenced their choice at the percentage of 45%.

In Bulacan, 17 respondents out of 40 or 38.64% of the

respondents stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their

choice between interment or traditional burial and cremation. 36.36%

57

or 16 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor

influencing their choice. 1 respondent or 2.27% of the respondents

said that economic reasons influenced their choice. 22.73% or 10

respondents stated practical reasons as a factor influencing their

choice.

In Mandaluyong, 17 out of 40 respondents or 31.48% believed

that religion is a strong factor in influencing their choice. 25.93% or 14

respondents cited family and relatives as a factor influencing their

choice. 7.41% or 4 respondents said that economic reasons influenced

their choice. 31.48% or 17 respondents stated practical reasons as a

factor influencing their choice. On the other hand, 3.7% or 2

respondents said their personal choice strongly influenced their choice.

In Manila, 39 respondents out of 60 or 58.21% of the

respondents stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their

choice between interment or traditional burial and cremation. 17.91%

or 12 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor

influencing their choice. 2 respondent or 2.99% of the respondents

said that economic reasons influenced their choice. 17.91% or 12

respondents stated practical reasons as a factor influencing their

choice. On the other hand, 2 respondents or 2.99% said their personal

choice strongly influenced their choice.

In Pasig, 12 respondents or 50% believed that religion is a factor

strongly influencing their choice. 29.17% or 7 respondents cited family

58

and relatives as a factor influencing their choice. 12.5% or 3

respondents stated practical reasons that influenced their choice and

the remaining 8.33% or 2 respondents said that their friends and the

nature (environment) is a factor strongly influencing their choice.

In Parañaque, 8 respondents out of 20 or 40% of the respondents

believed that religion is a factor strongly influencing their choice. 6

respondents or 30% of the respondents cited their family and relatives

as a factor influencing their choice. 4 respondents or 20% expressed

practical reasons.

In Pasay, 7 respondents out of 20 or 36.84% of the respondents

believed that religion is a factor strongly influencing their choice.

47.37% or 9 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor

influencing their choice. 15.79% or 3 respondents stated practical

reasons as a factor strongly influencing their choice.

Table 7

Do you have a memorial plan?


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

Yes 9 22.5

%

8 20% 15 25% 6 30% 16 80% 9 45%

No 31 77.5

%

32 80% 45 75% 14 70% 4 20% 11 55%

TOTA

L

4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100

%

2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%

59


Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig and Pasay doesn’t have a memorial plan

based on their answer at the percentage of 78%, 80%, 75%, 70% and

55% respectively. In Parañaque most of the respondents have a

memorial plan at the percentage of 80%.

Out of 40 respondents from Bulacan, 9 respondents or 22.5%

have memorial plan and the remaining 31 respondents or 77.5% have

none. Out of 40 respondents from Mandaluyong, 8 respondents or 20%

have memorial plan and the remaining 32 respondents or 80% have

none. Out of 60 respondents from Manila, 15 respondents or 25% have

memorial plan and the remaining 45 respondents or 75% have none.

Out of 20 respondents from Pasig, 6 respondents or 30% have

memorial plan and the remaining 14 respondents or 70% have none.

Out of 20 respondents from Parañaque, 16 respondents or 80% have

memorial plan and the remaining 4 respondents have none. Out of 20

respondents from Pasay, 9 respondents or 45% have memorial plan

and the remaining 11 respondents or 55% have none.

Table 8

Are you absolutely against cremation?


G


E

PASAY

F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)

60

Yes 4 10% 5 12.5% 18 30% 5 25% 0 0 0 0

No 30 75% 31 77.5% 36 60% 12 60% 17 85% 17 85%

Undecide

d

6 15% 4 10% 6 10% 3 15% 3 15% 3 15%

TOTAL 4

0

100

%

40 100% 6

0

100

%

2

0

100

%

20 100% 2

0

100

%


Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are not absolutely

against cremation based on their answers at the percentage of 75%,

77.5%, 60%, 60% 85% and 85% respectively.

In Bulacan, out of 40 respondents, 4 ror 10% are absolutely

against cremation, 30 respondents or 75% are not against cremation

and the remaining 6 respondents or 15% are still undecided.

In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, 5 or 12.5% are

absolutely against cremation, 31 respondents or 77.5% are not against

cremation and the remaining 4 respondents or 10 % are still

undecided.

In Manila, out of 60 respondents, 18 or 30% are absolutely

against cremation, 36 respondents or 60% are not against cremation


In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 5 or 25% are absolutely against

cremation, 12 respondents or 60% are not against cremation and the

remaining 3 respondents or 15% are still undecided.

61

In Parañaque none of the respondents are absolutely against

cremation, 17 out of 20 respondents or 85% are not against cremation


In Pasay, just like in Parañaque, none of the respondents are

absolutely against cremation, 17 out of 20 respondents or 85% are not

against cremation and the remaining 3 respondents or 15% are still

undecided.

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

1. Of the 200 respondents from Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila,

Pasig, Paraňaque and Pasay 113 were female and 87 were male.

2. Of the 200 respondents from Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila,

Pasig, Paraňaque and Pasay ages 25- 30 were 36, ages 31-35

were ages 27, ages 36-40 were 36, ages 41-45 were 40, ages 46-

50 were 22, ages 51-55 were 18, and ages 56-60 were 21.

62

3. Most respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Paraňaque

and Pasay were married.

4. Majority of the respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig,

Paraňaque and Pasay obtained a college degree.

5. Of the 200 respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig,

Paraňaque and Pasay 10 are unemployed, 49 are self-employed,

and 141 are employed.

6. Majority of the respondents has an annual income of P100, 000

to P200, 000.

7. All of the respondents are familiar with cremation.

8. Majority of the respondents know cremation through word of

mouth.

9. Of the 200 respondents there were 37 respondents with a

deceased member of the family who has been cremated.

10. Most of the deceased members of the family are their

grand parent, and uncle.

11. Majority of the respondents thought that cremation is more

practical.

12. Most of the respondents thought that in cremation it is

difficult for the family to decide.

13. Of the 200 respondents 131 prefer the traditional burial

and 69 prefer cremation.

63

14. Their religious belief is the factor that strongly affects their

choice of preferring traditional burial than cremation.

15. Majority of the respondents do not have a memorial plan.

CONCLUSION

All of the respondents are familiar with cremation through word

of mouth.

Majority of the adults prefer traditional burial than cremation

because in cremation it is difficult for the family to decide.

Some of the respondents, however, tended to choose cremation

because of its practicality.

Although people are knowledgeable about cremation, the fact

remains that people are still encouraged to choose traditional burial

because of their strong religious beliefs.

RECOMMENDATION

Crematoriums should offer affordable services so that people will

be attracted to avail of their services.

The prices of services should be affordable because most of the

people are minimum wage earners.

Crematoriums should also advertise more so that people will gain

more knowledge about their services and the prices.

64

On the other hand, cemeteries should have more attractive

facilities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cebu Daily News First Posted 12:26:00 11/03/2008 Filed

Under: Customs & Traditions, Consumer Issues

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-

232070/Unto-Dust-Returnest

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Disposing-of-the-dead-Cremation

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-

232069/Well-Disposed

http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/enterprise/

view/20091021-231446/Demand-for-cremation-vaults-up

(Pharos International - Winter 2002 'International Cremation Statistics' - based on 2001 figures)

65

http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/enterprise/view/20091021-231446/Demand-for-cremation-vaults-up

http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/enterprise/view/20091021-231446/Demand-for-cremation-vaults-up

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-232069/Well-Disposed

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-232069/Well-Disposed

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-232070/Unto-Dust-Returnest

http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-232070/Unto-Dust-Returnest

http://services.inquirer.net/tagcloud/keyword.php?tag=%20Consumer%20Issues&id=118&imp=

http://services.inquirer.net/tagcloud/keyword.php?tag=Customs%20&%20Traditions&id=20&imp=

QuestionnaireDear Respondent,

Greetings! We are business students currently enrolled in Marketing Research (MK306). We are conducting this survey in relation to our study on people’s level of knowledge on cremation. The data that will be useful in developing the research. In this regard, may we request you to kindly answer the questions. The information you will share will enable us to achieve the objective of the endeavor. Thank you.

The Researchers

Name: ______________________________________Gender: Female: _____ Male: ____Age: ___25-30 ___31-35 ___36-40 ___41-45 ___46-50 ___51-55 ___56-60Civil Status: __Single __Married __Widow/Widower Religion: ____________Education: __Post Graduate __College __High SchoolOccupation: __Employed __Self-employed __UnemployedAnnual Income: __P100, 000-200,000 __P200, 000-400,000 __P400, 000-600,000Number of members in the household: _______

Direction: In each of the questions that follow, kindly put a check on the space opposite your choice of answer.

1. Are you familiar with cremation? Yes: ___ No: ___2. How did you know about cremation?

___ Word of mouth ___ Advertising___ News ___ others, please specify ________________

3. Have a deceased member of your family been cremated? Yes ___ No ___3.1. If yes, what was your relation to the deceased?

___ Grandparent ___Mother ___ Father___ Sibling ___ Child ___ Grandchild___ Uncle ___ Aunt ___Niece/ Nephew___ In-law ___ others, please specify_________________

3.2. Who decide for his/her cremation? _______________________________

3.3. Where there members of the family/relatives who did not agree with decision to cremate? ___ Yes ___ No

66

3.3.1. If yes, who? __________________________________________________

4. In your opinion, what are the advantages of cremation?

___Less costly ___More practical ___Environment friendly

___It is less burdensome on the part of the family ( no burial fees to maintain, etc.)___Others, please specify___________________________________

4.1. On the other hand, what do you think are the disadvantages of cremation?___Expensive ___Hazardous to environment___Difficult for family to decide ___Opinion of relatives are

to be considered___Not humane ___Disrespectful for the dead___Others, please specify ____________________________

5. Which do you prefer?

___Traditional burial ___Cremation

5.1. Which of the following factors strongly influence your choice?

___Religious beliefs ___Family and relatives___Economics ___Practical reasons___Others, please specify _____________________________

6. Do you have a memorial plan? ___Yes ___No

7. Are you absolutely against cremation?___Yes ___No ___Undecided

67

final paper1

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