film the origin of the name "film" comes from the photographic film (also called film...
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FilmThe origin of the name "film" comes from
the photographic film (also called film stock)Many other terms exist for an individual
motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photo-play and flick.
A common name for film in the United States is movie, while in Europe the term cinema is preferred.
Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema and the movies.
History of FilmCamera Obscura invented in the 6th century.Described by Alhazen in his Book of Optics
(1021).Al-Haitham (Alhazen) conducted experiments
on the propagation of light and colors, optic illusions and reflections.
A camera obscura is an optical device that led to photography and the camera. The device consists of a box or room with a hole in one side.
camera obscura
History of Film17th Century Use of Magic Lanterns
1895 Lahore - general view of railway station by William Henry Jackson
History of Film1827 First still photograph taken, Claude Niepce's photograph The View from a Window at Le Gras took
nearly eight hours to expose.
Latticed window at Lacock Abbey 1835
History of Film1832 Joseph Plateau and sons introduce the
Phenakistoscope. The phenakistoscope was an early
animation device that used a spinning disk of sequential images and the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.
Cyclist (small, medium, large)
History of Film1834 Another illusion toy The Zoetrope introduced by William George
Horner. A zoetrope is one of several pre-
film animation devices that produce the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion.
Zoetrope's were widely sold after 1867.
Zoetrope
History of FilmThe praxinoscope was an animation
device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in France in 1877 by
Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of
pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder.
Praxinoscope was viewed on mirrors in the centre of the drum rather than through slots on the outside.
Eadweard MuybridgeEadweard James Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection
Eadweard MuybridgeMuybridge was
asked, in 1873, by the ex-governor of California - Leland Stanford to settle a bet as to whether horses hooves left the ground when they galloped.
Eadweard MuybridgeMuybridge is known for his pioneering work
on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878, which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography
History of Film1888 George Eastman
devises a still camera which produces photographs on sensitized paper.
An American innovator and entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and popularized the use of roll film, helping to bring photography to the mainstream
Thomas Edison and Dickson
History of FilmThomas A. Edison, with his assistant W.K.L
Dickson (who did most of the work), then acquired some Eastman Kodak film stock and began work on a new type of machine.
By 1891, Edison and Dickson have their Kinetograph camera and Kinetoscope viewing box.
Kinetoscope and Black Maria
Butterfly Dance
First Camera1892 Using his projecting Praxinoscope,
Reynaud holds the first public exhibitions of motion pictures. Reynaud's device was successful, using long strips of hand-painted frames, but the effect was jerky and slow.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Reynaud
Auguste Lumiere Louis Lumiere
Cinématographe1894 The Lumière family is the biggest
manufacturer of photographic plates in Europe.
Louis and Auguste design a camera which serves as both a recording device and a projecting device. They call it the Cinématographe.
Cinématographe
First Film1895, La Sortie de l'usine Lumière a Lyon
(Workers leaving the Lumière factory at Lyon).
Lumière films1895 One of the most famous film screenings
in history took place on December 28th, 1895.
The venue was the Grand Cafe in Paris and customers paid one Franc for a twenty-five minute programme of ten Lumière films.
These included Feeding the Baby, The Waterer Watered and A View of the Sea.
1902: Georges Méliès produces his magnificent "Voyage to the Moon",
Voyage to the MoonA fifteen minute epic fantasy parodying the
writings of Jules Verne and HG Wells. The film used innovative special effect
techniques and introduced colour to the screen through hand-painting and tinting.
Mary Jane's Mishap1903 British film maker George Smith makes
Mary Janes MishapPraised for its sophisticated use of editing.The film uses medium close-ups to draw the
viewers attention to the sceneJuxtaposed with wide establishing shots.The film also contains a pair of wipes which
signal a scene change.
1903 Edwin S. Porter, working for Edison makes "The Life of an American Fireman“Displayed new visual storytelling techniques
Edwin S. PorterIncorporated stock footage with Porter's own
photography. "The Life of an American Fireman“ acted as a
major precursor to Porter's most famous film "The Great Train Robbery“
It was made in 1903 Displayed effective use of editing and
photography technique.
Silent FilmsFilms began developing a narrative structureStringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into
multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement
were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film.
Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment.
Silent FilmsBy the early 1920s, most films came with a
prepared list of sheet music. Complete film scores being composed for
major productions.
Silent FilmsActing techniques
Silent film actors emphasized body language and facial expression so that the audience could better understand what an actor was feeling and portraying on screen.
Silent comedies tend to be more popular in the modern era than drama, partly because overacting is more natural in comedy.
The melodramatic acting style was in some cases a habit actors transferred from their former stage experience.
Silent films in HollywoodThe rise of European cinema was interrupted by the
outbreak of World War I. The film industry in United States flourished with the
rise of Hollywood, typified most prominently by the great innovative work of D.W. Griffith in The Birth of a Nation (1914) and Intolerance (1916).
However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, in many ways inspired by the meteoric war-time progress of film through Griffith, along with the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, quickly caught up with American film-making and continued to further advance the medium.
D. W. GriffithDavid Wark Griffith (January
22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a premier pioneering American film director. He is best known as the director of the controversial and groundbreaking 1915 film The Birth of a Nation and the subsequent film Intolerance (1916).
Griffith's film The Birth of a Nation made pioneering use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its immense popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film.
First Film with SoundThe first feature-length film with
synchronized sound effects and musical soundtrack (canned music and sound effects), but without dialogue, was Warner Bros.' romantic adventure Don Juan (1926). It was premiered in New York in August 1926, and starred John Barrymore
The Jazz Singer (1927 film)The Jazz Singer (1927) is an American
musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs. Directed by Alan Crosland, it is based on a play by Samson Raphaelson.
Cinema of India
Cinema of IndiaIndia is the world's largest producer of films. In 2009, India produced a total of 2961 films
on celluloid, that include a staggering figure of 1288 feature films.
The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and Warner Bros.
Prominent Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV, Adlabs and Sun Network's Sun Pictures also participated in producing and distributing films.
Cinema of IndiaFollowing the screening
of the Lumière moving pictures in London (1895) cinema became a sensation across Europe and by July 1896 the Lumière films had been in show in Bombay (now Mumbai).
The first short films in India were directed by Hiralal Sen, starting with The Flower of Persia (1898).
The first full-length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, a scholar on India's languages and culture.He brought together elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra (1913), a silent film in Marathi.
Cinema of IndiaInterestingly, the female roles in the film
were played by male actors. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeTnbEnjh64
During the early twentieth century cinema as a medium gained popularity across India's population and its many economic sections.
Cinema of IndiaTickets were made affordable to the
common man at a low price and for the financially capable, additional comforts meant additional admission ticket price.
Audiences thronged to cinema halls as this affordable medium of entertainment was available for as low as an anna (4 paisa) in Bombay.
The content of Indian commercial cinema was increasingly tailored to appeal to these masses.
Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931.
Cinema of IndiaFollowing the inception of 'talkies' in India
some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting.
As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song-and-dance in India's films.
Cinema of IndiaFollowing India's independence, the period from
the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema.
Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this period.
In commercial Hindi cinema, examples of famous films at the time include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara(1951) and Shree 420 (1955).
These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India;
Cinema of IndiaThe period also saw the emergence of a new Parallel
Cinema movement, mainly led by Bengali cinema.
Early examples of films in this movement include Chetan Anand's Neecha Nagar (1946),
Ritwik Ghatak's Nagarik (1952), and Bimal Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953), laying the foundations for Indian neo-realism and the "Indian New Wave".
Pather Panchali (1955), the first part of The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959) by Satyajit Ray, marked his entry in Indian cinema. The Apu Trilogy won major prizes at all the major international film festivals and led to the 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly established in Indian cinema.
Pakistani Cinema Immediately following the partition, the newly
founded Pakistan faced a brain drain where all its highly talented and skilled workers migrated to India, including most actors and directors. Shortage of filming equipment further paralyzed the nation's film industry.
With much hardships faced, the new film industry was able to produce its first feature film, Teri Yaad on 7 August,[ 1948, premièring at the Parbhat Theatre in Lahore. The following year, Evernew Studios established a studio in the country which would later become the largest film company of the time.
Over the next few years, films that were released reached mediocre success until the release of Do Ansoo on 7 April 1950. Do Ansoo became the first film to attain a 25-week viewing making it the first film to reach silver jubilee status.