fig.: 6.1 chapter 6.1: thermal properties. in: grellmann, w., seidler, s. (eds.): polymer testing....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fig.: 6.1
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
thermic insulated box
hot plate
specimen
cooling plate
thermo-couple
sensor
thicknessmeasuring device
![Page 2: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
IR sensor+
iris diaphragm
furnace
specimen
laser
signalamplifier
furnacepower supply
t
experimental result
laser powersupply
printer
software
computer+
data aquisition
T
Fig.: 6.2
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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dynamic samplechamber
referencepan
samplepan
lid
gas purge inlet
chromeldisc
heatingblock
alumel wirechromel wire
thermocouple junctionthermoelectric disc (constantan)
constantan wire
chromel wireconstantan body
reference platform
sampleplatform
chromel area detector
thin wall tube
base surface
chromeldisc
a b
Fig.: 6.3
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 4: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
H
Tm
TT Ta g
T
0.5 cp
H
cp cp
0.5 cp
Fig.: 6.4
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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5
4
3
2
1
080 120 160 200
T (°C)
copolymer
homopolymer
Q/m
(W
g
)-1
sample mass : ~ 5 mgheating rate : 10 K minpurge gas : N2
~
end
o
Fig.: 6.5
-1
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
reverse heat flow non-reverse heat flow
T (°C) T (°C)
exothermic:saturatedsegments
endothermic: saturated segmentes,resins, asphalts
endothermic background
end
oex
oQ
/m
Fig.: 6.6
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 7: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
end
o
Q/m
(W
g
)-1
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (min)
56 d
35 d21 d
0 d
Fig.: 6.7
T = 190 °Cp = 3.4 MPa
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 8: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fig.: 6.8
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 9: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
100
80
60
40
20
0 200 400 600 800 T (°C)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
oil
polymer
carbon black
ash nitrogen 10 K min air 10 K min-1 -1
EPDM
DTG
m
DT
G (
% m
in
)-1
Fig.: 6.9
TG
(%
)
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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TG
(%
)
-710
10
10
10
10
10
-8
-9
-10
-11
-120 100 200 300 400 500 600
100
80
60
40
20
0
m
H O2
CO2
dibutylphthalate
diethylether
T (°C)
C H OH2 5
ion
curr
ent
(A)
Fig.: 6.10
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
-0.010 50 100 150 200 250
0
T (°C)
radial directiontangential directionthickness direction
L/L
Fig.: 6.11
Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 6.12
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 13: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
sample
index matching fluid
measuring prism
Fig.: 6.13
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
light beam
![Page 14: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
20 µm
Becke - line
Fig.: 6.14
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 15: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
50 mm
isoclinic line
isochromatic line
Fig.: 6.15
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 16: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
zero order
red 1
red 2
red 3
red 4
20 mm
Fig.: 6.16
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0
r (mm)
0.0
0.5
1.0 filter colorredbluegreenorange
gate edge
n
(10
)
-3
Fig.: 6.17
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 18: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
gate
40 mm 20 mm
gate
staticjoint line
ba
Fig.: 6.18
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 19: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
axis ejector pin-points
Fig.: 6.19
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 20: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
50 µm
holes
Fig.: 6.20
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 21: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
150 µm
Fig.: 6.21
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 22: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
20 µm
ba
Fig.: 6.22
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 23: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
10 µm
Fig.: 6.23
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 24: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
directed dispersed diffuse
Fig.: 6.24
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 25: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
light beam
polymer
filler
pigment
Fig.: 6.25
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 26: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1
2
3
1 2
Fig.: 6.26
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
1 – illumination equipment2 – specimen3 – measuring equipment
![Page 27: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75 0 100 200 300 400 500
0
trickled sand (g)
PPPP/EPR copolymerPP + 40 wt.-% talc
G/G
Fig.: 6.27
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 28: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
R a1
a2
b
50 µm
ba
Fig.: 6.28
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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700650
630610
600590
580
570
560
550
540
530520
510
500
490
485
480
470460
440 380
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7x
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
y
EK
f
Fig.: 6.29
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 30: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
20 µm
1
3
4
2
Fig.: 6.30
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
1 – matrix2 – glass-fiber3 – inclusions4 – cavities
![Page 31: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
50 µm
ba
Fig.: 6.31
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 32: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
20 µm
Fig.: 6.32
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 33: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
globar
fixed mirror
moving mirror
beam splitter
sample
displacement x
detector
spectrum
interferogram
discrete Fouriertransformation
PC
wave number (cm )-1
repl
ey
inte
rfer
ence
inte
nsity
mirror feed (mm s )-1
Fig.: 6.33
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 34: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
n (cm )-1
T (
%)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
POMPE-LD
deformationvibration
(C H)
C O CCH3CH2
CH
CH3
2
O CH3
C O CH3
Fig.: 6.34
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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ba
c
Fig.: 6.35
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 36: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ba
10 µm
Fig.: 6.36
Chapter 6.2: Trempler, J.: Optical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 37: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fig.: 6.37
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
n
PPVPANIPTHPPY
PPP
PAC
n
NH
n
S n
nSi
CuFe
PE
PVC, PA
n
PTFEPS
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
cond
ucto
rse
mic
ond
ucto
rno
nco
ndu
cto
r
NH
-1 (S cm )
![Page 38: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
’
*
’’
t
D (t)
E (t)
E (
t),
D (
t)
ba
Fig.: 6.38
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 39: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A
2
V
1
3
2 3
1
h
g d
Fig.: 6.39
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness
![Page 40: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ba
101014
10
10
10
10
300 320 340 360 380
T (K)
0 400 800 1200
measuring time (s)
( c
m)
D
PEPP
15
16
17
181019
1018
17
( c
m)
D
Fig.: 6.40
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 41: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A
2
V
1
3
2 3
1
h
g d
Fig.: 6.41
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
1 – ground electrode2 – measuring electrode3 – guard-ring electroded – diameter of measuring electrodeg – width of guard gaph – specimen thickness
![Page 42: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
a b
AI V R
R
HI
LO
V
Fig.: 6.42
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 43: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
’’
00log (/ )p
= S
S
log ’
p = 2 fp
Fig.: 6.43
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 44: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
200250
300350
400
200250
300350
4006
electrode polarisation
log ‘‘
54
32
10
-1
65
43
21
0-1
10
8
6
4
2 -3
-2
-1
0
1
log ‘
T (K)T (K) lo
g (f
(Hz)
)
log (f (H
z))
relaxationrelaxation
relaxation
relaxation
relaxation
conductivity
a b
Fig.: 6.44
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 45: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
C
O
O
O CH2(
)n
CCH2 O
log
tan
’
-1.8
-2.0
-2.2
-2.4
-2.6
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7200 300 400 500
*
f = 1 kHz
T (K)
Fig.: 6.45
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 46: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
293.2 K
303.2 K
313.2 K
333.2 K 353.2 K
0.60
0.45
0.30
0.15
0.00-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
log (f (Hz))
“
Fig.: 6.46
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 47: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
log “
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
log (f (Hz))
279.3 K
390 K
372.5 K
, , measured dataHN - model function
Fig.: 6.47
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 48: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
2 3 4 5
1000/T (K )-1
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
1000/T (K )-1
Tg
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
measured dataVFT equation
poly(dimethyl siloxane)
PET relaxation,
semicrystalline PET
VFT equationArrhenius equation
relaxation, amorphous PET
relaxation, semicrystalline PET
relaxation, amorphous PET
a b
log
(f
(Hz)
)p
log
(f
(Hz)
)p
Fig.: 6.48
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
PDMS
![Page 49: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
-1
-3
-5
-7
-9
-11
10 10 10 10 102 4 6 8 10
carbon black content (wt.-%)0.10.0750.0500.0300.0200.0150.0125
0.010
f (Hz)
‘ (
S c
m
)-1
Fig.: 6.49
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 50: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
‘ (
S c
m
)-1
10 10 10 10 10 10 101 2 3 4 5 6 7
10
10
10
10
10
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
f (Hz)
295
285
262
250
236
223
210
T (K)
Fig.: 6.50
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 51: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
a b
RS
CS
RP CP
tan = R C
Z*() = R – iC S
S S
S
tan =
Z*() = R – i C R
1 + R
P P2
P
P22
R CP P
1
Fig.: 6.51
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 52: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
sample capacitor
specimen
electrometer
computer
I (t)
Upol
relay
Fig.: 6.52
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 53: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
generator SZ*
R
U*1 U*2
precision capacitor specimen
I*S
VSA K2VSA K1
precision capacitor current to voltageconverter
generator
specimen
SZ*I*S
Z*x
Z*R
I*R
U*1 U*2
+
VSA K2VSA K1
ba
Fig.: 6.53
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 54: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CU*
precision capacitor
generator
variableamplitudephasegenerator
specimen
SU*
I*0
detector I* = 00
compensationimpedance Zc
I*S I*C
P1
SZ*
Fig.: 6.54
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 55: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
specimen ideal
specimen
holder
real
specimen
holder
signal source bidirectional
coupler
incoming
signal
reflected
signal
V* V*in ref
Fig.: 6.55
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 56: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
200
150
100
50
010 10 10 10 10 10 100 1 2 3 4 5
6
t (s)
polyester (thickness 40 µm)
PS (thickness 80 µm)
f = 50 Hz
E
(kV
mm
)
D-1
Fig.: 6.56
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
![Page 57: Fig.: 6.1 Chapter 6.1: Thermal Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition thermic](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020111/56649eb55503460f94bbeb2e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
60°
polymersurface
platinum electrode
drop generator
4
0 m
m
4 mm
Fig.: 6.57
Chapter 6.3: Schönhals, A.: Electrical and Dielectrical Properties. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition