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acatech POSITION PAPERDecember 2011

> Cyber-Physical Systems

Driving force for innovation in

mobility, health, energy and production

acatech (Ed.)



Edtor:

acatech – Natonal Academy of Scence and Engneerng, 2011

Munch Ofice

Resdenz München

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Emal: [email protected]

Internet: www.acatech.de

Recommended ctaton:

acatech (Ed.): Cyber-Physical Systems. Driving force for innovation in mobility, health, energy and

production (acatech POSITION PAPER), Hedelberg et al.: Sprnger Verlag 2011.

ISSN 2192-61 / ISBN 978-3-642-29089-3 /

DOI 10.1007 / 978-3-642-29090-9

Bblographcal nformaton of the German Natonal Lbrary

The German Natonal Lbrary lsts ths publcaton n the German Natonal Bblography;

detaled bblographcal nformaton can be vewed at ht tp: // dnb.d-nb.de.

Sprnger Veweg

© Sprnger-Verlag Berln Hedelberg 2011

Coordnaton: Arane Hellnger

Edted by: Arane Hellnger, Henrch Seeger

Translaton: MacFarlane Busness Servces, Helen Galloway

Layout concept: acatech

Converson and typesettng: Fraunhofer Insttute for Intellgent Analyss and Informaton Systems IAIS,

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ISBN 978-3-642-29090-9 (eBook)66



3

KolumnentitelContents

> CONTENTS

SUMMARY 5

PROJECT 9

1 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS – CHANGING ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 11

2 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS – MERGING THE PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL WORLDS 15

2.1 Drver of nnovaton and process optmzaton 15

2.2 Drvng force of the development of cyber-physcal systems 17

2.3 Cyber-physcal systems requre nterdscplnarty 182.4 From vson to realty - how do cyber-physcal systems come to lfe? 19

3 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS – 2025 23

3.1 Cyber-physcal systems for the smart grd 23

3.2 Cyber-physcal systems for networked moblty 23

3.3 Cyber-physcal systems n telemedcne and for asssted lvng 25

3.4 Cyber-physcal systems for the factory of the future 26

4 CHALLENGES FOR GERMANY ARISING FROM CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 27

4.1 Scentic challenges 27

4.2 Technologcal challenges 28

4.3 Economc challenges 29

4.4 Poltcal challenges 29

4.5 Socal challenges 30

5 THESES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS IN GERMANY 31

6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION 33

6.1 Consoldaton of germany’s poston relatng to cyber-physcal systems 33

6.2 Masterng the development of cyber-physcal systems 33

6.3 Cyber-physcal systems are part of soco-techncal systems 346.4 New busness models as a result of cyber-physcal systems 34

6.5 Key role of smes for cyber-physcal systems 35

6.6 Economc sgnicance of human-machne nteracton 35

6.7 Research fundng: “strengthen strengths” 36

6.8 Compensate for weaknesses 38

6.9 Scentic foundaton 38

6.10 Create poltcal condtons 39

7 APPENDIX 41

LITERATURE 45



5

SUMMARY

Summary

Embedded hardware and software systems are decsve drv-

ng forces for nnovaton n the export and growth markets

of German ndustry. They crucally expand the functonal-

ty and, as a result, the practcal value and compettveness

of vehcles, arcraft, medcal equpment, producton plants

and household applances. Today, about 98 percent of

mcroprocessors are embedded, connected wth the outsde

world through sensors and actuators. They are ncreasngly

connected wth one another and the nternet. The physcalworld and the vrtual world – or cyberspace – are mergng.

Cyber-physcal systems (CPS) are beng developed that are

part of a globally networked future world, n whch prod-

ucts, equpment and objects nteract wth embedded hard-

ware and software beyond the lmts of sngle applcatons.

Wth the help of sensors, these systems process data from

the physcal world and make t avalable for network-based

servces, whch n turn can have a drect effect on processes

n the physcal world usng actuators. Through cyber-phys-

cal systems, the physcal world s lnked wth the vrtual

world to form an Internet of Things, Data and Services.

Some examples of early cyber-physcal systems – such as

networked navgaton software – already exst today. Wth

the help of moble communcaton data, the software de-

duces nformaton on trafic jams from current movement

proiles for mproved route gudance. Further examples n-

clude assstance and trafic control systems from the ields

of avoncs and ralway transportaton. In these cases, the

systems actvely exercse control.

Future cyber-physcal systems wll contrbute to safety, ef-

icency, comfort and human health lke never before. They

wll therefore contrbute to solvng key challenges of our

socety, such as the agng populaton, lmted resources,

moblty, or the shft towards renewable energes, to name

but a few fundamental ields of applcaton. As part of a

smart grd, cyber-physcal systems wll control the future

energy network consstng of a multtude of renewable en-

ergy producers. In the future, they wll make transport safer

through coordnaton, and they wll reduce CO2

emssons.

Modern smart-health systems wll network patents and doc-

tors, facltate remote dagnoses, and provde medcal care

at home. Internet-based systems for remote montorng of

autonomous producton systems are beng developed for

manufacturng, logstcs and transportaton. One of the

next steps s self-organzaton. Machnes wll autonomously

control ther mantenance and repar strategy dependng

on the degree of workload, and ensure backup capactesto mantan producton n the case of mantenance-related

nterruptons.

Cyber-physcal systems have a hghly dsruptve effect on mar-

ket structures. They wll fundamentally change busness mod-

els and the compettve ield of play. New supplers of servces

based on cyber-physcal systems are penetratng the markets.

Revolutonary applcatons wll facltate new value chans,

transformng the classc ndustres such as the automoble

ndustry, the energy sector and producton engneerng.

Cyber-physcal systems wll pose new challenges to scence

and research. How should heterogeneously networked

structures be handled that requre an ntegral systemc

vew and nterdscplnary cooperaton between mechancal

engneerng, electrcal engneerng and computer scence?

How can cyber-physcal systems be mastered techncally?

And how should they be bult, operated, montored and

mantaned?

In terms of embedded systems, Germany s a world leaderand also occupes a leadng poston n the market for secu-

rty solutons and corporate software. In addton, Germany

tradtonally has a hgh level of engneerng competence

n the development of complex system solutons and has

extensve research knowledge n semantc technologes

and embedded systems. Despte ths favourable startng

poston, Germany must also consder ts weaknesses wth

regard to the development of cyber-physcal systems. Ger-

many has to do some catchng up n nternet competence –

acatech - National Academy of Science and Engineering, 2011 (ed.), Cyber-Physical Systems

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011



6

Cyber-Physical Systems

1 See Natonal Scence Foundaton 2011.2 See ZVEI 2009.

n research and applcatons, development platforms and

operator models as well as wth nnovatve solutons for

user-centred human-machne nterfaces. On the other hand,

the US Natonal Scence Foundaton has been promotng

the subject of cyber-physcal systems snce 2006 wth nu-

merous projects and programmes.1

If Germany wants to secure a poston as world leader n

the use of nnovatve cyber-physcal systems, rapd actonby poltcans together wth stakeholders from scence, the

economy and socety s requred due to the tght tme frame.

The objectve should be to master technology and ts eco-

nomc use and to focus on the socal acceptance of cyber-

physcal systems. Takng nto account the Natonal Road-

map Embedded Systems (NRMES) 20092 for the further

development of embedded systems, n order to overcome

the techncal, economc, socal and poltcal challenges con-

nected wth cyber-physcal systems, acatech recommends:

1. As technical prerequisites for cyber-physcal systems,

moble nternet access and access to the physcal nfra-

structure need to be promoted. Ths ncludes engneer-

ng of sensors and actuators, algorthms for the adap-

tve behavour of networked systems and ontologes to

nterlnk such autonomous systems. Development and

operator platforms should be set up and expanded.

2. Interoperability standards need to be developed, and

standardzaton actvtes need to be supported on n-

ternatonal commttees.

3. Human-machine interaction needs to be further de-

veloped n the ields of research, tranng and practcal

mplementaton. Human factors, such as the talored

logc of workow, stuatonal adequacy, usablty of

equpment and ergonomcs ssues, need to be explored

ntegrally.

4. The exstng legal stuaton wth regard to the securty

and safety of cyber-physcal systems needs to be adapt-

ed, especally n terms of privacy protection. A workng

group consstng of academcs, lawyers and poltcans

s to be created to develop a concept for handlng per-

sonal data n cyber-physcal systems.

5. A dialogue about the beneits of socal nnovatons cre-

ated by cyber-physcal systems needs to be ntated. It s necessary to nvolve the general publc n the devel-

opment of cyber-physcal systems and to nform them

on securty and safety ssues.

6. Specic platforms need to be establshed to explore

new business models for cyber-physical systems.

These busness models need to be analyzed as part of a

secondary research project.

7. Platforms and jont research projects specically nvol-

vng SMEs have to be created for the promoton of

cyber-physcal systems. SMEs should get smplied ac-

cess to research projects. Spn-offs, partcularly from un-

verstes, should be promoted.

8. A central natonal research and competence centre for

the Internet of Thngs, Data and Servces and the World

Wde Web, whch deals wth all the ssues n the ield of

global networks, has to be set up.

9. Exstng studies and training courses (computer sc-ence, engneerng, busness management) need to be

adapted to the requrements of cyber-physcal systems.

New nterdscplnary courses about cyber-physcal

systems need to be created.

10. German scence should dedcate tself partcularly to

nterdscplnary projects on cyber-physcal systems.



7

Summary

Integrated and interdisciplinary elds of research on

cyber-physcal systems should be promoted specically

n nnovaton allances made up of ndustry and re-

search partcpants.

11. The establshment of relevant CPS showcases for plot

applcatons and other eficent forms of medaton

(such as Lvng Labs) can contrbute to rasng aware-

ness of the subject early on, wthn the relevant export groups (partcularly n SMEs) as well as the general

publc.

The acceptance of these new technologes by socety s

decsve for the success of cyber-physcal systems. Cyber-

physcal systems elevate the requrements of prvacy and

nformaton securty to a new level. In the future, mmense

volumes of hghly mportant data wll ow through the

networks. The conidence of the general publc n ths new

technology also depends on the securty and the transpar-

ency of such ows of data.

Cyber-physcal systems have major sgnicance for a mult-

tude of key ssues n the future. For ths reason, t s essen-tal that the German government takes cyber-physcal sys-

tems nto account n ts strateges for energy and resources,

as well as n ts hgh-tech and ICT strategy. And ultmately,

the subject of transton to renewable energes also has to

become part of an overall cyber-physcal systems strategy.



9

PROJECT

Project

Ths poston was developed on the bass of the acatech STUDY agendaCPS – Integrated Research Agenda for

Cyber-Physical Systems (Gesberger / Broy 2012).

> PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Manfred Broy, Technsche Unverstät München

> TECHNICAL RESPONSABILITY

Dr. Eva Gesberger, fortss GmbH

> PROJECT GROUP

— Prof. José L. Encarnação, Technsche Unverstät Darmstadt

— Prof. Otthen Herzog, Unverstät Bremen and Jacobs Unversty Bremen

— Prof. Wolfgang Merker

— Dr. Henz Derenbach, Robert Bosch GmbH

— Dr. Renhard Stolle, BMW AG

— Hannes Schwaderer, Intel GmbH

— Prof. Werner Damm, Unverstät Oldenburg (spokesperson of the advsory commttee)

> REVIEWERS

— Prof. Dr. Jürgen Gausemeer, Unverstät Paderborn

— Prof. Dr. Jan Lunze, Ruhr-Unverstät Bochum

— Prof. Dr. Fredemann Mattern, Edgenösssche Technsche Hochschule (ETH) Zürch

— Prof. Dr. Franz Rammg, Unverstät Paderborn

acatech would lke to thank all external experts. acatech s solely responsble for the content of ths poston paper.

> CONSORTIUM MEMBER

fortss GmbH

> ASSIGNMENTS / STAFF

— BICCnet Bavaran Informaton and Communcaton Technology Cluster

— Fraunhofer IOSB

— SafeTrans e. V.

— OFFIS e. V.





10


> AUTHORS

— Dr. Eva Gesberger, fortss GmbH

— Dr. María Vctora Cengarle, fortss GmbH

— Patrck Kel, fortss GmbH

— Jürgen Nehaus, SafeTRANS e. V.

— Dr. Chrstan Thel, BICCnet

— Hans-Jürgen Thönnßen-Fres, ESG Elektronksystem- und Logstk GmbH

> PROJECT COORDINATION

— Arane Hellnger, acatech branch ofice

— Dr. Chrstan Thel, BICCnet

> PROJECT PROCESS

Project term: 1st May 2010 – January 2012.

Ths acatech POSITION PAPER was syndcated by the acatech Executve Board n November 2011.

> FUNDING

The project was inanced by the Federal Mnstry of Educaton and Research as part of the hgh-tech strategy of the German

government (support codes 01 / S10032A and 01 / S10032B).

Project Admnstrator: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR – German Aerospace Center), Software Systems and

Informaton Technologes

acatech would also lke to thank the followng companes for ther support: BMW AG, Robert Bosch GmbH, Intel GmbH



11

1 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS –CHANGING ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Changing Economy and Society

Informaton and communcaton technologes are strong

drvng forces of nnovaton. Two of them act as crucal dr-

vng forces n ths matter:

— embedded software-ntensve systems, as found n

vrtually all hgh-tech products and systems today, for

example n devces, vehcles, arcraft, buldngs and pro-

ducton systems, whose functonalty s characterzed

decsvely by such systems; — global networks lke the nternet and the data and ser-

vces avalable on the World Wde Web.

These two strong ields of nnovaton merge together

nto cyber-physcal systems. An ncreasng number of

devces and objects now have computers embedded n

them, whch nteract wth the physcal world usng sen-

sors and actuators and exchange nformaton wth one

another. Moble devces, such as smartphones, are now

beng used by mllons of people. RFID (Rado Frequency

Identicaton) technology s used, for example, to auto-

matcally montor bllons of transportaton processes. Pre- vously closed systems are ncreasngly openng up and

are beng connected to other systems to make networked

Embedded systems

e.g. airbag

Networked embedded systems

e.g. autonomous aviation


e.g. intelligent networked road junction

Vision: Internet of Things, Data and Services

e.g. Smart City

Fgure 1: The evoluton of embedded systems nto the Internet of Thngs, Data and Servces





12

3 The comprehensve acatech STUDY agendaCPS wll be publshed n March 2012 (Gesberger / Broy 2012).4 See Cloud Computng Acton Program of the Federal Mnstry of Economcs and Technology (October 2010), BMW 2010a, p. 10.

applcatons. Usng cyber-physcal systems, the physcal

world s beng lnked seamlessly wth the vrtual world of

nformaton technology nto an Internet of Thngs, Data

and Servces.

Fg. 1 llustrates the vson of the global “Internet of Thngs,

Data and Servces” as an evolutonary development of

embedded systems by networkng them va the nternet.

Closed embedded systems, such as arbags, are the startngpont. Recommendatons for the move towards local net-

worked embedded systems were developed back n 2009

n the Natonal Roadmap Embedded Systems. The acatech

STUDY agendaCPS s expandng the range to nclude glob-

al networkng. One example s an ntellgent road juncton,

whch uses data from trafic jam alerts.

Cyber-physcal systems are an “enablng technology”, .e.

they enable numerous nnovatve applcatons. The pro-

found changes and challenges n the context of cyber-

physcal systems should be seen n relaton to and n nter-

acton wth other ields of nnovaton n modern technology.

They wll be descrbed n detal below.

Correspondng to “Moore's Law”, the speed of development

of nformaton and communcaton technology s rapd. In

1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder of the processor manu-

facturer Intel, postulated that the number of swtchng

networks on one chp and, thus, the processng power of

dgtal systems would double every one and a half years

and reman at the same prce. Ths exponental growth nthe performance of dgtal nformaton processng systems

stmulates a close nterplay of technologcal nnovaton,

economc dynamcs and socal change.

Cyber-physcal systems promote ths dynamc by lnk-

ng physcal processes wth the vrtual world. Used cor-

rectly, cyber-physcal systems make a decsve contrbuton

to overcomng key socal challenges, such as the agng

populaton, clmate change, health, safety, the swtch to

renewable energy, megactes, lmted resources, sustan-

ablty, globalzaton and moblty. Ths s llustrated n the

scenaros of the acatech STUDY agendaCPS.3 Ths devel-

opment s renforced by the rapd spread of global dgtal

networks, such as the nternet, and global access to data

and servces va “cloud computng”. Cloud computng de-scrbes a new nformaton technology paradgm, accord-

ng to whch resources of nformaton technology (IT) – .e.

processng power, memory, applcatons and data – are

dynamcally suppled, managed and accounted for usng

networks. Consequently, IT resources can be procured and

used “out of the cloud”.4

The German government has been promotng research nto

fundamental aspects of cyber-physcal systems snce 2005

as part of the hgh-tech strategy 2020 and the ICT strategy

2015. In addton, comprehensve recommendatons for ac-

ton for the targeted promoton of embedded systems were

developed n the Natonal Roadmap Embedded Systems

(NRMES) n 2009. The deicts and challenges lsted n

the NRMES stll represent current ssues – even for cyber-

physcal systems:

— The role of cyber-physcal systems as a cross-sectonal

technology and drvng force of nnovaton s stll not

suficently perceved by ndustry.

— Cross-ndustry standardzaton s lackng. — The manufacturers of ndvdual components are n-

adequately networked.

— Heterogenety and solated solutons preval.

— Often, there s a dependence on ndvdual supplers

wth resultng economc problems.

— There s a shortage of qualied engneers.




13

Changing Economy and Society

acatech recommends:

a further consstent mplementaton of the recommenda-

tons for acton from the Natonal Roadmap Embedded

Systems 2009 and the contnuaton of the “Intellgent

Objects” lne of acton stated n the hgh-tech strategy 2020.

Ths poston and the underlyng agendaCPS study are

meant to contrbute to an Internet of Thngs, Data and Ser-

vces n order to preserve and expand Germany's compet-

tveness wth regard to the rapd transton n the ICT sec-

tor. The objectve s to establsh Germany as both a leader

n sngle components or technologes for cyber-physcal

systems and as a global nnovaton leader for solutons

usng cyber-physcal systems.



15

5 See CARIT 2011.6

Bretthauer 2009.

2 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS –MERGING THE PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL WORLDS

Merging the Physical and Virtual Worlds

Cyber-physcal systems are systems wth embedded soft-

ware (as part of devces, buldngs, means of transport,

transport routes, producton systems, medcal processes,

logstc processes, coordnaton processes and management

processes), whch:

— drectly record physcal data usng sensors and affect

physcal processes usng actuators;

— evaluate and save recorded data, and actvely or re-

actvely nteract both wth the physcal and dgtalworld;

— are connected wth one another and n global networks

va dgtal communcaton facltes (wreless and / or

wred, local and / or global);

— use globally avalable data and servces;

— have a seres of dedcated, multmodal human-machne

nterfaces.

The result of the connecton of embedded systems wth

global networks s a wealth of far-reachng solutons and

applcatons for all areas of our everyday lfe. Subsequently,

nnovatve busness optons and models are developed on

the bass of platforms and company networks. Here, the n-

tegraton of the specal features of embedded systems – for

example, real-tme requrements – wth the characterstcs

of the nternet, such as the openness of the systems, repre-

sents a partcular techncal challenge.

2.1 DRIVER OF INNOVATION AND

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Informaton and communcaton technology (ICT) has ex-

hbted a seres of rapd technologcal advancements snce

t came nto exstence. Evermore mnatursed ntegrated

crcuts, the exponental growth of processng power and

bandwdth n networks, as well as ncreasngly eficent

search engnes on the nternet are just a few examples.

Informaton technology (IT) s omnpresent; as a result,

ubiquitous computing s a realty. Consequently, the ad-

vancement n nformaton and communcaton technology

s not only leadng to the horzontal connecton of prevous-

ly separated ndustres, but also ncreasngly to the vertcal

ntegraton of ICT as a part of products. Vrtually every n-

dustry today uses ICT to mprove both ts nternal processes

and ts products. In the automoble ndustry, for example,

the race to network vehcles has begun.5

The dynamcs descrbed wll have a major effect on the bus-

ness models and prospects of a multtude of ndustres n

whch Germany has a leadng role. Cyber-physcal systems

have an enormous nnovaton potental, whch wll lead to

a fundamental transton n the economy and n prvate and

professonal everyday lfe.

Vrtually no other ndustry shows the potental and sgni-

cance of cyber-physcal systems more boldly than the au-

tomobile industry . The majorty of nnovatons to ncrease

safety, comfort or eficency are already based on embed-

ded systems. In the future, cyber-physcal systems wll be

ncreasngly used to network vehcles extensvely, both wth

one another and also wth devces, data and servces out-

sde of the vehcle. As the automoble ndustry accounts

for more than a thrd of the total ndustral research and

development nvestments n Germany (approx. 20 bllon

euros) and provdes approx. 715,000 jobs,6 t s essental

for Germany, as a busness locaton, to aspre to acheve a

leadng role n the research, development and use of cyber-

physcal systems. A major opportunty here s the connec-ton wth electromobility . For example, route management

for battery-operated cars s vrtually nconcevable wthout

cyber-physcal systems.

Medical engineering s one of the greatest ields of

growth n the world. Investment n research and develop-

ment n the ndustry makes up about eght percent of the





16

7 Study on behalf of HSH Nordbank nto the future ndustry of medcal engneerng: Bräunnger / Wohlers 2008.8 About 913,000 people were employed n German mechancal and systems engneerng at the end of 2010; German companes are market

leaders n numerous sub-ndustres. See VDMA 2011.9

BMW 2010c. The ntroducton and mplementaton of “long term evoluton” (LTE) moble rado standards and networks s essental for thecontnuous networkng of devces.10 ABI Research 2009.

turnover – about twce the ndustral average.7 It s est-

mated that the turnover n medcal engneerng n Germany

wll ncrease by about eght percent per year up to 2020.

Besdes telemedcal patent montorng, equpment net-

workng and the expanson of the functonalty of exstng

devces, cyber-physcal systems offer a multtude of oppor-

tuntes, for example to optmze emergency deployments

and ncrease eficency n hosptals. Many of these nno-

vatons can only arse through communcaton betweenprevously solated devces and the lnkng of data whch

was prevously collected and held separately. Demographc

change wll lead to an ncreased demand for AAL solutons

( Ambient Assisted Living), whch can only be realzed wth


The ncreasng demand for energy, the smultaneous short-

age of fossl resources and the ncreased sgnicance of

clmate protecton are presentng numerous challenges for

the energy industry, energy consumers (companes and

prvate households) and poltcans. The energy system

needs to adapt to the volatle avalablty of electrcty from

renewable sources and the decentralzaton of energy pro-

ducton. Cyber-physcal systems here play a decsve role as

a fundamental component of ntellgent power networks, or

so-called smart grds: network management, consumpton

optmzaton and producton plannng can only be mple-

mented through networked systems.

In mechanical and plant engineering and in automation

technology 8

as well, both the potental and the challengesof cyber-physcal systems are becomng clear. The global

networkng of systems and factores of dfferent operators –

wth one another and wth comprehensve producton plan-

nng, energy management and warehouse systems – allows

for energy savngs, hgher eficency and, last but not least,

a hgher degree of exblty.

Cyber-physcal systems wll lead to major changes, espe-

cally n the ield of mobile communication. The network-

ng and ntegraton of moble devces wth comprehensve

sensor systems usng a relable and eficent moble com-

muncaton nfrastructure form the bass for many applca-

tons of cyber-physcal systems. By 2014, the proporton of the German populaton usng the moble nternet wll have

grown from 21 to more than 40 percent.9 Localization and

navigation also have major growth potental. By 2014, the

global market for devces wth ntegrated satellte navga-

ton recevers s expected to have doubled n comparson

wth the level of 2009.10

Agriculture, whch s already optmzng processes wth

the help of nformaton technology, s another ield for the

use of cyber-physcal systems. Comprehensve ntellgent

systems lnk GPS poston locaton, montorng technol-

ogy and sensor networks to determne the current state of

agrcultural land and support agrcultural provders n the

optmzed fertlzaton of ields. As a result, the eficency of

agrcultural processes s ncreased and sol can be used wth

an ncreased focus on ecologc responsblty.

In the ield of goods transport logistics, RFID has become

prevalent as a passve technology for denticaton, local-

zaton and status detecton. Up to now, these systems only

permtted relatvely mprecse determnaton of the locatonof goods and only a rare updatng of the status of goods.

The use of cyber-physcal systems n logstcs offers opportu-

ntes for new applcatons wth ntellgent actve objects, for

example ntegrated poston trackng and status enqures




17


11

The savng potental s enormous; over 40 percent of energy n Germany s consumed n buldngs.12 See press report by the Verband Deutscher Maschnen- und Anlagenbau (VDMA) dated 06.01.2011 “Gebäudeautomatonsbranche rechnet mt

weterem Wachstum n 2011” [Buldng automaton ndustry antcpatng further growth n 2011] at www.vdma.org

n real tme. Its use also opens up new optons for the plan-

nng and montorng of delveres. Global trackng and

tracng of orgnal products usng cyber-physcal systems

can also effectvely prevent the ntroducton of counterfet

goods nto the logstcs process.

Cyber-physcal systems facltate greater comfort, safety

and energy eficency (for example through ntellgent sys-

tems for the management of decentralsed energy produc-ton such as photovoltacs), n home and building automa-

tion,11 for example n resdental buldngs. In commercal

and manufacturng buldngs, there s addtonal potental,

for example f buldng and machne control systems nter-

act wth one another. Due to such nnovatons, the buld-

ng automaton ndustry antcpated a growth n turnover

of ive percent n 2011.12 Future growth wll be decsvely

drven by the fact that nvestments n measurng, control

and regulatng technology as well as n the related buldng

servces management systems pay for themselves consder-

ably more quckly than nvestments n other energy-related

schemes.

Based on platforms consstng of cyber-physcal systems, clus-

ters of companes from varous ndustres and segments of

ndustry are developng to create a comprehensve range of

servces. Hardware and software manufacturers, applcaton

companes and telecommuncaton supplers are mergng

ther competences that are needed to construct and operate

cyber-physcal systems. Ths facltates cross-ndustry product

nnovaton, whch gnores exstng market boundares andaccelerates the merger of prevously separate markets.

2.2 DRIVING FORCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

The development and dstrbuton of cyber-physcal systems

s promoted by three convergng trends:

(1) Smart embedded systems, mobile services, and “ubiqui-

tous” computing.

Intellgent embedded systems form one part of cyber-phys-

cal systems and are already functonng cooperatvely and

as networks today, although stll mostly as closed systems.

Localzed servces and assstance functons already exst,

predomnantly n the automoble ndustry and aeronaut-

cs ndustry, as well as n telecommuncatons, automatontechnology and producton. An ncrease n networkng,

nteracton, cooperaton and use of moblty servces and

other network servces makes such servces more versatle

and sophstcated.

(2) Internet-based business processes in two supplementary

forms:

a) “Intellgent” and networked objects (for example, usng

RFID technology) are manly used n trade and logstcs.

Increasngly, the dgtal product memory of objects s

also used for process optmzaton, for example n the

ow of goods. The objects adapt exbly to software-con-

trolled busness processes and nteract wth customers

va the web. For example, the nternet can be used to

track where a product currently s wthn a logstcs chan.

b) IT servces of ths knd are ncreasngly outsourced

nto the “cloud ”, .e. to external servce provders; ths

makes ther operaton ndependent from a data cen-

tre at a certan locaton. IT systems also need to beset up for outsourcng classc IT and admnstratve

tasks from the company as well as for the transms-

son of tasks connected wth trade, logstcs, process

controllng and billing nto the cloud. Increasngly,

cloud computing servces are also provded for end

users, for example through the computer operatng

system Google Chrome, whch reles very consstently

on cloud resources.



18

For cyber-physcal systems, ths trend s relevant n the re-

spect that the business web allows for the abltes of the

embedded systems to be used as servces va the nternet,

thus facltatng a seres of web-based busness models.

(3) Social networks and communities (Web 2.0) in two

supplementary forms:

c) Socal networks – the purpose of whch s communca-ton and socal nteracton – bundle large quanttes of

data and nformaton. Ths also apples to open know-

ledge networks: companes ncreasngly use Wk sys-

tems for the wdespread provson of nformaton and

knowledge. For companes, users are potental custom-

ers and socal networks are potental advertsng and

marketng platforms. Wth the ncreasng establshment

of proiles and a specalzaton of partcpants, the de-

mand for new servces s developng, for example for

general and doman-specic “apps” (applications) and

networked applcatons. Devces usng Web 2.0, pre-

domnantly smartphones and tablets, explctly and m-

plctly account for a multtude of sensors; thus, a cyber-

physcal system based on socal networks s suddenly

developng. It s necessary to actvely use and control

ths effect.

d) Communtes made up of ndvdual or closely connected

groups of developers are drvng the nnovaton. They are

usually organzed around development platforms; these

often deal wth open source projects, whch develop soft-ware wth open source codes, ether n self-organzaton

or under the management of a company or consortum.

Other self-organzed communities are specalsed n cer-

tan ields of applcaton, .e. they are drven by specic

problems, or are a specalst socal network.

An enormous nnovaton potental for new servces and

solutons s developng, resultng from the nterplay of the

three trends and the evolutonary dynamcs of (3) wth an

ncreasng demand for solutons from (1) and (2). Ths po-

tental, n turn, wll lead to dynamc changes n markets, n

ndustral and busness sectors and economc ecosystems,

as well as to a change n busness models.

2.3 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS REQUIRE

INTERDISCIPLINARITY

Cyber-physcal systems are made up of physcal systems

– .e. mechancal, hydraulc, electrcal and other systems

– as well as electroncs and software. Sensors, actuators,

producton engneerng, communcaton and nformaton

technology and software engneerng are closely lnked.

The ntegraton of these very dfferent dscplnes represents

the actual challenge.

For all sectors of system desgn and control, cyber-physcal

systems requre nterdscplnary, cooperatve work n net-

works and clusters whch are dedcated to nnovaton. Ths

concerns:

— development, producton and explotaton;

— operaton and mantenance;

— servces, consultng, adjustment and extenson;

— medum-term and long-term projects relatng to strategy

development and evoluton; and

— comprehensve engneerng of systems by corporate

clusters sharng strategy and platform cooperaton aspart of a corporate network, .e. an economc ecosystem.

Understandng cyber-physcal systems and the ablty to de-

velop ther entre potental further requre a coordnated,

ntegrated vson of scence, economcs and poltcs.




19


2.4 FROM VISION TO REALITY – HOW DO

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS COME TO LIFE?

Usually, cyber-physcal systems are not desgned as com-

pletely new systems. Instead, they evolve by networkng ex-

stng nfrastructures wth embedded nformaton technology

– wth the help of the nternet, moble communcaton ser-

vces and cloud solutons. The performance and complexty

of the newly formed systems become partcularly clear n thenetworkng of two or more domans, .e. when cyber-physcal

systems from dfferent ields of applcaton, for example mo-

blty and health, are connected and ntegrated (see Fg. 2).

Fg. 2 shows an onon-lke structure of two applcaton do-

mans (moblty and health) and schematcally merges ther

components, user groups and mutual communcaton rela-

tonshps. The functonal overlaps, whch can be character-

zed as follows, are of partcular sgnicance:

— Controlled core area: Ths area comprses conven-

tonal, closed, embedded systems of a certan ield of

applcaton whch are characterzed by controlled n-teracton wth the envronment. One example s elec-

tronc toll statons n the Toll Collect system nstalled

on German motorways. If correct handlng s ensured,

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3 Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Application domain X, e.g. eHealth

Application domain Y, e.g. Mobility

secure, controlled communication

unsecure, undetermined communication

Participants, users, stakeholders

closed system interaction with the environment

Scenario snapshot at point in time t 1, t

2, t

3,...

Components, systems, functions, controlled services

Services (ad hoc networked, unsecure)

t 1

t 2 t 3

Fgure 2: Schematc llustraton of the cross-doman ntegraton of cyber-physcal systems



20


operatonal relablty and predctablty wll be guaran-

teed.

— Extended eld of application: Here, the systems and

components of the ield of applcaton cooperate usng

specied behavour n predetermned usage stuatons

(example: accountng n logstcs). Proper functonng

requres users wth specal tranng, who comply wth

the rules, such as general avaton plots.

— Cross-domain networking: Cyber-physcal systems nopen envronments consst of users, actors (also n socal

networks), servces (also those whch are provded over

the nternet) and nformaton wth dynamc ntegraton,

uncertan relablty and avalablty. The challenge of

desgnng these systems s that the users and open sys-

tems nteract n an ad hoc manner. One example s the

dynamc ntegraton of up-to-date nformaton about

trafic jams, ar and ral delays and date changes nto

an assstance system, meanng travel can be planned n

lne wth the current stuaton.

Interoperable and compatble cyber-physcal systems, com-ponents and servces wth the relevant nterfaces and pro-

tocols requre a gradual settng-up of standardzed, exble

nfrastructures and communcaton platforms (see Fg. 3).

CPS middleware, platform, communication infrastructure with basic services

Mobility eHealth Factory

Integrated customer and

usage processes

User-visible interoperability

Service integration as

per usage requirement

Semantic interoperability

Domain-specic platform

and architecture

Technical interoperability

Fgure 3: Ideal model of the layers of a cyber-physcal system



21


Fg. 3 llustrates the deal structure of the layers of cyber-

physcal systems. Ths ncludes both the communcaton

nfrastructure wth basc servces (lowest box), as well as

the mddleware. Based on ths, applcaton-specic plat-

forms exchangng ther data va nterfaces can be set up.

Servces for targeted access are provded on these plat-

forms. For ths, techncal nteroperablty s needed, guar-

anteeng a consstent nterpretaton of the data between

the servces. The top layer shows the applcaton layer ac-cessed by the users.

The decsve factor for networkng cyber-physcal systems

beyond applcaton boundares s that nformaton from df-

ferent applcatons must be semantcally compatble. Ths

“semantc nteroperablty” ultmately enables the nterplay

of applcatons.

An overvew of the specic abltes of cyber-physcal sys-

tems s shown n a table n the appendx (Fg. 7); the most

mportant propertes are summarzed n columns. The fol-

lowng categores are lsted n detal:

— embedded systems lnked to the physcal envronment

n real tme by sensors and actuators;

— “ Systems of Systems” (SoS) through the networkng of

embedded systems; — adaptvty and partal autonomy;

— cooperatve systems wth dstrbuted control; and

— extensve human-machne cooperaton.

The last column summarzes fundamental capabltes and

requred qualtes.



23

Cyber-physcal systems contrbute to indng answers to

key challenges of our socety and are hghly relevant for

numerous ndustres and ields of applcaton. Cyber-phys-

cal systems provde companes wth support n process

optmzaton and therefore also n cost and tme savng,

and they provde help n savng energy, thus reducng CO2

emssons. For prvate users, the beneits of cyber-physcal

systems are predomnantly n a hgher level of comfort, for

example n assstance wth moblty, n networked safety,n ndvdual medcal care and for older people n the ield

of asssted lvng.

In the agendaCPS study, the followng four ields of applca-

ton - whch have partcular relevance for Germany - were n-

vestgated n detaled scenaros for the perod up to 2025:

— Energy – cyber-physcal systems for the smart grd

— Mobility – cyber-physcal systems for networked moblty

— Health – cyber-physcal systems for telemedcne and

remote dagnoss

— Industry – cyber-physcal systems for ndustry and auto-

mated producton

The followng sectons should clarfy the scenaros n detal.

They are descrbed extensvely n the agendaCPS project

study.

3.1 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR THE SMART GRID

Energy supply n Germany and n the rest of Europe s fa-

cng an upheaval. Energy that s avalable at any tme from

conventonal power plants (nuclear power, coal and gas) s

gradually beng replaced by energy from renewable sourc-

es. Ths change s advocated poltcally and by socety.

Wnd and solar energy are not always avalable to the same

degree – dependng on the weather and tme of day. To

date, volatle and decentralsed energy has been subject to

greatly dfferng consumpton dependng on the seasons

and regons. However, for stable energy provson, supply n

the electrcty network always has to outstrp demand. De-

centralsed energy and volatle avalablty requre extensve

management. To ths end, energy conversons (for example

storage or energy-gas transformaton) can be used, and

energy prces can be desgned exbly dependng on the

avalablty of power. However, ths requres extensve nfor-

maton management whch contnually records consumerdata, creates prognoses about consumpton and manages

applances. In order to guarantee relable energy provson

n the future, t s necessary for the electrcty grd to be-

come “ntellgent”. Energy producers and energy storage fa-

cltes, grd management and electrcty consumers need to

be networked wth one another. Ths wll create the “Inter-

net of Energy”, whose mplementaton has been supported

by the German government wth the “E-Energy – ICT-based

Energy System of the Future” programme snce Aprl 2007.

The mgraton paths towards such a “Future Energy Grid ”

are descrbed n an acatech STUDY of the same name to be

publshed at the begnnng of 2012. The strong networkng

va nformaton and communcaton technology as part of

the smart grd wll facltate further functons and servces,

as well as stable energy supply. Cyber-physcal systems form

a fundamental technologcal bass for ths.

3.2 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR NETWORKED

MOBILITY

In the ield of moblty, .e. transportaton, an extensve net-

workng of the dfferent means of transportaton s only pos-

sble usng cyber-physcal systems. Ths apples to ndvdual

vehcles and road users, as well as to the entre transport

nfrastructure. Networkng n cyber-physcal systems creates

new ways of avodng accdents, respectng lmted energy

resources and reducng envronmental polluton.

Future Potential

3 FUTURE POTENTIAL OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS – 2025





24


Partcularly n the ield of electromoblty, cyber-physcal

systems are takng on a key role, as they provde the bass

for energy, battery and charge management. However, the

potental of cyber-physcal systems goes beyond ths. For

example, they can act as a plannng and coordnaton tool

usng dstrbuted transport management, and can react

to unforeseen stuatons such as trafic jams. Ths requres

ndvdual systems to contnuously exchange nformaton,

for example real-tme weather nformaton or nformaton

about transport stuatons, breakdowns and other aval-

able alternatve means of transportaton and routes. Fg. 4

provdes a schematc llustraton of the dfferent means of

transportaton and ther networkng.

!"!!!"!

!!!

!

"!

!#

!!

!$

# "!%%!

&

%!

!!

!$

Fgure 4: Networked moblty through dstrbuted trafic management



25

Future Potential

The added value of cyber-physcal systems for networked

transport management s manfold:

— ncrease n transport safety, for example by recognzng

rsks and obstacles (ncludng the exchange of nforma-

ton wth other road users), optmal transport manage-

ment and, consequently, avodng trafic jams;

— hgher level of comfort for ndvdual road users, for ex-

ample through tme-savng use of ntellgent assstancetools;

— mprovement of the ecologcal balance through lower

envronmental polluton as a result of mproved trans-

port management, resultng n lower CO2

emssons

caused by lower fuel consumpton; and

— mproved economy due to better explotaton of means

of transport and transport nfrastructure, as well as acc-

dent and damage avodance, based on the nformaton

and servces provded.

3.3 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS IN TELEMEDICINE

AND FOR ASSISTED LIVING

The rapd development of nformaton and communcaton

technology s also advantageous for the health ndustry. V-

sons of future medcal care n our socety are based on

extensve networkng of patents and doctors as well as

health montorng wth the help of modern smart health

systems. The acquston of medcal data va sutable sen-

sors for processng and evaluatng n real tme makes t possble to provde ndvdual medcal treatment to pa-

tents wth long-term llnesses. In the smart health system,

ndvdual medcal requrements can be taken nto account

and the ncreasng number of old people can be better sup-

ported and cared for.

Wth the help of cyber-physcal systems, senor ctzens are

able to contnue to lve ndependently at home wthout

havng to gve up comprehensve medcal treatment. A

montorng servce for patents wth pacemakers can, for ex-

ample, warn when vtal medcal parameters, recorded usng

sensors, are devatng from normal state. If approprate, the

servce can automatcally set off an emergency call provd-

ng nformaton about the locaton of the patent. Greater

accuracy n medcal treatment s facltated by medcal sen-

sor data, nformaton from the patent and from medcal

staff about the vtal data, and the recognton of and reac-ton to emergency stuatons. At the same tme, t provdes

a valuable contrbuton to cost-contanment n health care.

The added value of cyber-physcal systems for smart health

s manfold:

— extensve medcal treatment wthout restrctng nde-

pendence n a person’s lvng stuaton (for example n

ambent asssted lvng);

— better support and prmary care n medcal emergen-

ces, for example when travellng;

— CPSs are a basc prerequste for hgh-performance so-

lutons n telemedcne and remote medcal dagnoss;

— CPS health portals can offer more extensve consulta-

ton and support n medcal ssues than pure nforma-

ton forums.

In tmes of demographc change, cyber-physcal systems

are contrbutng to enablng older people to actvely and

ndependently care for themselves for longer, and ensurng

that they can partcpate n socety lfe. Ths consderably ncreases ther qualty of lfe and provdes a sgnicant con-

trbuton to the necessary reducton of care costs. Despte

all ths potental – partcularly n the ield of smart health

– the senstvty of patent data and the hgh levels of ner-

ta nherent n the German health system represent a key

obstacle to the technologcal cooperaton requred for CPS.



26


13 See Abele / Renhart 2011 and Vogel-Heuser 2011.14 “Velmehr st es erforderlch, sch von der Vorstellung enes Produktonsunternehmens als Fabrk m Snne ener rechtlch selbständgen, zen-

tralserten Enhet zu lösen, um auch unkonventonelle Entwcklungsmodelle zu ermöglchen.” [In fact, it is necessary to separate oneself fromthe vision of a production company as a factory in the sense of a legally independent, centralised unit, in order to facilitate unconventional

development models as well ] (Wulfsberg / Redlch 2011, p. V.)

3.4 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR THE FACTORY

OF THE FUTURE

Cyber-physcal systems are also of major relevance n n-

dustral producton, n order to be able to mplement cus-

tomer requrements. In-house producton processes can

be optmzed, leadng to mprovements n the ecologcal

balance sheet. Producton systems wll be set up that are

able to react vrtually n real tme to changes n the mar-ket and the supply chan usng cyber-physcal systems, and

whch cooperate wth ultra-exblty even beyond company

boundares. Ths not only makes rapd producton n accord-

ance wth ndvdual customer specicatons possble, the

producton procedure wthn companes can also be opt-

mzed va a network of globally cooperatng, adaptve, evo-

lutonary and self-organzng producton unts belongng to

dfferent operators.

The potental for savng and nnovaton n such plants

s enormous. Wthout a doubt, plant operators need ths

development. Germany has many of the necessary compe-

tences. However, these are currently too wdely dstrbuted

- between plant operators and companes n mechancal

and systems engneerng (manufacturng ndustry and

process ndustry), logstcs, automaton technology and

the ICT ndustry.

The ntaton of a cross-ndustry transformaton process

for cyber-physcal systems requres major challenges to

be overcome. Ths ncludes copng wth new producton

processes, correct models of producton, robust producton

processes, stable machnery wth predctable propertes,

sutable models and smulaton procedures for processes

and machnery, safe approaches n artical ntellgence,

securty and safety wthn the networks and extreme real-

tme capacty.13

The new effectvely “bottom-up” value creaton opportun-tes for producton that arse from open networks are also

dscussed under the keywords “bottom-up economy” and

“open producton”.14

The added value of cyber-physcal systems for smart facto-

res s manfold:

— optmzaton of producton processes by CPS: the unts

of a smart factory know ther ields of actvty, con-

iguraton possbltes and producton condtons and

communcate ndependently and wrelessly wth one

another;

— optmzed manufacturng of an ndvdual customer

product through the ntellgent complaton of an deal

producton system, takng nto account product prop-

ertes, costs, logstcs, securty, relablty, tme and

sustanablty;

— resource-eficent producton;

— talored adjustments to the human workforce (“the

machne follows the human work cycle”)



27

Challenges for Germany

Far-reachng challenges for Germany are connected wth

the further development of cyber-physcal systems, both of

a general and a specic nature. The extensve complexty of

the task can be seen n techncal, methodologcal and func-

tonal terms n research and development, as well as n us-

age and the effects of cyber-physcal systems on the econo-

my and socety. The overcomng or reducton of complexty

and the shapng of hghly exble systems are ndspensble

prerequstes for the long-term success of the development and use of cyber-physcal systems.

4.1 SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES

Heterogeneous, networked structures made of physcal sys-

tems, electroncs and software are created by cyber-physcal

systems. These systems are gvng rse to a new concept

of systems and requre a comprehensve systemc vew.

Management of ths type of system requres theoretcal ap-

proaches, whch facltate a mergng of classc models of

mechancal engneerng and electrcal engneerng wth the

dgtal models of computer scence. Rather abstract models

created by computer scentsts for dealng wth nformaton

and knowledge processng need to be merged wth mod-

els from the physcal world to depct tme and space. The

requrements of closed, embedded systems – such as reac-

tons n real tme, functonal safety and absolute relablty

– need to be combned wth the propertes and restrctons

of open systems - such as restrcted avalablty and dynam-

c expandablty.

Ultmately, Cyber-physcal systems can only be developed

eficently wth the help of new models and desgn meth-

ods for networked techncal systems (mult-level systems).

It s typcal for such systems that t s not the optmza-

ton of these systems whch plays a fundamental role, but

the overcomng of ther complexty and the ncluson of

new functonaltes such as the adaptvty of the systems,

learnng of functons, self-organzaton and more. To put

t boldly, the dfferent branches of scence need to be net-

worked wth one another n the same way the techncal

systems are networked through cyber-physcal systems.

For example, the networkng of antlock brakng systems

(ABS) and supported steerng systems (Electric Power

Steering / EPS ) s mpossble wthout the nterdscplnary

lnkng of methods of mechancal engneerng, commun-

caton technology and computer scence.

The desgn and development of approprate systems re-

qure approaches that consstently expand the concepts of

system engneerng n such a way that they can also be

used for cyber-physcal systems. In ths context, there s

a need for research wthn the ndvdual dscplnes; t s

necessary to prepare dscplne-specic approaches for n-

tegraton nto cyber-physcal systems. As a key challenge,

computer scentsts need to ind a way for applcatons wth

precse real tme requrements to work va communcaton

networks whose behavour s only randomly representable,

.e. under the assumpton of probabltes.

The future ubqutous presence of cyber-physcal systems

gves scence the task of eficently developng networked

techncal systems usng new models and desgn methods.

In dong so, the techncal optmzaton of the systems wll

play less of a role. Instead, the handlng of complexty and

the realzaton of new functonaltes through the adaptv-

ty of the systems and the combnaton of functons wll be

at the forefront.

Accordngly, cyber-physcal systems requre an nterdscpl-

nary networkng beyond the boundares of applcatons.

Relevant IT sklls – as an essental part of professonal

qualicatons – become the key to beng able to develop

cyber-physcal systems n Germany and export them from

here. Ths requres new ways of thnkng n terms of open-

ng up and creatng closer lnks partcularly between both

engneerng and computer scence and other dscplnes, for

example busness management or cogntve scences. It s

4 CHALLENGES FOR GERMANY ARISING FROMCYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS





28


also mportant to ascrbe greater value to nterdscplnary

projects n terms of scentic reputaton.

At the moment, our educaton and tranng systems at

schools, colleges and unverstes, as well as our develop-

ment processes and methods are only sutable for manag-

ng cyber-physcal systems to a lmted degree.

4.2 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

Technologcally, cyber-physcal systems place new requre-

ments on the controllablty of engneerng and operaton

due to ther complexty and nterdscplnary character. How

should cyber-physcal systems be bult, controlled and man-

taned? What s control n open systems lke? How can ap-

plcatons wth hard real-tme requrements be mplemented

va communcaton networks that can only be randomly de-

scrbed? A systemc approach to managng the core ssues

of development, such as the determnaton of requrements

and the archtecture desgn, s needed. Ths wll target s-

sues of nteroperablty, nterfaces, open and propretary

standards, qualty, doman models and tools. Managng the

determnaton of requrements s already part of the func-

tonal development. Archtectural desgn for cyber-physcal

systems ncludes ssues of communcaton topology, refer-

ence archtectures, open archtecture and modular servce

archtecture. In addton, challenges n the ields of security

and safety , usablty and relablty, future proof (capacty to

evolve), usage (human-machne nteracton, acceptance, er-gonomcs) are of central mportance. In addton, there are

ssues of technical implementation through hardware and

mechancs (sensors, actuators, mechancs, energy provson,

wred and wreless communcaton, end devces, middleware

and platforms). Managing development and engineering

requres processes and methods such as dstrbuted develop-

ment, user nvolvement, ntegrated methods and models for

physcal components, electroncs and software.

Cyber-physcal systems requre varous applcatons to be

quckly and easly networked wth one another, both stat-

cally durng the development perod and dynamcally durng

operaton. Ths requres dstnctve interoperability on all ab-

stracton levels of the cyber-physcal systems. Ths apples on

a techncal level, for example wth regard to protocols, and

electronc and electrotechncal compatblty of the systems,

on an archtectural level n terms of the nterplay of varous

components, accordng to a logcal desgn, and especally ona functonal level. In nteroperablty of open systems on func-

tonal and semantc levels requres technques of “automatic

reasoning”, knowledge representaton, the semantic web and

the semantc nterpretaton of data and servces.

Beyond pure nteroperablty, the portability of applica-

tions across dfferent levels from the cloud to the end de-

vces wth seamless roaming va the dfferent wred and

wreless networks needs to be deined as an objectve (as

addressed by the term “compute contnuum”). For exam-

ple, t has to be possble to seamlessly transfer the down-

loadng of a vdeo, whch s started on the domestc PC

usng DSL, to the entertanment system n the car, where

the rest of the vdeo s downloaded for chld entertan-

ment va a wreless connecton.

Virtuality of cyber-physical systems means that the func-

tons of the system n many sectors are ndependent of

materals, locatons and devces, as well as detached from

physcal restrctons, thus creatng an mage of realty. Of

course, vrtualty colldes wth the boundares of the phys-cal world. Despte ths, the geographc autonomy of data,

nformaton and servces and ther ndependence from spe-

cic devces or nfrastructure s essental.

Besdes the techncal command of the vrtual level, the

consderaton and ntegraton of physcal processes and

physcal components connected n cyber-physcal systems

represent another decsve factor. The nterplay of the phys-

cal lnkng of components and ther vrtual networkng s



29

Challenges for Germany

one of the techncal challenges. Above all, the physcal

components are an mportant drvng force n developng

cyber-physcal systems, for example n ntellgent energy

systems.

4.3 ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

Besdes ther techncal development, cyber-physcal systemsneed to be marketed, operated and dstrbuted. However,

today’s ndustral structures n the Federal Republc of Ger-

many are stll characterzed by largely herarchcally organ-

zed and layered suppler networks. It s typcal to have a

small number of very domnant orgnal equpment manu-

facturers (OEMs) wth major subcontractors n the centre

of the network, who then use smaller subcontractors n a

number of layers. Ths generates a large part of the strength

of the German ndustral structure, .e. the major companes

and the multtude of very successful smaller and medum-

szed companes. The partcular challenge n Germany wll

be to promote both the busness knowledge as well as a

corporate landscape that can generate extensve added

value from cyber-physcal systems.

Cyber-physcal systems support and accelerate the change

n our economc system, whch began n the md-1990s as

a result of e-commerce, away from classc product develop-

ment and dstrbuton nto development and producton

communtes n exble networks of companes wth global

servces. Fundamentally new busness models are bengdeveloped as a result of cyber-physcal systems, for whch

nfrastructures (platforms, broadband networks) and stand-

ards are requred.

Prevously solated economc “slos” – .e. propretary solu-

tons of companes – are beng elmnated by the cross-do-

man effects of cyber-physcal systems and are evolvng nto

open systems. Exchange platforms are developng, through

whch companes and customers can ind one another ad

hoc, recprocally and dependent on context, and where they

then can develop shared markets. As a result, the prevous

herarchcal relatonshps between subcontractors, produc-

ton companes and customers s developng nto corporate

networks. Competton on the market s shftng from the

competton between ndvdual companes to the compet-

ton between corporate networks.

The networkng components of cyber-physcal systems andopen standards wll support the necessary collaboratons

and the formaton of corporate eco systems. Cyber-physcal

systems are creatng new company roles and functons, such

as servce aggregators, who collect ndvdual servces from

supplers and market them as whole solutons va shared

platforms. Up to now, operator models for platforms for

cyber-physcal systems have been lackng. The knowledge

to set these up s largely avalable.

4.4 POLITICAL CHALLENGES

Poltcans are facng fundamental challenges as a result of

cyber-physcal systems, as the rules for open systems stll

need to be created. The handlng of massve volumes of

data, whch arse as a result of cyber-physcal systems, and

the management and storage of ths nformaton requre a

hgh level of information security. Publc acceptance also

depends on data prvacy and securty, as well as on the

queston of whether people can trust these systems. There

are also ssues of safety and lablty.

Aganst ths background, t s mportant to create legal con-

ditions, partcularly to protect safety-crtcal nfrastructures,

and to clarfy ssues of lablty. In partcular, the queston

of the collecton and property rghts n data relevant for

cyber-physcal systems, s stll unsolved. Ths ncludes access

rghts of thrd partes and all the regulatory ssues connect-

ed wth ths. The ood of prmary data created by cyber-

physcal systems, whch s recorded n real tme, poses the



30


15 See the artcle “Gesellschaftlche Relevanz Intellgenter Objekte” [Socal relevance of ntellgent objects] n Herzog / Schldhauer 2009.

queston of who s permtted to collect ths data and under

whch condtons, who has access rghts to ths data or parts

thereof and under what prerequstes, and how ths data

should be managed n terms of organzaton.

As t s often not practcal, economcally justiable or

possble to record data on the same subject several tmes,

the queston of the openness of databases arses. And last

but not least, cyber-physcal systems nvolve high levelsof investment in the technical infrastructure of systems,

hence inancng needs to be secured and provded.

Poltcans are also faced wth the task of creating the eco-

nomic conditions to secure the techncal desgn and to en-

sure that there are enough qualied specalsts.

As a result of cyber-physcal systems, technology s becomng

nvolved to a great extent n socal and economc processes.

For ths reason, the poltcal world also needs to ntate a

social discourse to create an awareness of the varous d-

mensons of cyber-physcal systems and to nform the general

publc about opportuntes and rsks.

4.5 SOCIAL CHALLENGES

Socal wllngness to accept ths new technology, use t and

further develop t s decsve for the success of cyber-phys-

cal systems. Acceptance by users s a crucal prerequste

for the use of cyber-physcal systems. Acceptance means

that users perceve technologcally desgned systems pos-

tvely, accept them and are wllng to use them. The past

has shown that t s extraordnarly dficult to predct ac-

ceptance. At the same tme, acceptance s very closely

dependent on well-desgned human-machne nteracton.

For ths reason, ssues of acceptance need to be addressed

extensvely from the very begnnng durng the desgn of

cyber-physcal systems. In ths context, prvacy, the determ-

naton of boundares for systems and socally desred andlegtmated restrctons of the functonalty of cyber-phys-

cal systems are of central mportance.15

Aganst ths background, t appears to be essental to nt-

ate a more robust social discourse, wll deal wth a seres

of fundamental ssues relatng to cyber-physcal systems.

Examples of such questons nclude the forms of depend-

ency of people on autonomously decdng systems, legal

consequences, values and value systems of people wth

regard to cyber-physcal systems, the queston of how nter-

personal communcaton develops under the nuence of

cyber-physcal systems and to what extend t s sensble and

responsble to set up large sectons of crtcal nfrastructure

based on cyber-physcal systems. The ssue of what mea-

sures are needed to lmt rsk also has to be consdered.



31

Theses on the Development

16

Central result of the acatech onlne questonnare on the subject of CPS, n cooperaton wth the Elektronk Praxs journal.

Tme s of the essence for Germany to consoldate ts po-

ston, especally wth regard to the competton wth the

USA and Asa – Germany’s advantage n terms of embed-

ded systems, whch currently stll exsts, could be lost n a

few years. The followng theses summarze the fundamental

statements about cyber-physcal systems:

1. Consolidation of Germany’s position relating to cy-

ber-physical systems: Attractve operator models andpublc nvestment n open platforms for cyber-physcal

systems are prerequstes for ther successful realzaton.

2. Managing the development of cyber-physical sys-

tems: The development of cyber-physcal systems re-

qures the cooperaton of all ndustres and domans n

nterdscplnary and collaboratve terms durng the en-

tre product lfe cycle ( systems engineering, standards,

nteroperablty, open source).

3. Cyber-physical systems are part of socio-technical

systems: As cyber-physcal systems ntervene n work

and everyday lfe n an as yet unprecedented degree

n many ields of applcaton, for example n the health

sector, publc acceptance and acceptance by users s es-

sental for the successful ntroducton of cyber-physcal

systems. For ths reason, the development of ethcally

sustanable and legally permtted solutons s a key s-

sue for the scentic and techncal communtes.

4. New business models as a result of cyber-physicalsystems: As cyber-physcal systems work collaboratvely

and nteractvely, those companes whch specalse n

roles conformng to ther relevant core competences

n corporate networks wll be partcularly successful,

and wll develop these roles n such a way that they

are algned to the nfrastructure of the overall soluton

desgned for cyber-physcal systems.

5. Key role of SMEs for cyber-physical systems: The key

role of SMEs n terms of provdng partal solutons for

cyber-physcal systems can only develop f collaboraton

n research and development projects s made easer for

these companes.16

6. Signicance of human-machine interaction: Technol-

ogy and applcatons for cyber-physcal systems need to

consder user requrements and ensure smple, ntutveoperablty. The prncples for user-frendly and accept-

able solutons can be created as early as the techncal

development process of cyber-physcal systems.

7. “Strengthen Strengths” by research funding: Germany

should “strengthen ts strengths” and focus on embed-

ded systems, engineering and security n the ield of

cyber-physcal systems n order to be successful n nter-

natonal competton.

8. Compensate for weaknesses: The USA’s domnance n

terms of the nternet and World Wde Web should be

mtgated through the consstent development of com-

petence n Germany.

9. Scientic funding: The nterplay of heterogeneous

components n cyber-physcal systems - from physcal

components, electroncs and software to components

from bology and chemstry - needs to be reected n sc-

ence. New forms of nterdscplnary collaboraton have

to be supported.

10. Create political answers: The changes arsng from

cyber-physcal systems requre legal and poltcal

frameworks for economc acton and the safeguardng

of socal values.

5 THESES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OFCYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS IN GERMANY





33

Recommendations for Action

6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION

Specic recommendatons for acton are derve from these

theses.

6.1 CONSOLIDATION OF GERMANY'S POSITION

RELATING TO CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS

The prerequste for consoldatng Germany's poston on

cyber-physcal systems s to rapdly algn the country’s n-frastructure and economc structures wth the requrements

of cyber-physcal systems. To do ths, the state should deine

clear objectves and mplement these as part of an overall

cyber-physcal systems strategy.

acatech recommends:

Moble nternet access and access routes to nfrastructure

through sutable sensors and actuators have to be sup-

ported and developed as techncal prerequstes for cyber-

physcal systems. At the same tme, further development of

ntellgent communcaton nfrastructures needs to be sup-

ported n order to handle the future requrements of cyber-

physcal systems.

acatech recommends:

Development platforms and operator platforms for cyber-

physcal systems have to be developed and made avalable,

or ther setup has to be supported.

6.2 MASTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF


The mplementaton of new dynamc busness models

places demands on system archtecture. The example of

ntegrated servces, for example moblty servces n con-

necton wth operator models for vehcle eets or patent

transportaton n healthcare (vehcle equpment, network-

ng), requres comprehensve system archtectures and the

nteroperablty of applcaton-specic archtectures. The

recommendatons of the NRMES stll apply:

— The development of relevant cross-ndustry standards

(archtecture, modellng languages) facltates new n-

novatons. — Open standards create new market possbltes.

— A leadng role by Germany n the development of cross-

dscplne solutons for socal and economc challenges

facltates early market ntroducton of such solutons.

— Cyber-physcal systems are a ield of technology n

whch all development stages (research, development,

producton, ntegraton) are accomplshed n Germany

and where market and technology leadershp can be

acheved as a result.

— The ield of cyber-physcal systems as an nnovaton

drver also opens up opportuntes for those German

ndustres that have not yet been actve n the ield of

embedded systems.

— Germany can partcpate to a hgh degree n the rele-

vant research support programmes of the EU.

— The hgh prvacy protecton requrements n Germany

and the solutons accompanyng ths ssue lead to

advancement n nnovaton (“IT securty made n Ger-

many”).

So-called legacy systems are threatenng to arse as a result of separate ad hoc developments n the varous sub-ields

of cyber-physcal systems. These legacy systems have a hgh

level of sgnicance n ther ields of applcaton, but are

very dficult to further develop and ntegrate wth other

systems due to ther very specic, techncal and functonal

make-up, for example due to a lack of nteroperablty.





34

acatech recommends:

Interoperablty standards need to be set up whch take nto

account the crtcal safety and securty aspects of the tech-

nology and whch are also sustanable and capable of pro-

motng export and sales opportuntes. Work on standard-

zaton by nternatonal commttees has to be supported.

6.3 CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS ARE PART OFSOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

Only f cyber-physcal systems are desgned n a way that

users ind acceptable, wll they become successful n the

market.

acatech recommends:

The ield of human-machne nteracton needs to be further

developed n terms of research, tranng and practcal mple-

mentaton n order to acheve sustanable acceptance. The

same apples to so-called “human factors”, from the mental

models of the user, and the appeal and usablty of cyber-

physcal systems to the user-specic ablty to understand

nformaton, solutons and ther mplcatons.

Besdes usablty, safety, securty and relablty are further

prerequstes for the acceptance of cyber-physcal systems.

acatech recommends: A dscourse about the beneits of nnovaton as a result of

cyber-physcal systems should be ntated n socety. The

objectve s to nvolve the general publc n the develop-

ment of cyber-physcal systems and to explan securty and

prvacy ssues.

acatech recommends:

A workng group consstng of academcs, lawyers and

poltcans should be created to develop a comprehensve

concept for the handlng of personal and nternal company

data (busness secrets) n cyber-physcal systems.

6.4 NEW BUSINESS MODELS AS A RESULT OF


The techncal potental of cyber-physcal systems facltates

the development of nnovatve busness models whch re-

qure extensve testng.

acatech recommends:

Specic platforms for cyber-physcal systems should be es-

tablshed to explore new busness models.

As part of a secondary research project, t would be reason-

able and possble to carry out an analyss of such nnova-

tve busness models based on cyber-physcal systems.

acatech recommends:

The economc envronment should be taken nto account

when consderng secondary research projects for all key

projects relatng to cyber-physcal systems. The focal ponts

are “busness models for new products and product-servce

systems”, “servces of cyber-physcal systems” and “corpo-

rate software for cyber-physcal systems”.

acatech recommends:

“Showcases” wth plot applcatons of cyber-physcal systems

should be used early on to hghlght cyber-physcal systems,

addressng both the relevant professonal assocatons and

the publc.




35

6.5 KEY ROLE OF SMES FOR


Small and medum-szed companes (SMEs), partcu-

larly start-up companes n the IT ndustry, are key par-

tcpants n the development of the nnovaton and value-

creaton potental of cyber-physcal systems. They are not

only supplers of ndvdual techncal solutons; they are

also the ones who connect to platforms n cyber-physcalsystems wth new solutons and servces and who can ben-

eit from the newly developng economc eco system. For

ther formaton, cyber-physcal systems need SMEs and ther

strengths, especally n a corporate network concernng

cyber-physcal systems: tradtonal and establshed, as well

as small nnovatve companes are close to ther customers,

can solve problems more exbly, concentrate on ther core

competences and are very effectve n ths respect.

acatech recommends:

Besdes smplied access to research projects, other meas-

ures to strengthen SMEs n corporate networks relatng to

cyber-physcal systems are needed. Ths concerns basc con-

dtons, organzatonal models and networks. Platforms and

jont research projects specically nvolvng SMEs have to

be created.

In addton, the mprovement of the condtons for start-up

companes wll be of major mportance for the poston of

German ndustry n the ield of cyber-physcal systems nthe future. Obstacles need to be urgently reduced n order

to protect the German value chan wth all the basc tools

needed for the development of the systems, thus preservng

the natonal economy’s capacty for nnovaton. Dependen-

ces wth regard to techncal avalablty and speed of n-

novaton need to be removed.

acatech recommends:

Establshment of a start-up “envronment” n the ield of

cyber-physcal systems through poltcal, inancal, legal and

hgher educatonal measures. Ths ncludes the promoton

of new company start-ups and spn-offs through the prov-

son of more venture captal as well as the establshment

of an approprate eco system. In addton, ncentves should

be created for establshed global players regardng technol-

ogy transfers, start-up nvestments and plot projects. Fur-thermore, secondary research actvtes are recommended.

6.6 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF

HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION

Human-machne nteracton s also of central mportance

from an economc pont of vew. In partcular, the specic

German phenomenon of “overengineering” – the creaton

of a product or servce of a hgher qualty or at greater ex-

pense than actually necessary – can be a crucal factor n

the development of cyber-physcal systems.

acatech recommends:

Human factors n connecton wth cyber-physcal systems

need to be comprehensvely researched, from classc s-

sues of ergonomcs traceablty, the ntegraton of adaptve

and adaptable cyber-physcal systems nto work processes

and ts effects, up to the ssue of potental adjustments n

socal behavour under the nuence of the use of cyber-physcal systems.

For cyber-physcal systems, consstent customer focus and,

thus, user-frendlness and ntutve usablty are the key to

success.




36

17 See homepage www.spes2020.nformatk.tu-muenchen.de

6.7 RESEARCH FUNDING:

“STRENGTHEN STRENGTHS”

Due to the major sgnicance of cyber-physcal systems, re-

search fundng needs to be aptly focussed on the many

challenges. Ths concerns the ablty to develop dgtal sys-

tems n a controllable manner. In ths respect, approaches

nvolvng the model-based development of product lnes

and concepts for long-term system evoluton are partcularly mportant. Ths requres fundamental nnovaton allances

n whch cross-doman and nterdscplnary system develop-

ment s researched n terms of ts methods and processes,

and then mplemented n practce. SPES202017, a BMBF-

inanced research project on the development of a method

for the ntegrated model-based development of embedded

systems, can act as a prototype.

Horzontal jont research projects am to develop methods

whch can be used as standard n many dfferent ields

of applcaton. The focus s on procedures and nnovatve

processes n engneerng and technques to desgn and

mplement systems. Ths ncludes reference archtectures

and standards. Two major ields can be deined for research

tasks:

— Managng of engneerng, processes, methods, support

tools and modellng approaches. These technologes

must make t possble to buld a brdge between system

components that are connected to hard physcal laws,

for example real tme, and components that are delber-ately abstracted from these physcal laws.

— Managng technology for systems. Ths concerns arch-

tectures, platforms – for example mddleware –, proto-

cols, algorthms and processes.

Besdes such horzontal projects, ths also requres vert-

cal projects that do not focus on researchng the method

and technology, but focus on ther use n promnent ields

of applcaton, for example smart grids, networked health

systems or comprehensvely networked automaton and

producton plants. Stmul need to be provded here to n-

tate projects n key domans.

acatech recommends:

The fundng and campagn programmes wthn the hgh-

tech strategy and the ICT strategy of the German govern-ment should be nspected wth regard to cyber-physcal

systems and be thematcally adjusted accordngly. Hor-

zontal and vertcal key projects relatng to cyber-physcal

systems have to be lnked.

However, care must be taken to ensure that economc prn-

cples domnate, actvtes and concepts are consstently

focussed on the market, and that market development s

at the forefront.

acatech recommends:

Besdes the BMBF smart moblty jont research project

ARAMIS (Automotve, Ralway and Avonc Mult-Core Sys-

tems), that has already been ntated as a result of ths

study, other vertcal projects need to be set up n the follow-

ng ields of applcaton:

1. ICT for the smart grid: Ths project should concentrate

on the ssue of ICT archtecture for the energy networks

of the future and buld on the experences ganed nthe tral regons of the German ntatve E-Energy and

n the acatech project on the Future Energy Grd. Here,

the modellng of energy networks has to be at the fore-

front, structurng the requrements for energy networks

through the extensve modellng of network structures

and the functons and servces provded va ICT arch-

tectures.




37


2. E-health: The health sector s of the utmost mportance

for cyber-physcal systems, as ssues concernng embed-

ded systems wth regard to sensors and actuators are

combned wth challengng ssues of prvacy and safety.

Ths s because the man focus s on the patents, ther

safety and the protecton of ther data. There are also

further ssues n communcaton and socal meda. For

ths reason, we recommend settng up an E-health pro-

ject that focuses heavly on cyber-physcal systems.

3. Cyber-physical systems in production: The use of

cyber-physcal systems n producton systems results n

the “smart factory”. Its products, resources and processes

are characterzed by cyber-physcal systems; through ts

specic propertes, t offers advantages wth regard to

qualty, tme and costs n comparson wth classc produc-

ton systems. The recommendaton s to set up an ap-

proprate project as part of the “Industry 4.0” ntatve

that was started n 2011 wth the objectve of removng

technologcal and economc obstacles and promotng

the realzaton and use of smart factores. For the eng-

neerng and mplementaton of cyber-physcal systems,

the ntegratve, nterdscplnary development of prod-

uct and producton systems needs to be promoted. Ths

ncludes the modularzaton of producton systems nto

producton unts usng model-drven development (Model

Driven Design).

The followng topcs relatng to cyber-physical production

systems are of central mportance for producton engneerng:

— further research and development of nnovaton meth-

ods n order to always be able to offer new products for

the global market;

— ongong research nto new producton processes;

— further scentic penetraton of producton processes

and producton machnes n order to have correctly

establshed models avalable that can then be used by

the cyber-physcal producton systems;

— robust, rapd, eficent producton processes, whch can run

safely wthout ongong human nterventon and checks;

— stable machnes wth predctable propertes and be-

havour n order to realze safe automaton, even under

uctuatng envronmental condtons;

— models and smulaton procedures for processes and

machnes n order to present automaton systems wth

methods to assess the consequences of ther decsons;

— safe processes for cyber-physcal producton systems,whch can run even under dficult envronmental and

system condtons and at hgh speed, n order to ensure

that nether humans nor machnery are at rsk;

— securty n the networks n order to avert msuse, crm-

nal nterventons and neglgence from the outsde;

— extreme real-tme capablty n order to master even the

fastest processes, ncdents and nterdependences;

— new operator models;

— hybrd system and archtecture models for the specic

engneerng tasks; and

— sustanable desgn of producton (crcular ow economy).

The aforementoned ponts nclude lots of keywords provd-

ng entry ponts for techncal producton research n the

ield of the smart factory.

Backng up vertcal projects wth a comprehensve, nter-

dscplnary research group dealng wth cyber-physcal

systems can guarantee the transfer of generc work results

between projects.

acatech recommends:

Innovaton allances should head research projects about

the cross-doman development of cyber-physcal systems

wth the focal ponts of smart grid, e-health and industry 4.0.



38

6.8 COMPENSATE FOR WEAKNESSES

In Germany, competences relatng to the nternet, ncludng

the World Wde Web and cloud computing, are sgnicantly

less developed compared to embedded systems. Measures

are requred here snce economc competton between

cyber-physcal systems s carred out wth the help of syner-

ges between embedded systems and the control of global

networks.

acatech recommends:

A central natonal research and competence centre for the

Internet of Thngs, Data and Servces and the World Wde

Web has to be set up, whch deals wth all ssues connected

wth global networks. These nclude the techncal structure

of networks, ther archtecture and desgn, the varous com-

muncaton levels and protocols, ncludng the techncal

facltes for ths, technology for the desgn of data and

servces and ther use, for example usng search engnes,

as well as the ssue of cloud computing and the assocated

legal, socal and poltcal questons.

6.9 SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION

The modellng of cyber-physcal systems requres the nter-

play of varous dscplnes – physcs, mechancal engneer-

ng, electrcal engneerng and computer scence. However,

the prncples of cogntve psychology and socology arealso essental; ther relevance ranges from models of per-

cepton, nteracton, knowledge, thought processes and

problem solvng to system and network models n tech-

nologcal socology. The focus s on the development of a

new dscplne concernng the engneerng of cyber-physcal

systems wth an ntegrated percepton of the modellng of

relevant systems. Models from computer scence, electrcal

engneerng and mechancal engneerng are merged nto

an ntegrated modellng approach on the bass of exstng

physcal models and drawng heavly on control theory. In

detal, ths means:

— nterdscplnary modellng of hybrd systems consstng

of software, electroncs and physcal systems, ncorpo-

ratng materal scence, chemstry and bology;

— concepts for lnkng those system components that are

subject to hard physcal laws, for example real tme, and

those components that are abstracted from these laws va cyber-physcal systems;

— consstent development processes based on sutable

models for cyber-physcal systems; and

— approaches for automaton and virtual engineering for


In terms of human-centred engneerng, ntegrated hybrd

system and archtecture concepts are requred for:

— dstrbuted analogue / dgtal control and management;

— human-technology nteracton and ntegrated models

of acton; and

— soco-techncal networks and nteracton models.

Cyber-physcal systems also requre greater techncal compe-

tence and maturty on the part of the general publc when

dealng wth the ubqutous CPS technology (as well as wth

the nternet). The requrements extend to vrtually all lev-

els of our educaton system. Ths concerns prmary schools,

secondary schools and grammar schools as well as colleges,

unverstes and professonal tranng. The adjustment andredesgn of nterdscplnary master's degrees along the lnes

of cyber-physcal systems makes partcular sense.

acatech recommends:

German scence should contnue ts programmes on net-

worked systems and focus partcularly on cyber-physcal

systems by accordng nterdscplnary projects a hgh level

of prorty.




39


acatech recommends:

A workng group consstng of scentsts and representa-

tves from professonal assocatons as well as the relevant

mnstres should develop a roadmap wth comprehensve

recommendatons to adapt exstng degrees and educa-

tonal courses (computer scence, engneerng, busness

management) to nclude the requrements of cyber-physcal

systems.

6.10 CREATE POLITICAL CONDITIONS

The mplementaton of many of the future scenaros whch

have been developed n the agendaCPS project requres the

storage and management of personal data of the utmost

senstvty – regardng health, inancal optons, partal-

tes and ndvdual abltes – wthn the network as well as

makng such data accessble through secure servces. The

“Internet and Dgtal Socety” Enquête Commsson of the

German Bundestag s already workng on related ssues,

and fundamental decsons about the handlng of “systems

domnatng humans” already exst on a European level.

acatech recommends:

The exstng legal stuaton needs to be adapted wth re-

gard to the techncal securty of cyber-physcal systems,

especally n vew of prvacy and data protecton, data secu-

rty, and safety and lablty ssues.

In addton, the effect of cyber-physcal systems on resour-

ces, partcularly energy, needs to be nvestgated. What

costs and rsks arse n connecton wth the progressve per-meaton of the physcal world by nformaton technology?

To what degree do cyber-physcal systems have an effect on

our energy and resource requrements (keyword “metals of

noble earths“)?

acatech recommends:

Cyber-physcal systems should be taken nto account n the

energy and resource strateges of the German government.

In partcular, the transton to renewable energes should be

taken nto account n an overall strategy for cyber-physcal

systems.



41

18 For example, the necessary CPS nfrastructure, ts safety and qualty, standardsaton, standards to be compled wth and legal condtons etc.

Appendix

7 APPENDIX

The overvew table shows a summary of the specic ca-

pabltes of cyber-physcal systems, and the rghtmost

column summarzes the new sklls and key requrements

and abltes for practcal and sustanably nnovatve cyber-

physcal system applcatons. The challenges n realzng

the capabltes of cyber-physcal systems, ncludng the

claricaton and creaton of the necessary condtons and

socal consensus-buldng, are the core of the research s-

sues and ields of acton dscussed n the agendaCPS .

Asde from research endeavours n the ield of the new abl-

tes mentoned and the core technologes of cyber-physcal

systems, the followng ntegrated actvtes are requred to

mplement and manage the outlned CPS applcatons:

— Gradual set-up of reference archtectures, doman mod-

els and applcaton platforms as a prerequste for cor-

rect stuaton and context percepton, nterpretaton,

process ntegraton and relable handlng / management

of the systems. Ths ncludes:

— models of the physcal envronment, ts archtecture,

partcpants, tasks, roles and (nteracton) relaton-

shps, etc.;

— requrement models (functonal and non-functonal)

of drect or ndrect partcpants (stakeholders, sys-

tems, components);

— applcaton / reference archtectures: process models,

functon / servce archtectures and nteracton tem-

plates, as well as realzaton archtectures (logcal

archtectures, for example, to realze specic secu-rty or performance requrements; hardware and

software archtectures, or even specic platform

and communcaton archtectures), organzatonal

condtons and standards, etc.;

— qualty models as well as models for doman or bus-

ness rules, target models or company-specic models

to nspect and valdate CPS servces and applcatons.

— Specic norms and standards for the qualied develop-

ment and certicaton of systems.

There s a seres of challenges for ths set-up, whch are also of

sgnicance for the research and development of correspond-

ng technologes and concepts. Besdes the dfferences n the

dynamcs and culture of the nvolved applcaton ields, sys-

tems, partcpants and dscplnes, the challenges are:

— the ncreasng loss of control n open (socal) envron-

ments wth networked and sometmes autonomously

nteractng systems and partcpants, and the ques-

tons, methods and safeguardng concepts connected

wth ths;

— the relablty of the systems wth regard to safety,

IT securty and prvacy as well as other non-functonal

requrements, for example performance and energy

eficency;

— the protecton of (busness-) knowledge n open value

networks (CPS eco systems);

— the uncertan and dstrbuted rsks accompanyng cyber-

physcal systems as well as ther assessment and evalu-

aton by ndvdual systems and partcpants. Rsk as-

sessment s vrtually mpossble n terms of quantty and

only subjectvely possble n terms of qualty;

— cyber-physcal systems actng as representatves

(agents) of socal and economy partcpants (humans,

groups) and beng requred to conduct approprate and

far negotaton and the resoluton of any arsng con-

cts of objectves; — regulatons for the (partally) autonomous actons and

decson-makng on the part of the systems;

— the

— requred condtons18 and

— the doman / qualty models, rules and polces (com-

plance regulatons) to be negotated n a legally

bndng manner





42


Overvew table of the capabltes of cyber-physcal systems

(1) CYBER-PHYSICAL, SENSORS / ACTUATORS, NETWORKED (LOCAL-GLOBAL),

VIRTUAL, REAL-TIME MANAGEMENT

(2) SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS (SOS),CONTROLLED NETWORK WITH

DYNAMIC BOUNDARIES

(3) CONTEXT-ADAPTIVE AND (PARTIALLY) AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

- Parallel data collection (sensors), fusion,processing of physical data from theenvironment, local, global and in real time

(Physical Awareness)

- Interpretation regarding achievement of objectives and tasks of the CPS

- Acquisition, interpretation, deduction,prediction of faults, obstacles, risks

- Interaction, integration, rules for andcontrol of CPS-components and functions

- Globally distributed, networked real-timecontrol and regulation

- Interpretation of context and situation dataover several levels, depending on different application situations

- Systematic selection, incorporation,coordination and use of services –depending on situation, local andglobal objective, and behaviour

- Service composition and integration,decentralised control: recognition of missing services, data, functions andactive search and dynamic integration

- Self-organization

- Evaluation of benet and quality required for the application (QoS, overallquality) of components and services beingincorporated – also regarding possible risks

- Reliability and compliance with respect toguaranteed QoS

- Controlled access to system's own data andservices

- Comprehensive, continuous context awareness

- Continual collection, observation,selection, processing, evaluation, decision-making, communication of context data,situation data and application data (often inreal time)

- Systematic adaptation of the interaction,coordination, control with / of other systemsand services.

- Recognition, analysis and interpretationof plans and intentions of objects, systemsand participating users

- Model creation for application eld anddomain, participants, including their roles,objectives and requirements, availableservices and tasks

- Assessment of objectives and steps, takinginto consideration alternatives with regardto costs and risks

- Self-awareness in terms of knowledge about own situation, status and options for action

- Learning of, for example, modied workprocesses, logistics processes, habits, inter-action, etc. and corresponding behaviouradaption

- Capacity for self-organization

Increasing openness, complexity, autonomy, “smartness” and



43

Appendix

(4) COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS WITHDISTRIBUTED, CHANGING CONTROL

(5) EXTENSIVE HUMAN / SYSTEMCOOPERATION

KEY CAPABILITIES ANDNON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

QUALITY IN USE,QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

Distributed, cooperative and interactiveperception and evaluation of the situation

Distributed, cooperative and interactiveetermination of the steps to be carriedut – depending on the evaluation of theituation, on the objectives of individual

participants and on the objectives of theommunity these participants belong toocal vs. global objectives)

ubsequent coordinated assessment andegotiation of the decision ultimately aken, i.e. self and shared control andecision-making autonomy

Decision-making on the basis of uncertainnowledge

Cooperative learning and adaption toituations and requirements

stimation of the quality of own andxternal services and abilities

Coordinated processing of mass data

- Intuitive, multimodal, active and passiveHMI – support (simplied control)

- Support of a broader (space, time) andenlarged perception and capacity to act for individuals and groups

- Recognition and interpretation of humanbehaviour including emotions, needs andintentions

- Acquisition and evaluation of data con-cerning state and context of human andsystem (extension of perception and evalu-ation skills)

- Integrated and interactive decisions andactions between systems and individualsor groups

- Ability to learn

- “X” awareness (correct perception andinterpretation) of

- Situation and context

- Self-awareness, third party-awareness,human awareness (status, objectives,

intentions, ability to act)

- Learning and adaption (behaviour)

- Self-organization

- Cooperation, negotiation anddecision-making (within denedboundaries – compliance)

- Decision-making on the basis of uncertain

knowledge

- Provision and maintenance of QoS guarantees

- Comprehensive policies for safety andsecurity

- Transparent HMI, shared control,integrated situation evaluation andpredictable actions

- Risk management

- Proactive, strategic and reliable actions

- Privacy protection

olution of the systems (with disruptive effects in the elds of application)



44


— whch have to be deined n an nterdscplnary man-

ner (socally comprehensve) along wth the aforemen-

toned challenges;

— the open queston of how to acheve the most predct-

able and relable human-computer nteracton (HMI),

whch s requred by humans for ntegrated actons,

meanng for example

1. smple and ntutve HMI despte mult-functonal servces and usage optons;

2. semantc ntegraton, dependng on stuaton, process

and acton context (local, regonal, global);

3. passve HMI, .e. the conscous and unconscous obser-

vaton and montorng of humans or groups wth the

challenges of nterpretng the observed behavour cor-

rectly or n the desred manner;

4. problems of contnual attenton (vglance) and the n-

herent loss of control for humans through the use of

cyber-physcal systems; and

— resultng from (1) to (4), the cautous evaluaton of

complex stuatons ncludng prortzaton, ntegraton

and use of features19.

19 Functons, servces



45

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acatech Publications

> THE FOLLOWING ENGLISH VOLUMES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED TO DATE IN THE “acatech POSITION PAPER”

SERIES AND ITS PREDECESSOR “acatech TAKES A POSITION”:

acatech (Ed.): Future Energy Grid. Information and communication technology for the way towards a sustainable and eco-

nomical energy system (acatech POSITION PAPER), Munch 2012.

acatech (Ed.): Phasing Out Nuclear Power Safely. Why Germany needs nuclear expertise for decommissioning, reactor safety,

ultimate disposal and radiation protection (acatech POSITION PAPER), Munch 2011.

acatech (Ed.): Smart Cities. German High Technology for the Cities of the Future. Tasks and Opportunities (acatech TAKES A

POSITION, No. 10), Munch 2011.

acatech (Ed.): Strategy for Promoting Interest in Science And Engineering. Recommendations for the present, research needs

for the future (acatech TAKES A POSITION, No. 4), Hedelberg nter ala: Sprnger Verlag 2009.

acatech (Ed.): Materials Science And Engineering in Germany. Recommendations on image building, teaching and research

(acatech TAKES A POSITION, No. 3), Munch 2008.

- cyber-physical systems

Documents