Fig. 13-CO, p. 347

Fig. 13-1, p. 348

Fig. 13-2, p. 349

Fig. 13-2, p. 349

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

Produces

+ 6 Water (H2O)

+ 6 Oxygen (O2)

6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Fig. 13-2, p. 349

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

Stepped Art

+ 6 Oxygen (O2)

6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

+ 6 Water (H2O)

Produces

Fig. 13-3, p. 350

Fig. 13-3, p. 350

Sun

Light energy

Producers

Photosynthesizers: Green plants and algae, and specialized bacteria

Chemical energy

(carbohydrates, etc.)

Consumers

Respirers:Animals and decomposers and plants at night

Energy of movement,

waste heat, entropy

To space

Fig. 13-3, p. 350

Stepped Art

Sun

Light energy

Producers

Photosynthesizers: Green plants and algae, and specialized bacteria

Chemical energy

(carbohydrates, etc.)

Consumers

Respirers:Animals and decomposers and plants at night

Energy of movement,

waste heat, entropy

To space

Fig. 13-4, p. 350

Fig. 13-4, p. 350

6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

+ 6 Oxygen (O2)

+ 24 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

+ 24 sulfur (S)

+ 18 Water (H2O)

Fig. 13-4, p. 350

Stepped Art

+ 24 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

+ 18 Water (H2O)

6 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

+ 6 Oxygen (O2)

+ 24 sulfur (S)

Fig. 13-5a, p. 351

Fig. 13-5a, p. 351

1 meter

1 meter

CO2 Carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 Glucose

Diatom

Typically, oceanic primary productivity in this water column will bind ~120 grams of carbon into molecules of glucose each year.

a to bottom of ocean

Fig. 13-5b, p. 351

Fig. 13-5c, p. 351

Table 13-1, p. 352

Fig. 13-6a, p. 352

Fig. 13-6b, p. 352

Fig. 13-6b, p. 352

LOW HIGH

Fig. 13-7, p. 353

Fig. 13-8, p. 354

Fig. 13-8, p. 354

Trophic Level

A tuna sandwich 100 g (1/4 pound)

5 For each kilogram of tuna, Tuna (top consumers)

4 roughly 10 kilograms of mid-size fish must be consumed,

Midsize fishes (consumers)

3 and 100 kilograms of small fish,

Small fishes and larvae (consumers)

2 and 1,000 kilograms of small herbivores,

Zooplankton (primary consumers)

1 and 10,000 kilograms of primary producers.

Phytoplankton (primary producers)

Fig. 13-9, p. 355

Fig. 13-9, p. 355

Fifth level top

carnivore Killer Whales

Fourth level

consumers Seals

Third level

consumers Sperm whalePenguins Birds

Baleen whalesSecond level

consumers

Carnivorous zooplankton

Pelagic fishesSquid Demersal fishes

Primary consumers

Copepods Benthic invertebrates

Krill Protozoans

Primary producers Detritus

Microplankton Bacteria Macroalgae

Table 13-2, p. 356

Fig. 13-10, p. 357

Fig. 13-10, p. 357

CO2 in atmosphere to plants for photosynthesis CO2 in the atmosphere

Precipitation

DecomposersRespiration Dissolved

CO2LimestoneCO2 is taken up by phytoplankton for

photosynthesis

Peat coal

Plant residues

Dissolved CO2 forms HCO3

–

DecompositionShells Sediments

Limestone

Fig. 13-11, p. 358

Fig. 13-11, p. 358

Atmospheric nitrogen

Nitrogen fixation by bacteriaNitrogen cycling within the photic zone

RunoffPhotic zone

Producers incorporate nitrogen into amino acids

Nutrient settling

Nutrient upwelling

Runoff: fertilizers, nitrates, plant material

Fig. 13-12, p. 358

Fig. 13-12, p. 358

Mining Fertilizers

Excretion GuanoAgriculture

Uptake by autotrophs

WeatheringUptake by autotrophs

Marine food webs

Dissolved in ocean water

Dissolved in soil water,

lakes, rivers

Land food webs

Leaching, runoff

Death, decomposition

Death, decomposition

Sedimentation Settling out WeatheringUplifting over geologic time

Marine sediments Rocks

Fig. 13-13, p. 360

Fig. 13-13, p. 360

90°NLimiting Factors

Light

Silicon

Phosphorous

45°N Nitrogen

Fe (Iron)

0°

45°S

90°S

90°W 0° 90°E 180°180°

Fig. 13-14, p. 361

Fig. 13-14a, p. 361

Wavelength (nanometers)500 600 700Sea surface

Increasing depth

Ph

oti

c zo

ne

Approximately 600 m (2,000 ft)

Ap

ho

tic

zon

e

a Clear, open ocean water

400

Fig. 13-14b, p. 361

Sea surface 500 600 700

Wavelength (nanometers)

Ph

oti

c

zon

e

Approximately 100 m (330 ft)

Ap

ho

tic

zo

ne

b Coastal ocean water

400

Fig. 13-15, p. 361

Fig. 13-15, p. 361

Depth Enough sunlight for:0 m

Euphotic zone to ~70 meters (230 feet)

Photosynthesis and vision

100 m

200 m

300 m Vision only—Not enough sunlight for photosynthesis

Disphotic zone to ~600 meters (2,000 feet)

400 m

500 m

600 m

No sunlight Aphotic zone below 600 meters (2,000 feet)

Fig. 13-16, p. 362

Fig. 13-16, p. 362

°F °C105 40

Daytime temperatures in some shallow tropical lagoons100

95 35

90Highest surface temperatures in open ocean

3085

80 Common surface temperatures in tropical waters75

25

70Common surface temperatures in subtropical waters

20

65

60 Common surface temperatures in temperate waters

15

5510

50 Common surface temperatures in high-latitude temperate waters

455

40 Surface temperatures in low Arctic and Antarctic waters in summer

35 Surface temperatures of high Arctic and Antarctic waters all year (seawater freezes at –1.9°C)

030

25 Temperature at depths of deepest Antarctic basins

–5

Table 13-3, p. 363

Fig. 13-17, p. 364

Fig. 13-17, p. 364

Water

Dye cube

Day 1 Day 2 Day 5 Day 20

Fig. 13-17, p. 364

Day 1 Day 2 Day 5 Day 20

Water

Dye cube

Stepped Art

Fig. 13-18, p. 365

Fig. 13-18 (top), p. 365

Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane

Outside the cell

Inside the cell

Outside the cell

Inside the cell

Outside the cell

Inside the cell

No net water movement

Net water movement out of the cell

Net water movement into the cell

Fig. 13-18 (bottom), p. 365

Isotonic (no net change in water movement or in shapes of cells)

Hypertonic (water diffuses outward, cells shrivel)

Hypotonic (water diffuses inward, cells swell up)

Fig. 13-19, p. 366

Fig. 13-19a, p. 366

Diffusiona

Fig. 13-19b, p. 366

Osmosisb

Fig. 13-19c, p. 366

“Pump”

Active transportc

Fig. 13-20, p. 366

Fig. 13-20, p. 366

Diameter (cm) 1 2 4

Surface area (cm2) 12.56 50.24

Volume (cm3) 0.52 4.19 33.51

Surface-to-volume ratio 6.0 3.0 1.5

3.14

Fig. 13-21, p. 367

Fig. 13-22, p. 368

Box 13-1a, p. 369

Box 13-1b, p. 369

Box 13-1c, p. 370

Box 13-1d, p. 370

Table a, p. 370

Fig. 13-23, p. 372

Fig. 13-23, p. 372

Jawless fishes Class

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Land-dwelling stem reptiles

Shark

Pectoral fin

Class Reptilia (reptiles)

Ichthyosaur

Flipper (derived from a foreleg)Class Aves (birds)

Class Mammalia (mammals)

Penguin

Flipper (derived from a wing)Dolphin

Flipper (derived from a foreleg)

Fig. 13-24, p. 373

Fig. 13-25, p. 373

Fig. 13-25, p. 373

Complex many-celled organisms and cells with a nucleus: the EUKARYOTES

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Cells with no nucleus: the

PROKARYOTES

Kingdom Archaea

Kingdom Bacteria

Earliest cells

Fig. 13-26, p. 374

Fig. 13-26a, p. 374

Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaTAXON Name of taxon

that includes Rex sole

1 2 3 4 5 6

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Cnidaria

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Annelida Chordata KINGDOM

1 2 3 4 31

Animalia (contains 31

phyla)

Fig. 13-26a, p. 374

PHYLUM CHORDATA

Uro- and Cephalo-chordata Vertebrata PHYLUM

Chordata (contains 3 subphyla)

1 2 3

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

Aves

Chondrichthyes

Mammalia

Reptilia

Amphibia

Agnatha

Osteichthyes SUBPHYLUM

Vertebrata (contains 7

classes)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fig. 13-26b, p. 374

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

Clupeiformes

Gadiformes

Perciformes

Lophiiformes

PleuronectiformesCLASS

Osteichthyes (contains about

37 orders)1 2 3 4 37

ORDER PLEURONECTIFORMES

Psettodidae

Citharidae

Bothidae

Cynoglossidae

Soleidae

Pleuronectidae ORDER

Pleuronectiformes (contains 6

families)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 13-26b, p. 374

FAMILY PLEURONECTIDAE

Hippoglossus

Limanda

Platichthys

Parophrys

GlyptocephalusFAMILY

Pleuronectidae (contains 41

genera)

1 2 34

41

GENUS GLYPTOCEPHALUS

cynoglossus zachirusGENUS

Glyptocephalus (contains 2

species)

1 2SPECIES

zachirus

Witch flounder Rex sole

Table 13-4, p. 375