fig.: 6.1

Fig.: 6.1

Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

thermic insulated box

hot plate

specimen

cooling plate

thermo-couple

sensor

thicknessmeasuring device

IR sensor+

iris diaphragm

furnace

specimen

laser

signalamplifier

furnacepower supply

t

experimental result

laser powersupply

printer

software

computer+

data aquisition

T

Fig.: 6.2


dynamic samplechamber

referencepan

samplepan

lid

gas purge inlet

chromeldisc

heatingblock

alumel wirechromel wire

thermocouple junctionthermoelectric disc (constantan)

constantan wire

chromel wireconstantan body

reference platform

sampleplatform

chromel area detector

thin wall tube

base surface

chromeldisc

a b

Fig.: 6.3


H

Tm

TT Ta g

T

0.5 cp

H

cp cp

0.5 cp

Fig.: 6.4


5

4

3

2

1

080 120 160 200

T (°C)

copolymer

homopolymer

Q/m

(W

g

)-1

sample mass : ~ 5 mgheating rate : 10 K minpurge gas : N2

~

end

o

Fig.: 6.5

-1


-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

reverse heat flow non-reverse heat flow

T (°C) T (°C)

exothermic:saturatedsegments

endothermic: saturated segmentes,resins, asphalts

endothermic background

end

oex

oQ

/m

Fig.: 6.6


end

o

Q/m

(W

g

)-1

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (min)

56 d

35 d21 d

0 d

Fig.: 6.7

T = 190 °Cp = 3.4 MPa


Fig.: 6.8


100

80

60

40

20

0 200 400 600 800 T (°C)

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

oil

polymer

carbon black

ash nitrogen 10 K min air 10 K min-1 -1

EPDM

DTG

m

DT

G (

% m

in

)-1

Fig.: 6.9

TG

(%

)


TG

(%

)

-710

10

10

10

10

10

-8

-9

-10

-11

-120 100 200 300 400 500 600

100

80

60

40

20

0

m

H O2

CO2

dibutylphthalate

diethylether

T (°C)

C H OH2 5

ion

curr

ent

(A)

Fig.: 6.10


0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00

-0.010 50 100 150 200 250

0

T (°C)

radial directiontangential directionthickness direction

L/L

Fig.: 6.11


Fig.: 6.12

Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

sample

index matching fluid

measuring prism

Fig.: 6.13


light beam

20 µm

Becke - line

Fig.: 6.14


50 mm

isoclinic line

isochromatic line

Fig.: 6.15


zero order

red 1

red 2

red 3

red 4

20 mm

Fig.: 6.16


0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0

r (mm)

0.0

0.5

1.0 filter colorredbluegreenorange

gate edge

n

(10

)

-3

Fig.: 6.17


gate

40 mm 20 mm

gate

staticjoint line

ba

Fig.: 6.18


axis ejector pin-points

Fig.: 6.19


50 µm

holes

Fig.: 6.20


150 µm

Fig.: 6.21


20 µm

ba

Fig.: 6.22


10 µm

Fig.: 6.23


directed dispersed diffuse

Fig.: 6.24


light beam

polymer

filler

pigment

Fig.: 6.25


1

2

3

1 2

Fig.: 6.26


1 – illumination equipment2 – specimen3 – measuring equipment

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

0.80

0.75 0 100 200 300 400 500

0

trickled sand (g)

PPPP/EPR copolymerPP + 40 wt.-% talc

G/G

Fig.: 6.27


R a1

a2

b

50 µm

ba

Fig.: 6.28


700650

630610

600590

580

570

560

550

540

530520

510

500

490

485

480

470460

440 380

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7x

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

y

EK

f

Fig.: 6.29


20 µm

1

3

4

2

Fig.: 6.30


1 – matrix2 – glass-fiber3 – inclusions4 – cavities

50 µm

ba

Fig.: 6.31


20 µm

Fig.: 6.32


globar

fixed mirror

moving mirror

beam splitter

sample

displacement x

detector

spectrum

interferogram

discrete Fouriertransformation

PC

wave number (cm )-1

repl

ey

inte

rfer

ence

inte

nsity

mirror feed (mm s )-1

Fig.: 6.33


n (cm )-1

T (

%)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

POMPE-LD

deformationvibration

(C H)

C O CCH3CH2

CH

CH3

2

O CH3

C O CH3

Fig.: 6.34


ba

c

Fig.: 6.35


ba

10 µm

Fig.: 6.36


Fig.: 6.37

Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

n

PPVPANIPTHPPY

PPP

PAC

n

NH

n

S n

nSi

CuFe

PE

PVC, PA

n

PTFEPS

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

6

4

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

-14

-16

-18

cond

ucto

rse

mic

ond

ucto

rno

nco

ndu

cto

r

NH

-1 (S cm )

’

*

’’

t

D (t)

E (t)

E (

t),

D (

t)

ba

Fig.: 6.38


A

2

V

1

3

2 3

1

h

g d

Fig.: 6.39


1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness

ba

101014

10

10

10

10

300 320 340 360 380

T (K)

0 400 800 1200

measuring time (s)

( c

m)

D

PEPP

15

16

17

181019

1018

17

( c

m)

D

Fig.: 6.40


A

2

V

1

3

2 3

1

h

g d

Fig.: 6.41


1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness

a b

AI V R

R

HI

LO

V

Fig.: 6.42


’’

00log (/ )p

= S

S

log ’

p = 2 fp

Fig.: 6.43


200250

300350

400

200250

300350

4006

electrode polarisation

log ‘‘

54

32

10

-1

65

43

21

0-1

10

8

6

4

2 -3

-2

-1

0

1

log ‘

T (K)T (K) lo

g (f

(Hz)

)

log (f (H

z))

relaxationrelaxation

relaxation

relaxation

relaxation

conductivity

a b

Fig.: 6.44


C

O

O

O CH2(

)n

CCH2 O

log

tan

’

-1.8

-2.0

-2.2

-2.4

-2.6

3.1

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7200 300 400 500

*

f = 1 kHz

T (K)

Fig.: 6.45


293.2 K

303.2 K

313.2 K

333.2 K 353.2 K

0.60

0.45

0.30

0.15

0.00-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

log (f (Hz))

“

Fig.: 6.46


log “

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

log (f (Hz))

279.3 K

390 K

372.5 K

, , measured dataHN - model function

Fig.: 6.47


-2

0

2

4

6

8

2 3 4 5

1000/T (K )-1

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0

1000/T (K )-1

Tg

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

measured dataVFT equation

poly(dimethyl siloxane)

PET relaxation,

semicrystalline PET

VFT equationArrhenius equation

relaxation, amorphous PET

relaxation, semicrystalline PET

relaxation, amorphous PET

a b

log

(f

(Hz)

)p

log

(f

(Hz)

)p

Fig.: 6.48


PDMS

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

1

-1

-3

-5

-7

-9

-11

10 10 10 10 102 4 6 8 10

carbon black content (wt.-%)0.10.0750.0500.0300.0200.0150.0125

0.010

f (Hz)

‘ (

S c

m

)-1

Fig.: 6.49


‘ (

S c

m

)-1

10 10 10 10 10 10 101 2 3 4 5 6 7

10

10

10

10

10

-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

f (Hz)

295

285

262

250

236

223

210

T (K)

Fig.: 6.50


a b

RS

CS

RP CP

tan = R C

Z*() = R – iC S

S S

S

tan =

Z*() = R – i C R

1 + R

P P2

P

P22

R CP P

1

Fig.: 6.51


sample capacitor

specimen

electrometer

computer

I (t)

Upol

relay

Fig.: 6.52


generator SZ*

R

U*1 U*2

precision capacitor specimen

I*S

VSA K2VSA K1

precision capacitor current to voltageconverter

generator

specimen

SZ*I*S

Z*x

Z*R

I*R

U*1 U*2

+

VSA K2VSA K1

ba

Fig.: 6.53


CU*

precision capacitor

generator

variableamplitudephasegenerator

specimen

SU*

I*0

detector I* = 00

compensationimpedance Zc

I*S I*C

P1

SZ*

Fig.: 6.54


specimen ideal

specimen

holder

real

specimen

holder

signal source bidirectional

coupler

incoming

signal

reflected

signal

V* V*in ref

Fig.: 6.55


200

150

100

50

010 10 10 10 10 10 100 1 2 3 4 5

6

t (s)

polyester (thickness 40 µm)

PS (thickness 80 µm)

f = 50 Hz

E

(kV

mm

)

D-1

Fig.: 6.56


60°

polymersurface

platinum electrode

drop generator

4

0 m

m

4 mm

Fig.: 6.57


fig.: 6.1

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