final-osteology med-jj [compatibility mode]
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OSTEOLOGYOSTEOLOGY
The Skull
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The SkullThe Skull
Frontal coronal sutureParietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
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Mandible
maxilla
Nasal
InferiorNasalconchae
Vomer
The SkullThe Skull
Lacrimal
Zygomatic
Inferior Nasal
Conchae
VomerMandible
Maxilla
Nasal
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Frontalbone
Nasion Glabella
Squamous (flat) portionforms the skeleton of theforehead
Fontal bone forms the roofof the orbit
Nasion is an area wherethe frontal bone intersectswith the nasal bones
Glabella- smooth, slightlydepressed area located
just superior to the nasion
Frontal BoneFrontal Bone
Squamousportion
Orbitalportion
Nasion
Glabella
FrontalBone
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Supraorbital margin-
marks the boundarybetween the squamousand orbital portions
Supraorbital notch orforamen is for the passageof the supraorbital nerveand vessels
A prominent ridge justsuperior to the supraorbitalmargin is the superciliaryarch (more pronounced inmales)
Zygomatic process of thefrontal bone articulateswith the zygomatic bone
Supraorbitalmargin
Supraorbitalnotch
Superciliaryarch
Zygomaticprocess
Frontal BoneFrontal Bone
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Frontalprocess
Temporalprocess
Zygomaticofacialforamen
Cheek bones
Forms a portion of the lateralwall of the orbit
Frontal Process of thezygomatic bone articulates withthe frontal bone
Temporal process of the
zygomatic bone articulates withthe temporal bone
Zygomaticofacial foramen-small foramen for passage of
the zygomaticofacial nerve
Zygomatic BonesZygomatic Bones
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Piriformaperture
Alveolarprocess
Infraorbitalforamen
Forms the upper jaw
Alveolar processes of themaxillae includes thesockets and supportingbone for the maxillary teeth
Maxillae form the floor ofthe orbit
Large infraorbitalforamen for passage of theinfraorbital nerve & vessels
Surrounds most of thepear-shaped piriformaperture
MaxillaeMaxillae
Maxilla
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Frontal processes of the
maxillae articulates withthe frontal bone
Zygomatic processes ofthe maxillae articulateswith the zygomatic bones
Anterior nasal spine-sharp prominence atinferior aspect of thepiriform aperture
Intermaxillary suture-site where the two maxillaare united in the medianplane
MaxillaeMaxillae
frontalprocess
Anteriornasalspine
Intermaxillarysuture
Zygomaticprocess
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Seen within the piriformaperture are the scrolledmiddle nasal conchae(part of the ethmoid bone)& the inferior nasal
conchae
Vomer bone along withthe perpendicular plateof the ethmoid bonewhich together form thebony nasal septum canalso be identified with thepiriform aperture
Vomer
Middle & Inferiorconcha
Perpendicularplate
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Ramus
Body
Mentalforamen
Mental protuberance
Alveolarprocess
U-shaped bone with alveolarprocess that houses themandibular teeth
Mental foramen- locatedinferior to 2 nd premolar forpassage of the mental nerve
and vessels Mental protuberance- atriangular elevation of bonethat forms the prominence ofthe chin
Mental tubercle- located justlateral to the protuberance
Body is the horizontalportion
Ramus is the vertical portion
MandibleMandible
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OsteologyOsteology
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
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1. Parietal bone2. Frontal bone3. Occipital bone
4. Temporal bone5. Sphenoid bone6. Mandible7. Zygomatic bone8. Maxillae9. Lacrimal bone10. Nasal bone
Lateral Aspect of the SkullLateral Aspect of the Skull
1.
4.
2.
3.
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5.
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Parietal
Coronal suture
LambdoidsutureTemporal
lines
Paired bones that form thelateral & superior cranium
Temporal Lines- markthe attachment site of thetemporalis muscle &fascia
Articulates with frontalbone via coronal suture
Articulates with occipitalbone via lambdoid suture
Pterion -site where 4cranial bones articulate-important clinical
implications
Parietal BonesParietal Bones
pterion
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Mastoidprocess
Zygomatic arch
Paired bones that formthe inferior lateral aspectof skull
Temporal bone is
described as having a flatsquamous portion and amastoid process (site ofattachment of severalmuscles)
Zygomatic arch extendsanteriorly to articulatewith the zygomatic bone
Temporal BonesTemporal Bones
Squamous
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Externalacousticmeatus
Styloid process
External acousticmeatus (ear canal) andthe pointed styloidprocess are consideredto be located thetympanic portion of thetemporal bone
Styloid process servesas the attachment site forseveral muscles and thestylohyoid ligament
Temporal BonesTemporal Bones
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Articulartubercle
Mandibularfossa
Mandible and a portion ofthe zygomatic archremoved in this view
Located on the inferioraspect of the arch is asmall bony protrusion-articular tubercle that isimportant in themechanics of the TMJ
Mandibular fossa- deep
recess that accepts thecondyle of the mandible-also important region ofthe TMJ
Temporal BonesTemporal Bones
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Forms major portion of thecheek
Temporal process thatarticulates with the thezygomatic arch
Frontal process thatarticulates with the frontalbone
Zygomaticofacialforamen small foramengenerally visible
Zygomatic boneZygomatic bone
Temporal process
Frontal process
Zygomatic arch
Zygomaticofacialforamen
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Lambdoidsuture
ExternalOccipitalprotuberance
Forms the posterioraspect of the skull
Articulates with theparietal bone via thelambdoid suture
Prominent palpableelevation locatedposteriorly is the externaloccipital protuberance
Occipital BoneOccipital Bone
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Sphenoid Bone
Irregular shaped bone thatforms a portion of theorbit, lateral aspect of skulland a portion of the cranialbase
Sphenoid can be dividedinto 4 parts:1. Greater wing2. Lesser wing3. Pterygoid processes
4. Body Some portions of the
sphenoid can only beseen inside the cranialcavity
Sphenoid BoneSphenoid Bone
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Greater wi ng
Pterygoidprocess
Pterygoidhamulus
Portion of zygomatic arch andmandible removed in this view
Greater wing articulates withthe temporal, parietal & frontalbones at the pterion
Pterygoid processes are twothin plates of bone that serveas attachment sites for muscles
Pterygoid hamulus -smallhook of bone extending fromthe medial pterygoid plate-tensor veli palatini tendoncourses around this
4 portions of Sphenoid4 portions of Sphenoid BoneBone
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Tuberosity of maxilla
Alveolarforamen
Pterygomaxillary
Fissure
Portion of zygomatic arch andmandible removed in this view
Posterior aspect of themaxillae is referred to as thetuberosity of maxillae
Small alveolar foramina forthe posterior superior alveolarnerves & vessels
Pterygomaxillary fissure -tear-drop shaped fissurebetween the sphenoid andtuberosity of the maxillae
Pterygopalatine fossa is asmall but important spacelocated medial to the fissure
MaxillaeMaxillae
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Nasalspine
Nasalbone
Lacrimal bone
Lateral Aspect of SkullLateral Aspect of Skull Nasal bone can also
identified as it articulateswith the frontal bone andthe maxillae
Lacrimal bone - whichhouses the lacrimal sacvan be identified within theorbit
Prominent anterior nasalspine at the inferioraspect of the piriformaperture
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Angle
Condylarprocess
Coronoidprocess
MandibleMandible
Condylar process islocated at the superiorpart of the ramus andinvolved in the articulationof the mandible with thetemporal bone (TMJ)
Coronoid process islocated just anterior andserves as the attachmentsite for the temporalismuscle
Angle of mandible isbetween the ramus andbody
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Ramus
Body
Alveolar P art (crest)
Condylar Process
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Lingula
Mandibularforamen
Mylohyoid line
Infant
MandibleMandible
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Body
Ramus
Condylar process
Mandibular notch
Bone loss due to tooth loss
Mental spines
MandibleMandible
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Coronalsuture
Sagittalsuture
Emissaryforamen
Lambdoidsuture
CalvariaCalvaria
Emissary foramen- small,inconsistent (not alwayspresent) foramina forpassage of emissary veins
Bregma - is the landmarkformed by the intersection ofthe sagittal & coronal sutures
Lambda- is the landmarkformed by the intersection ofthe sagittal & lambdoidsutures
Bregma
Lambda
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Groove for superiorsagittal sinus
Grooves formiddlemeningealartery
Diploe
Granular
foveolae
CalvariaCalvaria Inferior aspect of the skull
cap presents severalfeatures:
Vascular grooves forbranches of the middlemeningeal artery
Granular Foveolae - pitsformed by arachnoidgranulations (site of CSFtransfer)
Groove for the superiorsagittal sinus -largevenous channel within thedura mater
Diploe - cancellous bonecontaining red marrow
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Infant SkullInfant Skull
Superior & Lateral Aspects
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Anterior
Posterior
SphenoidalMastoid
Infant SkullInfant Skull Bones forming the calvaria &
some parts of the cranialbase develop byintramembranousossification
Whereas-most parts of the
cranial base develop byendochondral ossification Bones in the infant skull are
separated by areas of fibroustissue membranes- thefontanelles:
Anterior Posterior Mastoid sphenoidal
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Anteriorfontanelle
Posteriorfontanelle
Infant CalvariaInfant Calvaria Anterior Fontanelle (soft
spot) is the future site ofthe bregma
By about 18-24 months-the surrounding bonesfuse together and is no
longer palpable
Posterior Fontanelle istriangular and marks thefuture site of the lambda
Fusion of surroundingbones occurs by about 12months
Fontanelles- mem branous gaps (soft spots) in skull that permit grow th
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Anterior Posterior
SphenoidalMastoid
Infant SkullInfant Skull Mastoid & sphenoidal
fontanelles fuse early ininfancy
Palpation of fontanellesduring infancy enablesphysicals to determine:
1. Growth progress of thefrontal & parietal bones
2. Degree of hydration of theinfant (a depressedfontanelle indicates
dehydration)3. Level of intracranial
pressure-bulging fontanelleindicates increasedpressure on the brain
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OsteologyOsteology
External Aspect of the Cranial
Base
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3
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Cranial BaseCranial Base
Inferior aspect of the skullpresents six different bones:
1. Palatine processes of themaxillae
2. Palatine bone3. Sphenoid bone4. Vomer5. Temporal6. Occipital bone Numerous foramina can also be
identified
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Cranial BaseCranial Base- - PalatePalate
Hard palate is formed bythe palatine processesof the maxillae and thehorizontal plates of thepalatine bone
Small prominenceprojecting posteriorly formthe hard palate in themedian plane is theposterior nasal spine
Horizontalplate of thePalatine bone
Palatineprocesses
Posteriornasalspine
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Cranial BaseCranial Base- - PalatePalate
Posterior to the centralincisors is a smalldepression- incisive fossawith a pair of canals-incisive canals for thepassage of thenasopalatine nerves
Posterolaterally are thegreater & lesser palatineforamen for passage ofthe nerves & vessels ofthe same name
Greater and
LesserPalatineforamina
Incisivecanals
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Choanae
Vomer
Cranial BaseCranial Base- -VomerVomer
Vomer -thin, flat unpairedbone in the midline thatforms a major portion ofthe bony nasal septum
On either side of thevomer are two largeopenings- choanae(posterior nasal apertures)
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Greaterwing
Lateralpterygoidplate
Medialpterygoidplate
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - SphenoidSphenoid
Three parts of thesphenoid bone can beappreciated on theinferior aspect of skull:
1. Greater wing
2. Medial pterygoid plate
3. Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygoid fossa isbetween the twopterygoid plates
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Cranial BaseCranial Base- - SphenoidSphenoid
Foramen ovale forpassage of themandibular division (V3)of the trigeminal nerve
Foramen spinosum - forpassage of the middlemeningeal artery
Groove for thepharyngotympanic(auditory) tube liesmedial to spinosum
Foramenovale
Foramenspinosum
AuditoryTube-groove
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Cranial BaseCranial Base- - TemporalTemporal
Mastoid process-prominence locatedposteriorly on the temporalbone
Mastoid serves as theattachment site for theSCM and posterior belly ofthe digastric muscles
External acousticmeatus (EAM) is located
just anterior to the mastoid
EA M
Mastoidprocess
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Mandibularfossa
Styloidprocess
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - TemporalTemporal
Styloid process- thinbony process extendinginferior & anteriorly
Styloid serves asattachment site fornumerous muscles &ligaments
Mandibular fossa-articular surface thataccepts the condyle of themandible forming the TMJ
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Cranial BaseCranial Base- - TemporalTemporal
Two important foramencan be identified on theinferior aspect of thetemporal bone:
Stylomastoid foramen-located between themastoid & styloidprocesses is a smallforamen for the passageof the facial nerve (CN VII)
Carotid canal- passage forthe internal carotid arteryinto the cranial cavity
Carotid canal
Stylomastoidforamen
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Foramenmagnum
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - OccipitalOccipital
Occipital bone forms theposterior and inferioraspects of the skull
Foramen Magnum - a
large foramen forpassage of the spinalcord
Foramen magnumdivides the occipital boneinto 3 parts:
1. Basilar Region2. Condylar Region3. Squamous Region
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Pharyngealtubercle
Foramenlacerum
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - OccipitalOccipital
Basilar portion presentsa small tubercle-pharyngeal tubercle forattachment of thepharyngeal constrictors
Foramen lacerum(jagged-shaped) islocated lust lateral to the
basilar portion
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Jugularforamen
Occipitalcondyle
Hypoglossalcanal
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - OccipitalOccipital
Condylar portion presentsthe occipital condyles thatarticulate with the atlas
Jugular foramen- largeforamen between theoccipital & temporal bonesfor passage of cranialnerves: IX, X, XI and theinternal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal forpassage of the hypoglossalnerve (CN XII)
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Externaloccipitalprotuberance
Superior & inferior
nuchal lines
Cranial BaseCranial Base- - OccipitalOccipital
Squamous portionpresents the palpableexternal occipitalprotuberance
Superior & inferiornuchal lines projectlaterally and are sitesfor muscularattachments
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OsteologyOsteology
Internal Aspect of the CranialBase
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Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Cranial BaseCranial Base
Internal aspect of thecranial base is dividedinto three major regionsor fossae:
1. Anterior cranial fossa2. Middle cranial fossa3. Posterior cranial fossa
These three fossae lie atdifferent levels and formthe bowl-shaped floor ofthe cranial cavity
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Ethmoid
Orbital portion of the frontal bone
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
Anterior Cranial FossaAnterior Cranial Fossa
Frontal lobes of thebrain occupies theanterior cranial fossa
Fossa is formed by the:1. Orbital portion of the
frontal bone2. Ethmoid bone in the
middle3. Lesser wing of the
sphenoid
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Cristagalli
Frontal crest
Foramen cecum
Anterior Cranial FossaAnterior Cranial Fossa
Frontal crest- a medianbony extension from thefrontal bone
Foramen cecum is locatedat the base of the crest and
is a small foramen forpassage a vessels duringdevelopment
Crista galli- ridge of boneprojecting superiorly fromthe ethmoid bone andserves as the attachmentfor the cerebral falx
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Anterior Cranial FossaAnterior Cranial Fossa
On either side of thecrista galli is a sievelikeCribriform plate forpassage of the olfactoryaxons into the cranialcavity
Optic canal for passageof the optic nerve (CN II)and the ophthalmicartery can be
appreciated within thelesser wing of thesphenoid
Cribriform plate
Optic canal
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Greater wingof sphenoid
Squamousportion temporalbone
Petrous portiontemporal bone
Middle Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial Fossa
Temporal lobes of thebrain occupy the middlecranial fossa
Fossa is formed by the:1. Greater wing of the
sphenoid2. Squamous portion of the
temporal bone
3. Petrous portion of thetemporal bone
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Middle Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial Fossa
Sella turcica- the saddle-like bony formationlocated on the superioraspect of the body of thesphenoid
Sella turcica is surroundedby anterior & posterior
clinoid processes
Sellaturcica Anterior and
Posterior clinoids
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Middle Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial Fossa
Sella turcica iscomposed of three parts:
1. Hypophyseal fossa
(pituitary fossa)2. Tuberculum sellae(saddle horn)
3. Dorsum Sellae (back ofthe saddle)
Sella turcica- essentiallyhouses and guards thepituitary gland
Hypophyseal fossa
Tuberculum sellae
Dorsum sellae
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Foramen spinosum
Foramenlacerum
Petrosal grooves
Middle Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial Fossa4. Foramen spinosum
which transmits the middlemeningeal artery
5. Foramen lacerum-nothing is transmittedvertically thru this foramenalthough the internalcarotid artery and somenerves pass across theforamen horizontally
Grooves for the greater &lesser petrosal nervesare located along theanterior slope of thepetrous portion of thetemporal bone
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Arcuate em inence
Trigeminal impression
Middle Cranial FossaMiddle Cranial Fossa
Petrous portion of the
temporal bone housesthe middle and inner earcavities
Arcuate eminence-marks the roof of theanterior semicircularcanal of the inner earcavity
Trigeminal impression is
located just anteromedialthe eminence-whichmarks the location of thesensory ganglion of thetrigeminal nerve
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Posterior Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial Fossa
The largest & deepest ofthe three fossae
Cerebellum , pons and
medulla occupy theposterior fossa
Formed mainly by theoccipital bone and the
petrous & mastoidportions of the temporalbone
Occipitalbone Temporal bone
Petrous portion
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clivus
Occipital crest
Internal occipitalprotuberance
Posterior Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial Fossa
Clivus marks theanterior portion of theoccipital bone
Foramen magnum -
large foramen that marksthe transition from themedulla to the spinalcord
Posterior to the foramenmagnum is the internaloccipital crest andinternal occipitalprotuberance
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TransverseSinus groove
Groove for theSigmoid sinus
Jugularforamen
Broad grooves show the
horizontal course of thetransverse and S-shapedsigmoid sinuses (both duralvenous sinuses)
Sigmoid sinus empties intothe large jugular foramenwhich also transmits severalcranial nerves:
1. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
2. Vagus (CN X)3. Accessory (CN XI)
Posterior Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial Fossa
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Hypoglossalcanal
Internalacousticmeatus
Posterior Cranial FossaPosterior Cranial Fossa
Internal acoustic meatus islocated just anterosuperior tothe jugular foramen
Internal acoustic meatustransmits the facial nerve(CN VII) andvestibulochochlear nerve(CN VIII) along with thelabyrinthine artery
Hypoglossal canal for thehypoglossal nerve (CN XII)lies superior to the margin ofthe foramen magnum
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Cribrifrom plate-CN I
Optic Canal CN I I
Superior Orbital FissureCN II I, IV, V1 & VI
Hypoglossal CanalCN XII
Jugular Foramen- CN IX, X and XI
Internal Acoustic Meatus-CN VII & VIII
Foramen Rotundum- CN V2
Foramen Ovale-CN V3
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mediallateral
superior
inferior
Osteology of the OrbitOsteology of the Orbit
Seven bones articulate tomake each orbit:
1. Frontal
2. Zygomatic3. Maxillary4. Lacrimal5. Ethmoid
6. Palatine7. Sphenoid
6
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Inferiororbitalfissure & groove
Optic canal
Superiororbitalfissure
Ethmoidalforamina
Osteology of the OrbitOsteology of the Orbit Optic canal- transmits the
optic nerve andophthalmic artery
Superior orbital fissure-transmits CN III, IV, V1 &VI
Inferior orbital fissure &groove- transmits theinfraorbital vessels &nerve
Anterior & posteriorethmoidal foramina-transmits vessels & nerveswith same name