fig. 15-co, p. 406
DESCRIPTION
Fig. 15-CO, p. 406. Fig. 15-1, p. 408. Carbon dioxide. Oxygen. Relative concentration. 4.5. 3.5. 2.5. 1.5. 0.5. 0. Time (billions of years ago). Animals arise. Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere. Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Fig. 15-CO, p. 406
Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Fig. 15-1, p. 408
Carbon dioxide
Rel
ativ
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n
4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0Time
(billions of years ago)
Animals arise
Oxygen begins to accumulate in the atmosphere
Oxygen-producing cyano bacteria get their start
First microscopic life begins consuming carbon dioxide
Greenhouse warming due to high carbon dioxide level compensates for the faint, young sun
Oxygen
Fig. 15-2a, p. 409
Fig. 15-2b, p. 409
Fig. 15-2c, p. 409
Table 15-1, p. 409
Fig. 15-3, p. 410
Fig. 15-3a, p. 410
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Water outSpicules
Amoeboid cellPore
MesogleaCentral cavity Flattened
surface cells
c
Flagellum Microvilli Nucleus
Water ind Collar cell
b
Fig. 15-3b-d, p. 410
Water out
Central cavity
Water inCollar cell
Flagellum
Flattened surface cells
MesogleaPore
Amoeboid cell
Spicules
Stepped Art
NucleusMicrovilli
Fig. 15-4, p. 411
Fig. 15-5, p. 411
Fig. 15-6a, p. 412
Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Fig. 15-6b, p. 412
Tentacles with stinging cells
Epidermal tissue Mouth
Digestive cavity
Interior partition
Symbiotic zooxanthellae
Mesenteric filaments
Layers of calcium carbonate forming a skeleton
b
Fig. 15-7, p. 413
Box 15-1, p. 414
Fig. 15-8, p. 415
Fig. 15-9, p. 415
Fig. 15-10, p. 416
Fig. 15-10, p. 416
Clam
Digestive tract
FootSnail
Shell
Squid
Fig. 15-11, p. 416
Fig. 15-12, p. 416
Fig. 15-13, p. 417
Fig. 15-13, p. 417
Left gill
Left mantleMuscle Shell Muscle
Mouth
Exhalant flow
Inhalant flow
Foot Right mantle
Sand and debris being
rejected
InhalantPalps String of
mucus
Fig. 15-14, p. 417
Fig. 15-15a, p. 418
Fig. 15-15b, p. 418
Fig. 15-16, p. 418
Fig. 15-16, p. 418
Vertebrates (with endoskeletons)
Siz
e
Arthropods (with exoskeletons)
Age
Fig. 15-17a, p. 419
Fig. 15-17b, p. 419
Fig. 15-18a, p. 420
Fig. 15-18b, p. 420
Fig. 15-19, p. 421
Fig. 15-19, p. 421
Sieve plate
Ring canal
Radial canal
Ampulla
Stone canal
Transverse canal
Tube feet
Fig. 15-20, p. 421
Fig. 15-21a, p. 422
Fig. 15-21a, p. 422
Oral opening
Atrial opening
Pharynx with slits
Fig. 15-21b, p. 422
Fig. 15-22, p. 422
Fig. 15-23, p. 423
Fig. 15-23, p. 423
Lancelets (like
Amphioxus)
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishesTunicates Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Recent
135
375
Uro-chordates
Cephalo- chordates
Ancestral vertebrates
500
Millions of years
agoAncestral chordates (probably filter feeders)
Fig. 15-24a, p. 424
Fig. 15-24b, p. 424
Fig. 15-25, p. 425
Fig. 15-26, p. 426
Fig. 15-27, p. 426
Fig. 15-28, p. 426
Fig. 15-29, p. 427
Fig. 15-29, p. 427
Moray eel (1.5 m, 5 ft)
Sunfish (to 2 m, 6.6 ft)
Lionfish (15 cm, 6 in.)
Weedy seadragon
(25 cm, 10 in.)
Scrawled cowfish (10 cm, 4 in.)
Redfish Typical form of
teleost fish (25 cm, 10 in.)
Fig. 15-30a-c, p. 428
Fig. 15-30a-c, p. 428
Disk
Sphere
Teardrop
a
b
c
Fig. 15-30d, p. 428
Fig. 15-31, p. 428
Fig. 15-31, p. 428
1 3
22
Path of motion3
1
a
Eel-like fishes
Moving hinge
1 2
5
3 4
4 3
5 1 2
b Advanced fishes
Path of motion
Fig. 15-32, p. 429
Fig. 15-32, p. 429
Oxygen-enriched blood Oxygen-poor blood
Gill archGill membrane
a
b
c
Fig. 15-33, p. 430
Fig. 15-33a, p. 430
Salinity of fresh water = 00‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–10‰ Internal fluids are
saltier than the surrounding waterWater gain by
osmosis
Does not drink
Salt absorbed by gillsLarge volume of diluted urine removes excess water
a Freshwater fish
Fig. 15-33b, p. 430
Salinity of seawater = 35‰ Salinity of body fluids = 8‰–14‰
External environment is saltier than body fluids
Water loss by osmosis
Drinks seawater
Salt excreted by special glands in gills Very small amount of urine
produced by kidneys to conserve water
b Marine fish
Fig. 15-34, p. 431
Fig. 15-35, p. 432
Fig. 15-36, p. 432
Fig. 15-37, p. 433
Fig. 15-38a, p. 435
Fig. 15-38b, p. 435
Fig. 15-39a, p. 436
Fig. 15-39a, p. 436
Humpback whale
Bowhead whale
Right whale Minke whale
Blue whale
Fin whale
Feeding on krill
Sei whale
Gray whaleMysticetes (baleen whales)
Fig. 15-39b, p. 437
Fig. 15-39b, p. 437
Atlantic white-sided
dolphin
Common dolphin
Harbor porpoise
Killer whale
Beluga whale Bottle-nosed dolphin
False killer whaleCuvier’s beaked
whalePilot whale
Narwhal
Pygmy sperm whale Sperm
whale
Squid
Baird’s beaked whale
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ftOdontocetes (toothed whales)
Fig. 15-40, p. 438
Fig. 15-40, p. 438
Returning echoes
Short high-frequency
sound pulses
Fig. 15-41a, p. 439
Fig. 15-41b, p. 439
Fig. 15-42, p. 439
Fig. 15-43a, p. 440
Fig. 15-43b, p. 440
Fig. 15-44, p. 441
Fig. 15-45, p. 441
Fig. 15-46, p. 442