• CyberCyber – computation, communication, and control that are discrete, logical, and switched

• Physical – natural and human-made systems governed by the laws of physics and operating in continuous time

• Cyber-Physical Systems – systems in which the cyber and physical systems are tightly integrated at all scales and levelsChange from cyber merely appliquéd on physical

• Change from physical with off-the-shelf commodity “computing as parts” mindset

• Change from ad hoc to grounded, assured development

Characterstics of CPSs

MODULES IN CPS

The embedded systems problem:• Embedded software is software on small

computers. The technical problem is one of optimization (coping with limited resources).

The CPS problem:• Computation and networking integrated with

physical processes. The technical problem is managing time and concurrency in networked computational systems.

Crosses Interdisciplinary Boundaries

package org.apache.tomcat.session;

import org.apache.tomcat.core.*;import org.apache.tomcat.util.StringManager;

import java.io.*;import java.net.*;import java.util.*;

import javax.servlet.*;import javax.servlet.http.*;

/** * Core implementation of a server session

* * @author James Duncan Davidson [duncan@eng.sun.com]

* @author James Todd [gonzo@eng.sun.com] */

public class ServerSession {

private StringManager sm = StringManager.getManager("org.apache.tomcat.session");

private Hashtable values = new Hashtable(); private Hashtable appSessions = new Hashtable();

private String id; private long creationTime = System.currentTimeMillis();;

private long thisAccessTime = creationTime; private long lastAccessed = creationTime;

private int inactiveInterval = -1;

ServerSession(String id) { this.id = id;

}

public String getId() { return id;

}

public long getCreationTime() { return creationTime;

}

public long getLastAccessedTime() { return lastAccessed;

}

public ApplicationSession getApplicationSession(Context context, boolean create) {

ApplicationSession appSession = (ApplicationSession)appSessions.get(context);

if (appSession == null && create) {

// XXX // sync to ensure valid?

appSession = new ApplicationSession(id, this, context);

appSessions.put(context, appSession); }

// XXX // make sure that we haven't gone over the end of our // inactive interval -- if so, invalidate and create

// a new appSession

return appSession; }

void removeApplicationSession(Context context) { appSessions.remove(context);

}

/** * Called by context when request comes in so that accesses and

* inactivities can be dealt with accordingly. */

void accessed() { // set last accessed to thisAccessTime as it will be left over

// from the previous access

lastAccessed = thisAccessTime; thisAccessTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

}

void validate()

Software Control

• Disciplinary boundaries need to be realigned• New fundamentals need to be created• New technologies and tools need to be developed• Education need to be restructured

ComputingSystemCompositionDomain

Physicalinstantiation

PhysicalSystem CompositionDomain

• “Cyber” Models• Modeling Languages

– Structure– Behaviors

• Mathematical Domains– traces/state variables– no reference semantics or “semantic units”

• Physical Models• Modeling Languages

– Structure– Behaviors

• Physical Laws– Physical variables– Physical Units

• Transform how we interact with the physical world just like the internet transformed how we interact with one another.– Transcend space– Control the physical environment remotely

• Building CPSs that integrate computational and physical objects requires new systems science foundations. – Fusion of physical and computational

sciences

• Rich time models instead of sequencing

• Behavioral invariants instead of end results

• Functionality through interactions of ongoing behaviors instead of sequence of actions

• Component architectures instead of procedural abstraction

• Concurrency models with partially ordered instead of linearly ordered event sets

Precise interaction and coordination protocols

Hugely increased system size with controllable, stable behavior

Dynamic system architectures (nature and extent of interaction can be modified)

Adaptive, autonomic behavior

Self-descriptive, self monitoring system architecture for safety guarantees.

POSTER

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