;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk

;xhstf{ ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

CapEFA sf] ;xof]udf k|sflzt

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Education

Non Formal Education Center

k|fSsyg

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿df hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ hf]8

lbOPsf] 5 . hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s

;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk kb{5g\ . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ;fIf/tf

;Lk ;+u;+u} kf7Øqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,

kfl/jfl/s hLjg, cfocfh{g / s[lif, gful/s r]tgf, dlxnf /

ljsf;, ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f u/L ;ft If]qsf

;fGble{s ;Lk ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;du| ;Lk cGtu{tsf s]xL

ljifoj:t'x? kf7Øqmd tyf sIff÷;q ;~rfngdf 7fpF7fpFdf

;dflji6 ePtf klg ;fIf/tf ;Lk / ;fGble{s ;Lksf] bfFhf]df

;du| ;Lk :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] tYo o'g]:sf]sf]

;xof]udf ;g\ @)!# df ul/Psf] ;fIf/tf kf7Øqmdsf]

k"g/fjnf]sg cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

cTofjZos yk ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;fIf/f]Q/ txsf sIff ;~rfngsf

a]nfdf cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn h:tf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿af6

;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] o; tflnd

k'l:tsfn] ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lk klg ;dflji6 u/]/

kof{Kt dfqfdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{

Jofjxfl/s ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df

hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ljleGg txsf ;fIf/tf sIffaf6 s;/L

k"0f{tf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf xfdL

cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . of] tflnd ;fdu|L cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf, o'g]:sf] sf7df08f}+sf] ;xof]u /

lzIffljb\ k|f= 8f= u0f]z axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;+of]hgsf] ;di6L xf] .

;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb, /rgfTds ;'emfjnfO{ :jfut .

@)&@ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/

o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+

laifo;"rL

;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk=====================================!

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk==============================================================!

;du| ;Lk ======================================================================$

!_ cfTdaf]w =========================================================%

@_ lhDd]jf/L =========================================================^

#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ============================^

$_ cfj]z tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg =============================*

%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf ==============(

^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg =======================!!

&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f =========!@

*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o =========================================!$

(_ cg'e"lt =========================================================!$

!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u ==================================!%

!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg ===============================================!%

!@_ k}/aL ============================================================!%

!#_ g]t[Tj ===========================================================!^

!$_ ;Demf}tf =======================================================!^

!%_ gsfg]{ ==========================================================!&

!^_ k'g:yf{kgf =====================================================!&

!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] =========================================!*

lzIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf ===========================!(

!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 < ===========================@!

@_ clego ==========================================================@!

k|fSsyg

cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿df hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ hf]8

lbOPsf] 5 . hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s

;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk kb{5g\ . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ;fIf/tf

;Lk ;+u;+u} kf7Øqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,

kfl/jfl/s hLjg, cfocfh{g / s[lif, gful/s r]tgf, dlxnf /

ljsf;, ;F:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf :jf:Yo / kf]if0f u/L ;ft If]qsf

;fGble{s ;Lk ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk cGtu{t ;du| ;Lk cGtu{tsf s]xL

ljifoj:t'x? kf7Øqmd tyf sIff÷;q ;~rfngdf 7fpF7fpFdf

;dflji6 ePtf klg ;fIf/tf ;Lk / ;fGble{s ;Lksf] bfFhf]df

;du| ;Lk :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v x'g g;s]sf] tYo o'g]:sf]sf]

;xof]udf ;g\ @)!# df ul/Psf] ;fIf/tf kf7Øqmdsf]

k"g/fjnf]sg cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

cTofjZos yk ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;fIf/f]Q/ txsf sIff ;~rfngsf

a]nfdf cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn h:tf ljljw lqmofsnfkx¿af6

;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] o; tflnd

k'l:tsfn] ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lk klg ;dflji6 u/]/

kof{Kt dfqfdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{

Jofjxfl/s ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/df

hLjgf]kof]uL ;LknfO{ ljleGg txsf ;fIf/tf sIffaf6 s;/L

k"0f{tf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] lgSof]{n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf xfdL

cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . of] tflnd ;fdu|L cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf, o'g]:sf] sf7df08f}+sf] ;xof]u /

lzIffljb\ k|f= 8f= u0f]z axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;+of]hgsf] ;di6L xf] .

;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb, /rgfTds ;'emfjnfO{ :jfut .

@)&@ cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/

o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+

laifo;"rL

;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk=====================================!

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk==============================================================!

;du| ;Lk ======================================================================$

!_ cfTdaf]w =========================================================%

@_ lhDd]jf/L =========================================================^

#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ============================^

$_ cfj]z tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg =============================*

%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf ==============(

^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg =======================!!

&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f =========!@

*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o =========================================!$

(_ cg'e"lt =========================================================!$

!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u ==================================!%

!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg ===============================================!%

!@_ k}/aL ============================================================!%

!#_ g]t[Tj ===========================================================!^

!$_ ;Demf}tf =======================================================!^

!%_ gsfg]{ ==========================================================!&

!^_ k'g:yf{kgf =====================================================!&

!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] =========================================!*

lzIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf ===========================!(

!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 < ===========================@!

@_ clego ==========================================================@!

#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ====================================@!

$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk ======================@@

%_ dfGotf /]vf ====================================================@@

^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <===============================@#

&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]==== ======================@#

*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/=================================================@$

(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk =================================@$

!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/=============================================@$

!!_ @ hf]8 @=======================================================@%

!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf] ==============================================@%

!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f] ==========================================@%

!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of es'08f] ===================================@^

;q ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿ ================================@&

!_ ;q ;+of]hg ====================================================@&

@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g =======================================@&

#_ k|Zg ==============================================================@*

$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg] ================================= @(

%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf =============================================== @(

^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u =========================== #)

&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f ================================================== #)

*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f ============================== #)

(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|z+;f / k|f]T;fxg========================= #!

!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO =============== #!

gd"gf kf7 of]hgf =========================================================#@

;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkn] # k|sf/sf ;Lkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 – ;fIf/tf

;Lk (Literacy skill), ;fGble{s ;Lk (Contextual skill) tyf

;du| ;Lk (Generic skill) . g]kfndf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdsf

kf7\Øqmd tyf kf7\Ø;fdu|Lx¿df ;fIf/tf ;Lk tyf ;fGble{s

;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{G5, t/ ;du| ;Lk :ki6 ?kdf

b]lvb}gg\ .

;du| ;Lk ;fIf/f]Q/ sIff÷;q ;~rfngsf qmddf x'g] k|lqmof

tyf cGt/lqmofaf6 klg ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sIff

;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ / sIff ;~rfngsf qmddf ;du|

;Lkx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;Lkx¿ cfjZos klg x'G5g\ . of] k'l:tsfdf

sIff ;~rfng ;Lkx¿ / ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug]{ ;Lkx¿ b'O

efux¿df 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . oL b'O efux¿df k|a]z

ug'{ cuf8L hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L klg lbOPsf]

5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk

zflAbs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk eGgfn] x/]s

JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;LknfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf

nflu Pp6f JolQmn] n]vk9 ug{ hfGg' g} k¥of] . o;}n] ;fIf/tf

;Lk cfjZos k5{ . dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vk"0f{ afFRg, cfOk/]sf

-!_

#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg ====================================@!

$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk ======================@@

%_ dfGotf /]vf ====================================================@@

^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <===============================@#

&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]==== ======================@#

*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/=================================================@$

(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk =================================@$

!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/=============================================@$

!!_ @ hf]8 @=======================================================@%

!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf] ==============================================@%

!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f] ==========================================@%

!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of es'08f] ===================================@^

;q ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿ ================================@&

!_ ;q ;+of]hg ====================================================@&

@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g =======================================@&

#_ k|Zg ==============================================================@*

$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg] ================================= @(

%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf =============================================== @(

^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u =========================== #)

&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f ================================================== #)

*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f ============================== #)

(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|z+;f / k|f]T;fxg========================= #!

!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO =============== #!

gd"gf kf7 of]hgf =========================================================#@

;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkn] # k|sf/sf ;Lkx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b5 – ;fIf/tf

;Lk (Literacy skill), ;fGble{s ;Lk (Contextual skill) tyf

;du| ;Lk (Generic skill) . g]kfndf ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmdsf

kf7\Øqmd tyf kf7\Ø;fdu|Lx¿df ;fIf/tf ;Lk tyf ;fGble{s

;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfO{G5, t/ ;du| ;Lk :ki6 ?kdf

b]lvb}gg\ .

;du| ;Lk ;fIf/f]Q/ sIff÷;q ;~rfngsf qmddf x'g] k|lqmof

tyf cGt/lqmofaf6 klg ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sIff

;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ / sIff ;~rfngsf qmddf ;du|

;Lkx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;Lkx¿ cfjZos klg x'G5g\ . of] k'l:tsfdf

sIff ;~rfng ;Lkx¿ / ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug]{ ;Lkx¿ b'O

efux¿df 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . oL b'O efux¿df k|a]z

ug'{ cuf8L hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L klg lbOPsf]

5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk

zflAbs ?kdf eGg] xf] eg] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk eGgfn] x/]s

JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;LknfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf

nflu Pp6f JolQmn] n]vk9 ug{ hfGg' g} k¥of] . o;}n] ;fIf/tf

;Lk cfjZos k5{ . dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vk"0f{ afFRg, cfOk/]sf

-!_

r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{, :j:Yo / :jR5 hLjg afFRg ljljw 1fg /

;Lkx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . h:t} pBdzLntf, cfo cfh{g, :jf:Yo

tyf ;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf cflb h:tf

ljifout 1fg / To;sf] pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . o:tf

;Lkx¿ ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ 5gf}6 ubf{

;xeflux¿sf] ljz]if cfjZostf / pgLx¿sf] ;fd'bflos

jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/]/ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'

kb{5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ !(^) tfsf g} kl/eflift

u/]sf lyP / o;sf] …dgf];fdflhs IfdtfÚsf ?kdf JolQmTj

ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() tfsf

Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;sf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\b} hfFbf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf]

;a}nfO{ cfjZos x'g] b]lvof] . Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\; af/]df

Jofks?kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ePtfklg o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g]x¿sf]

;+Vof lgoGq0f gx'Fbf s] tYo cufl8 cfof] eg] 1fg cfjZos tTj

t xf], t/ 1fg lbP/ dfq} Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg kof{Kt x'Fb}g .

Pr=cfO=eL÷P8\; af/] ul/Psf] Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/n] To;af/] 1fg

lbg] sfd t u¥of], t/ eg]sf] / ;'g]sf] e/df dfq} w]/} dflg;x¿n]

cfk\mgf] of}g Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ 5fF6 b]lvPg . o;}n] ljZn]if0f

ug]{, ;Defjgfx¿ vf]Hg], gsfg]{ -jf gfOF eGg]_, bjfj e]mNg ;Sg],

k|lt/f]w ug]{, cg'e"lt h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvof] .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgf ]kof]uL ;LknfO{ …;Lko'Qm :jf:Yo

lzIffÚ df hf]8\b} o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, æb}lgs hLjgdf

cfOkg]{ dfu tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Djf]wg ug{sf

nflu cg"s'lnt tyf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf g}

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] .Æ o;}n] :j:y hLjgz}nL tyf cj:yf

lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 1fg, wf/0ff tyf ljz]if u/]/ cfjZos ;du|

;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿af6 ljljw vfnsf

l;sfO cg'ejx¿ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

o'g]:sf] -@)!@_ n] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk leq ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s

;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk oL ltgj6}sf] ;+of]hg x'G5 eg]sf] 5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ljifo jf ;Lkx¿sf] ;d"x

xf]Og h'g Pp6f cd"t{ tyf ;}4flGts tl/sfn] l;sfpg ;lsG5 .

;fIf/tf ;LknfO{ k9\g], n]Vg] / lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ?kdf

dfq} x]l/g' x'Fb}g . of] JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu

cfjZos ;+1fgfTds ;Lk xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . o;af6

;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] tyf ;fdflhs

hfu?stf / ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

To:t} ul/sg ;fGble{s ;Lk s'g} lglZrt kl/j]z;+u ufFl;Psf

b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos ;Lkx¿ x'g\ h:t} :jf:Yo, n}lËs

;dfgtf, jftfj/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g cflb . ;du| ;Lk Jofks x'G5,

h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg cfjZos x'G5 h:t} lg0f{o Ifdtf,

;d:of ;dfwfg, ;d"xut sfo{, ;~rf/, ;Djfb, ;+hfn, ljZn]if0f

cflb .

-@_ -#_

r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{, :j:Yo / :jR5 hLjg afFRg ljljw 1fg /

;Lkx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ . h:t} pBdzLntf, cfo cfh{g, :jf:Yo

tyf ;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf cflb h:tf

ljifout 1fg / To;sf] pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . o:tf

;Lkx¿ ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . ;fGble{s ;Lkx¿ 5gf}6 ubf{

;xeflux¿sf] ljz]if cfjZostf / pgLx¿sf] ;fd'bflos

jftfj/0fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/]/ cfjZos ;Lkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g'

kb{5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk dgf]j}1flgsx¿n] ;g\ !(^) tfsf g} kl/eflift

u/]sf lyP / o;sf] …dgf];fdflhs IfdtfÚsf ?kdf JolQmTj

ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(() tfsf

Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;sf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\b} hfFbf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf]

;a}nfO{ cfjZos x'g] b]lvof] . Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\; af/]df

Jofks?kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ePtfklg o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g]x¿sf]

;+Vof lgoGq0f gx'Fbf s] tYo cufl8 cfof] eg] 1fg cfjZos tTj

t xf], t/ 1fg lbP/ dfq} Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u/fpg kof{Kt x'Fb}g .

Pr=cfO=eL÷P8\; af/] ul/Psf] Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/n] To;af/] 1fg

lbg] sfd t u¥of], t/ eg]sf] / ;'g]sf] e/df dfq} w]/} dflg;x¿n]

cfk\mgf] of}g Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ 5fF6 b]lvPg . o;}n] ljZn]if0f

ug]{, ;Defjgfx¿ vf]Hg], gsfg]{ -jf gfOF eGg]_, bjfj e]mNg ;Sg],

k|lt/f]w ug]{, cg'e"lt h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvof] .

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgf ]kof]uL ;LknfO{ …;Lko'Qm :jf:Yo

lzIffÚ df hf]8\b} o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, æb}lgs hLjgdf

cfOkg]{ dfu tyf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Djf]wg ug{sf

nflu cg"s'lnt tyf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf g}

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] .Æ o;}n] :j:y hLjgz}nL tyf cj:yf

lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 1fg, wf/0ff tyf ljz]if u/]/ cfjZos ;du|

;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx¿af6 ljljw vfnsf

l;sfO cg'ejx¿ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

o'g]:sf] -@)!@_ n] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk leq ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s

;Lk tyf ;du| ;Lk oL ltgj6}sf] ;+of]hg x'G5 eg]sf] 5 .

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ljifo jf ;Lkx¿sf] ;d"x

xf]Og h'g Pp6f cd"t{ tyf ;}4flGts tl/sfn] l;sfpg ;lsG5 .

;fIf/tf ;LknfO{ k9\g], n]Vg] / lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf ?kdf

dfq} x]l/g' x'Fb}g . of] JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu

cfjZos ;+1fgfTds ;Lk xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . o;af6

;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] tyf ;fdflhs

hfu?stf / ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

To:t} ul/sg ;fGble{s ;Lk s'g} lglZrt kl/j]z;+u ufFl;Psf

b}lgs hLjgdf cfjZos ;Lkx¿ x'g\ h:t} :jf:Yo, n}lËs

;dfgtf, jftfj/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g cflb . ;du| ;Lk Jofks x'G5,

h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg cfjZos x'G5 h:t} lg0f{o Ifdtf,

;d:of ;dfwfg, ;d"xut sfo{, ;~rf/, ;Djfb, ;+hfn, ljZn]if0f

cflb .

-@_ -#_

;du| (Generic Skills)

;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ljifoj:t'x¿ l;sfpg] / 1fg lbg] cEof;

oy]i6 dfqfdf kfO{G5 . tL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;fGble{s tyf

cTofjZos klg x'G5g\ . t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f k|fKt

hfgsf/L tyf 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ptf/]sf] sd} dfq

kfO{G5 . of] ;Gtf]ifhgs s'/f xf]Og . o;f] x'g'sf sf/0f ;fIf/tf

sfo{qmdn] s'g} Ps jf b'O{j6f ;LknfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] / csf]{

;LknfO{ Wofg glbg] ugf{n] klg x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h:t}M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fIf/tf dfq} jf ;fIf/tf / ;fGble{s

;Lkx¿nfO{ dfq} a9L k|d'vtf lbP/ ;du| ;LknfO{ sd Wofg

lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;du| ;Lkdf Wofg sd lbgfn] l;s]sf s'/f

Jojxf/df cfpg ;Sb}g . kmn:j?k l;s]sf s'/fsf] b}lgs

hLjgdf sd pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, ;fIf/tf tyf

;fGble{s ;Lkx? ;+u} ;du| ;LknfO{ klg ;dfof]hg u/]/ nUg'

cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;du| ;Lk ljljw cj:yf / ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿ x'g\ .

of] ljifout eGbf Jojxf/hGo x'G5 . cj:yf x]/]/ Ps eGbf a9L

;du| ;Lkx¿ Ps} k6s pkof]udf cfPsf klg x'G5g\ . To;} u/]/

Pp6} ;Gbe{df klg Ps eGbf a9L ;du| ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg klg

;lsG5 . sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;r]t eP/ p2]Zok"0f{ ?kn]

hf]l8Psf] rfFlx x'g}kb{5 .

s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;+If]kdf tn JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ -

cfrfo{, @)!#Ù www.uwex.edu, 2015_ M

!_ cfTdaf]w (Self awareness)

cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf] af/]df k|i6 wf/0ff jf 1fg x'g' g} cfTdaf]w jf

cfTd hfu?stf xf] . cfTdaf]w x'g' eg]sf] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf,

sdhf]/L, ;an kIf, ;f]r, ljrf/, ljZjf;, dfGotf, pTk|]/0ff tyf

cfj]zx¿af/] 1fg x'g' xf] . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ a' \́gsf ;fy}

cfk'm Pj+ cfk\mgf k|j[lQ tyf cfk\mgf] Jojxf/af/] c¿x¿sf] wf/0ff

a'e\mg d2t u5{ . cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;f]r

ljrf/, a'emfO{, k|j[lQx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfk\mgf]

a'emfO{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfk\mgf cfj]zx¿nfO{ klg

;DxfNg Pj+ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ;kmntfsf] lglDt

cfTdaf]w dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . cfk\mgf] JolQmTj / afgL÷Jojxf/df

cfk\mgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ cEof;af6 cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf; ug{

;lsG5 . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ :jLsfg{ / c?sf] cfb/ ug]{ afgL

a;fNg d2t u5{ . Ps csf{sf] cl:tTj / ljleGgtfnfO{ :jLsfg{

;Sg] agfpF5 . c?nfO{ cfb/ ug'{ Pj+ :jLsfg'{ eg]sf] pgLx¿sf]

ljrf/ ;'Gg', efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{, pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, k|ltef,

;do tyf ef}lts kl/j]zsf] ;d]t sb/ ug'{ xf] . cyf{t\ c?af6

cfFk'mn] h:tf] cfb/, efj, sb/, :jLsf/f]lQmsf] ck]Iff /fVb5f}+

c?nfO{ klg cfk'mn] ;f]lx ug]{5f}+ .

-%_ -$_ -$_

;du| (Generic Skills)

;fIf/tf sfo{qmdx¿df ljifoj:t'x¿ l;sfpg] / 1fg lbg] cEof;

oy]i6 dfqfdf kfO{G5 . tL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;fGble{s tyf

cTofjZos klg x'G5g\ . t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f k|fKt

hfgsf/L tyf 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ptf/]sf] sd} dfq

kfO{G5 . of] ;Gtf]ifhgs s'/f xf]Og . o;f] x'g'sf sf/0f ;fIf/tf

sfo{qmdn] s'g} Ps jf b'O{j6f ;LknfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] / csf]{

;LknfO{ Wofg glbg] ugf{n] klg x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . h:t}M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fIf/tf dfq} jf ;fIf/tf / ;fGble{s

;Lkx¿nfO{ dfq} a9L k|d'vtf lbP/ ;du| ;LknfO{ sd Wofg

lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;du| ;Lkdf Wofg sd lbgfn] l;s]sf s'/f

Jojxf/df cfpg ;Sb}g . kmn:j?k l;s]sf s'/fsf] b}lgs

hLjgdf sd pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{, ;fIf/tf tyf

;fGble{s ;Lkx? ;+u} ;du| ;LknfO{ klg ;dfof]hg u/]/ nUg'

cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

;du| ;Lk ljljw cj:yf / ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿ x'g\ .

of] ljifout eGbf Jojxf/hGo x'G5 . cj:yf x]/]/ Ps eGbf a9L

;du| ;Lkx¿ Ps} k6s pkof]udf cfPsf klg x'G5g\ . To;} u/]/

Pp6} ;Gbe{df klg Ps eGbf a9L ;du| ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg klg

;lsG5 . sIffx¿df ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;r]t eP/ p2]Zok"0f{ ?kn]

hf]l8Psf] rfFlx x'g}kb{5 .

s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;+If]kdf tn JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ -

cfrfo{, @)!#Ù www.uwex.edu, 2015_ M

!_ cfTdaf]w (Self awareness)

cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf] af/]df k|i6 wf/0ff jf 1fg x'g' g} cfTdaf]w jf

cfTd hfu?stf xf] . cfTdaf]w x'g' eg]sf] cfk\mgf] Ifdtf,

sdhf]/L, ;an kIf, ;f]r, ljrf/, ljZjf;, dfGotf, pTk|]/0ff tyf

cfj]zx¿af/] 1fg x'g' xf] . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ a' \́gsf ;fy}

cfk'm Pj+ cfk\mgf k|j[lQ tyf cfk\mgf] Jojxf/af/] c¿x¿sf] wf/0ff

a'e\mg d2t u5{ . cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;f]r

ljrf/, a'emfO{, k|j[lQx¿nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfk\mgf]

a'emfO{df kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfk\mgf cfj]zx¿nfO{ klg

;DxfNg Pj+ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ;kmntfsf] lglDt

cfTdaf]w dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . cfk\mgf] JolQmTj / afgL÷Jojxf/df

cfk\mgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug]{ cEof;af6 cfTdaf]wsf] ljsf; ug{

;lsG5 . cfTdaf]wn] c?nfO{ :jLsfg{ / c?sf] cfb/ ug]{ afgL

a;fNg d2t u5{ . Ps csf{sf] cl:tTj / ljleGgtfnfO{ :jLsfg{

;Sg] agfpF5 . c?nfO{ cfb/ ug'{ Pj+ :jLsfg'{ eg]sf] pgLx¿sf]

ljrf/ ;'Gg', efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{, pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, k|ltef,

;do tyf ef}lts kl/j]zsf] ;d]t sb/ ug'{ xf] . cyf{t\ c?af6

cfFk'mn] h:tf] cfb/, efj, sb/, :jLsf/f]lQmsf] ck]Iff /fVb5f}+

c?nfO{ klg cfk'mn] ;f]lx ug]{5f}+ .

-%_ -$_ -$_

@_ lhDd]jf/L (Responsibility)

lhDd]jf/L clwsf/ eGbf cufl8 cfpg] tTj xf] . oBlk lhDd]jf/L

clwsf/sf] k"/s xf] . t;y{ lhDd]jf/Lkgn] csf{sf] clwsf/sf]

sb/ ub}{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfk\mgf]

lhDd]jf/L s] xf], To;sf] dxTj, To;sf] ;fy{s lgjf{x / gu/]df

kg]{ c;/ af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .

#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ (Interpersonal

relation and communication)

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk o:tf] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] h'g xfdL x/]s

lbg cGo JolQm jf ;d"x;+u 3/, kl/jf/, ahf/, sfof{no,

;fd'bflos s[ofsnfk, OToflbdf s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb jf cGt/s[of

ubf{ k|of]u u5f}+ . t;y{ of] geO gx'g] ;Lk xf] / xfdL;+u of] x'G5

g} . aRrfa]nf b]lv g} cr]tgf d} xfdL leq of] ;Lksf] ljsf;

eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ;Lk s:tf]

x'g' kg]{ xf] < eGg] k|Zg klg ;+w} g} /lx/xG5 .

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk /fd|f] x'g] JolQmsf] Jofj;flos Pj+ JolQmut

hLjg ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf a9L g} /xG5 . cGt/a}olQms ;Lk

leq ljleGg tTjx¿ kb{5g\ lsgls o;n] JolQmsf] hLjgsf] 7"n}

lx:;f ;d]6\5 . h:t} xfd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;~rf/ (Interpersonal

communication) sf] u'0f:t/n] w]/} dfqfdf cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw

(Interpersonal relation) sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ d"Vo d"Vo kIfx¿ lgDg x'g\ .

s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] s] eg]+ < s;/L eg]+ <

v_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] gaf]lnsg} jf zAbsf] k|of]u

gul/sg} d]/f] cfFvf jf z/L/sf] xfpefpaf6 s] ;+jfb

u/]+ <

u_ ;'gfO ;Lk M c?n] df}lvs jf cdf}lvs dfWodaf6

lbPsf] ;'rgf jf ;+b]znfO{ s;/L a'e]+m <

3_ ;Demf}tf jftf{ M d}n] ;a} -d / csf]{ kIf÷JolQm_ nfO{

dfGo x'g] kl/0ffd glthf k|fKt ug{ c?;+u 5nkmn jf

;+jfb u/]+ .

ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{, ;d:ofnfO{

kl/eflift ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ c? -JolQm jf

;d"x_ ;+u} a;]/ sfd u/]+ .

r_ lg0f{o Ifdtf M ;lx lg0f{o lngsf lglDt ljsNkx¿sf]

vf]lh u/]+ .

-^_ -&_ -^_

@_ lhDd]jf/L (Responsibility)

lhDd]jf/L clwsf/ eGbf cufl8 cfpg] tTj xf] . oBlk lhDd]jf/L

clwsf/sf] k"/s xf] . t;y{ lhDd]jf/Lkgn] csf{sf] clwsf/sf]

sb/ ub}{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfk\mgf]

lhDd]jf/L s] xf], To;sf] dxTj, To;sf] ;fy{s lgjf{x / gu/]df

kg]{ c;/ af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .

#_ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ (Interpersonal

relation and communication)

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk o:tf] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk xf] h'g xfdL x/]s

lbg cGo JolQm jf ;d"x;+u 3/, kl/jf/, ahf/, sfof{no,

;fd'bflos s[ofsnfk, OToflbdf s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb jf cGt/s[of

ubf{ k|of]u u5f}+ . t;y{ of] geO gx'g] ;Lk xf] / xfdL;+u of] x'G5

g} . aRrfa]nf b]lv g} cr]tgf d} xfdL leq of] ;Lksf] ljsf;

eO/x]sf] x'G5 . t/ cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ ;Lk s:tf]

x'g' kg]{ xf] < eGg] k|Zg klg ;+w} g} /lx/xG5 .

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk /fd|f] x'g] JolQmsf] Jofj;flos Pj+ JolQmut

hLjg ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf a9L g} /xG5 . cGt/a}olQms ;Lk

leq ljleGg tTjx¿ kb{5g\ lsgls o;n] JolQmsf] hLjgsf] 7"n}

lx:;f ;d]6\5 . h:t} xfd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;~rf/ (Interpersonal

communication) sf] u'0f:t/n] w]/} dfqfdf cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw

(Interpersonal relation) sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ .

cGt/a}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ d"Vo d"Vo kIfx¿ lgDg x'g\ .

s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] s] eg]+ < s;/L eg]+ <

v_ cdf}lvs ;~rf/ M d}n] gaf]lnsg} jf zAbsf] k|of]u

gul/sg} d]/f] cfFvf jf z/L/sf] xfpefpaf6 s] ;+jfb

u/]+ <

u_ ;'gfO ;Lk M c?n] df}lvs jf cdf}lvs dfWodaf6

lbPsf] ;'rgf jf ;+b]znfO{ s;/L a'e]+m <

3_ ;Demf}tf jftf{ M d}n] ;a} -d / csf]{ kIf÷JolQm_ nfO{

dfGo x'g] kl/0ffd glthf k|fKt ug{ c?;+u 5nkmn jf

;+jfb u/]+ .

ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{, ;d:ofnfO{

kl/eflift ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ c? -JolQm jf

;d"x_ ;+u} a;]/ sfd u/]+ .

r_ lg0f{o Ifdtf M ;lx lg0f{o lngsf lglDt ljsNkx¿sf]

vf]lh u/]+ .

-^_ -&_ -^_

$_ cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{ ;DxfNg' jf Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Coping

with emotions and stress)

cfk\mgf lzIffyL{x¿÷;xeflux¿sf cfj]z, ;f]r, larf/ tyf

s[ofsnfkx¿af/] vf]lh u/]df pgLx¿sf] cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{

Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿

x'G5g\ . lagf sf/0f sf]xL klg cfj]zdf cfpFb}gg\ jf tgfau|:t

x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{ ;xhstf{n] tL sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

cfk\mgf ;xefuLx¿sf cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿ a'́ \g

pgLx¿;+u /fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ sfod ug{

;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f]

u/]df pgLx¿df lglxt cfj]z tyf tgfjx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds

tj/af6 Joj:yfkg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

/fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] lglDt cfk'mdf k|efjsf/L

cGt/a}olQms ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g' k5{ . t;y{ cfk'm jf

cfk\mgf ;xeflusf] cfj]z / tgfjaf/] a' \́g lgDg k|Zgsf

pQ/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

s_ s] n] d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ tgfju|:t agfof] <

v_ d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf s:tf]

cg'e"lt eO/x]5 -nflu/x]5_ <

u_ tgfju|:t x'Fbf d}n]÷ltdLn]÷tkfFO{+n] s:tf] Jojxf/

b]vfpF5'÷b]vfpF5f}+÷b]vfpg'x'G5 < -cyf{t\ tgfju|:t

x'Fbf s] s] ul/G5 <_

3_ cfFk'mnfO{ cfglGbt kfg{ s] u/]+÷u¥of}+÷ug'{eof] <

gsf/fTds cfj]z jf ;+j]u jf dgf]efj cfk\mgf]

b}lglsnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{ u/L clgolGqt x'Fbf ;+j]ufTds

tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . ;+j]ufTds tgfj lgDg ! jf !

eGbf a9L gsf/fTds cfj]z÷;+j]u;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 M

!_ 8/ @_ alxisf/ #_ lrGtf÷kL/ $_ /L;

%_ Oiof{ ^_ cfnf]rgf &_ 3d08 jf cx+sf/ -c?n]

cfk\mg} u'0fufg ufpg\ / cfk'mnfO{ g} :jLsf?g\ eGg]

cfbt_ / *_ 3[0ff֌]if .

%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf (Critical

thinking and decision making)

cfk\mgf ljrf/, egfO, hjfkm, OToflbnfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg

ug]{ / sf/0f ;lxt lg0f{o lng] cEof; jf snfnfO{

;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]/ a'lemG5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/,

egfO, pQ/ OToflbnfO{ ;'wfg{ ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg

ul/G5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/, tyf egfOx¿sf] ljZn]if0f /

d"NofÍgn] …s'g} klg ljrf/ lsg cfP <Ú …pQm ljrf/sf] kl/0ffd

-*_ -(_

$_ cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{ ;DxfNg' jf Joj:yfkg ug'{ (Coping

with emotions and stress)

cfk\mgf lzIffyL{x¿÷;xeflux¿sf cfj]z, ;f]r, larf/ tyf

s[ofsnfkx¿af/] vf]lh u/]df pgLx¿sf] cfj]z tyf tgfjnfO{

Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿

x'G5g\ . lagf sf/0f sf]xL klg cfj]zdf cfpFb}gg\ jf tgfau|:t

x'Fb}gg\ . t;y{ ;xhstf{n] tL sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 .

cfk\mgf ;xefuLx¿sf cfj]z tyf tgfjsf sf/0fx¿ a'́ \g

pgLx¿;+u /fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/ sfod ug{

;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f]

u/]df pgLx¿df lglxt cfj]z tyf tgfjx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds

tj/af6 Joj:yfkg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

/fd|f] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] lglDt cfk'mdf k|efjsf/L

cGt/a}olQms ;Lksf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g' k5{ . t;y{ cfk'm jf

cfk\mgf ;xeflusf] cfj]z / tgfjaf/] a' \́g lgDg k|Zgsf

pQ/x¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

s_ s] n] d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ tgfju|:t agfof] <

v_ d÷ltdL÷tkfFO{+nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ?kdf s:tf]

cg'e"lt eO/x]5 -nflu/x]5_ <

u_ tgfju|:t x'Fbf d}n]÷ltdLn]÷tkfFO{+n] s:tf] Jojxf/

b]vfpF5'÷b]vfpF5f}+÷b]vfpg'x'G5 < -cyf{t\ tgfju|:t

x'Fbf s] s] ul/G5 <_

3_ cfFk'mnfO{ cfglGbt kfg{ s] u/]+÷u¥of}+÷ug'{eof] <

gsf/fTds cfj]z jf ;+j]u jf dgf]efj cfk\mgf]

b}lglsnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{ u/L clgolGqt x'Fbf ;+j]ufTds

tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . ;+j]ufTds tgfj lgDg ! jf !

eGbf a9L gsf/fTds cfj]z÷;+j]u;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 M

!_ 8/ @_ alxisf/ #_ lrGtf÷kL/ $_ /L;

%_ Oiof{ ^_ cfnf]rgf &_ 3d08 jf cx+sf/ -c?n]

cfk\mg} u'0fufg ufpg\ / cfk'mnfO{ g} :jLsf?g\ eGg]

cfbt_ / *_ 3[0ff֌]if .

%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg tyf lg0f{o Ifdtf (Critical

thinking and decision making)

cfk\mgf ljrf/, egfO, hjfkm, OToflbnfO{ ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg

ug]{ / sf/0f ;lxt lg0f{o lng] cEof; jf snfnfO{

;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg eg]/ a'lemG5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/,

egfO, pQ/ OToflbnfO{ ;'wfg{ ltgsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"NofÍg

ul/G5 . cfk\mgf ;f]r, ljrf/, tyf egfOx¿sf] ljZn]if0f /

d"NofÍgn] …s'g} klg ljrf/ lsg cfP <Ú …pQm ljrf/sf] kl/0ffd

-*_ -(_

jf c;/ s] x'g]5 <Ú eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]H5 . o:tf

pQ/x¿n] cfTdaf]w u/fpg] sfd klg u5{ / sf/0f ;lxt ;xL

lg0f{o lng klg d2t u5{ . t;y{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg / lg0f{o

IfdtfaLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw x'G5 .

;+j]ufTds tgfjn] ;lx lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfdf x«f;

NofOlbG5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg k|s[of Tolta]nf dfq ;an

x'G5 h'ga]nf JolQm tgfa /lxt x'G5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L lg0f{o

lng] ;Lksf] lglDt ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r tyf tgfa /lxt

dgl:ylt b'j}sf] cfjZostf k5{ . lg0f{o lng' eg]sf] ! eGbf a9L

ljsNkx¿af6 s'g} ! jf ! eGbf a9L ljsNk 5fGg' xf] . o;/L

5fGg' kbf{ x/]s ljsNksf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿af/]

yfxf kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ef/

tf}ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ltgsf] ;DefJo kl/0ffdx¿ cfFsng ug{ ;Sg]

x'g' k5{ . o;nfO{ s;}n] hf]lvd d"NofÍg klg eGb5g\ . oL ;a}

ul/;s] kl5 pQd ljsNk /f]Hg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ ;lx lg0f{o lng

;lsG5 . of] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg s} Ps kf6f] klg xf] .

^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg (Conflict resolution

and problem solving)

;d:of cfk'mn] rfx]sf] cj:yf / x'g uO/x]sf] jf eO /x]sf]

cj:yf ljrsf] leGgtf xf] . cyf{t\ s] eof] / s] x'g' kYof]{ eGg]

ljrsf] leGgtf . leGg leGg cfjZostf ljr åGb l;h{gf x'g

;Sb5 . c;xdlt eGbf åGb cem uxg xf] .

åGb k|foM a}rfl/s leGgtf xf] . åGb JolQm JolQm jf ;d"x

;b:ox¿aLrsf] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGwsf] Pp6f kIf klg xf] .

xfdLx¿ s'g} klg ljifo jf d'2fnfO{ cf–cfk\mgf wf/0ffx¿sf

cfwf/df ;+jf]wg u5f}{+ . o;y{ ;a}hgf jf b'O hgf JolQmx¿ klg

Pp6} ljrf/df ;xdt x'G5g\ eg]/ eGg ;ls+b}g . t;y{ åGb

;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . t/ åGbnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g . j]jf:tf ub}{ uof]

eg] åGb rls{b}+ hfG5 . åGbn] gsf/fTds Pj+ s8f cfj]zx¿nfO{

pAhfOlbG5 . cGttM o;n] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, ;DaGw Pj+

cj:yf gsf/fTds agfpFb} n}hfG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg h?/L

x'G5 . oBlk åGb ;'wf/ Pj+ k|ultsf] lglDt cj;/ klg xf] .

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf klg ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] ;xof]u

u5{ . lsgls ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;d:of JolQmdf jf cGo

st} 5 ls < jf JolQmsf] 3d08 jf cx+sf/df kf] ;d:of 5 ls <

OToflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]lhG5 h;n] ;d:ofsf] r'/f] kQf

nufpg d2t u5{ . ;fy} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{

;|f]t tyf ;fwg sxfF pknAw 5g\ / tL s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5

eGg] klg ;d:ofaf/] ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ljdz{ u¥of] eg] kQf

nfUb5 . t;y{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf cfk\mgf ;an / b'a{n

kIfx¿, pknAw cj;/x¿, / ;DefJo cK7]/fx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug]{

-!)_ -!!_

jf c;/ s] x'g]5 <Ú eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]H5 . o:tf

pQ/x¿n] cfTdaf]w u/fpg] sfd klg u5{ / sf/0f ;lxt ;xL

lg0f{o lng klg d2t u5{ . t;y{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg / lg0f{o

IfdtfaLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw x'G5 .

;+j]ufTds tgfjn] ;lx lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtfdf x«f;

NofOlbG5 . ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg k|s[of Tolta]nf dfq ;an

x'G5 h'ga]nf JolQm tgfa /lxt x'G5 . t;y{ k|efjsf/L lg0f{o

lng] ;Lksf] lglDt ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]r tyf tgfa /lxt

dgl:ylt b'j}sf] cfjZostf k5{ . lg0f{o lng' eg]sf] ! eGbf a9L

ljsNkx¿af6 s'g} ! jf ! eGbf a9L ljsNk 5fGg' xf] . o;/L

5fGg' kbf{ x/]s ljsNksf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿af/]

yfxf kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tL ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ef/

tf}ng' kg]{ x'G5 . ltgsf] ;DefJo kl/0ffdx¿ cfFsng ug{ ;Sg]

x'g' k5{ . o;nfO{ s;}n] hf]lvd d"NofÍg klg eGb5g\ . oL ;a}

ul/;s] kl5 pQd ljsNk /f]Hg ;lsG5 . cyf{t\ ;lx lg0f{o lng

;lsG5 . of] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg s} Ps kf6f] klg xf] .

^_ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfg (Conflict resolution

and problem solving)

;d:of cfk'mn] rfx]sf] cj:yf / x'g uO/x]sf] jf eO /x]sf]

cj:yf ljrsf] leGgtf xf] . cyf{t\ s] eof] / s] x'g' kYof]{ eGg]

ljrsf] leGgtf . leGg leGg cfjZostf ljr åGb l;h{gf x'g

;Sb5 . c;xdlt eGbf åGb cem uxg xf] .

åGb k|foM a}rfl/s leGgtf xf] . åGb JolQm JolQm jf ;d"x

;b:ox¿aLrsf] cGt/a}olQms ;DaGwsf] Pp6f kIf klg xf] .

xfdLx¿ s'g} klg ljifo jf d'2fnfO{ cf–cfk\mgf wf/0ffx¿sf

cfwf/df ;+jf]wg u5f}{+ . o;y{ ;a}hgf jf b'O hgf JolQmx¿ klg

Pp6} ljrf/df ;xdt x'G5g\ eg]/ eGg ;ls+b}g . t;y{ åGb

;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . t/ åGbnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g . j]jf:tf ub}{ uof]

eg] åGb rls{b}+ hfG5 . åGbn] gsf/fTds Pj+ s8f cfj]zx¿nfO{

pAhfOlbG5 . cGttM o;n] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, ;DaGw Pj+

cj:yf gsf/fTds agfpFb} n}hfG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg h?/L

x'G5 . oBlk åGb ;'wf/ Pj+ k|ultsf] lglDt cj;/ klg xf] .

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf klg ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgn] ;xof]u

u5{ . lsgls ;d:ofnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;d:of JolQmdf jf cGo

st} 5 ls < jf JolQmsf] 3d08 jf cx+sf/df kf] ;d:of 5 ls <

OToflb k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]lhG5 h;n] ;d:ofsf] r'/f] kQf

nufpg d2t u5{ . ;fy} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{

;|f]t tyf ;fwg sxfF pknAw 5g\ / tL s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5

eGg] klg ;d:ofaf/] ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ljdz{ u¥of] eg] kQf

nfUb5 . t;y{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ qmddf cfk\mgf ;an / b'a{n

kIfx¿, pknAw cj;/x¿, / ;DefJo cK7]/fx¿af/] ljZn]if0f ug]{

-!)_ -!!_

ul/G5 . cGtdf sf/0f ;lxt pQd ljsNk 5fg]/ ;d:ofsf]

;dfwfg ul/G5 .

&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f (Goal

setting for productivity and success)

s'g} klg kfl/jfl/s, JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs cj:yfnfO{ Ps

7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF k'¥ofpg nIf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cyf{t\ eO /x]sf]

cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofP/ /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'Ug kl/jf/ jf JolQm jf

;d"x jf ;+u7gn] sxfF k'Ug] jf s:tf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] eGg] lgSof}{n

ub{5 . ;f] lgSof}{n g} nIf xf] . elgG5 hlt pRr nIf /fVof] Tolt

g} pRr ;kmntf kfOG5 lsgls pQm nIf k|flKtsf lglDt x/bd

k|oTgzLn xf]OG5 . ;fy} pRr nIf k|flKtsf] lglDt ul/g] k|oTg

klg s8f g} x'G5 . lkmtnf] k|oTgn] pRr nIf xflzn ug{

;ls+b}g .

nIf lgwf{/0fn] ;Gtf]if lbG5 . k|oTgn] ;'wf/ pGd'v u/fpF5 .

;'wf/ b]lv+b} uPkl5 pTk|]/0ffsf] tx a9\b} hfG5 . of] qmdn]

lg/Gt/tf kfpg' eg]sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g' xf] . rfx] Tof]

cfk\mgf] sfd ug]{ z}nL xf];\ jf sfddf lbg] ;do xf];\ jf s'g}

j:t'sf] pTkfbg . pTkfbsTj a9]kl5 ;kmntf klg xfl;n x'G5 .

JolQmut txdf nIf lgwf{/0f ug'{ eGbf ;fd"lxs ?kdf nIf

lgwf{/0f ug'{ s]xL hl6n x'G5 . ToxfF ;a} ;b:osf rf;f],

OR5fx¿nfO{ Ps h'6 agfpg' kg]{ x'Fbf nIf lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf

hl6ntf ylkG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf

;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/]/ g} hl6ntfx¿nfO{ ;DxfNg] jf ;'Nemfpg] ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;du| ;Lkx¿ h'g;'s} a]nf hxfF

klg k|of]u x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ tL Ps csf{;+u k|foM ufFl;g

cfOk'U5g\ .

nIfsf klg cfk\mgf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} xfdLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{

nIf k|i6 jf r':t x'g'k5{ . hl6n g} 5 eg] klg xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]

klg x'g'k5{ . ;d"x jf ;+u7gdf xf] eg] nIf ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g]

x'g'k5{ . nIf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'g' k5{ . nIf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg/t

x'Fbf ljr ljrdf k[i7kf]if0f ul/lbg] JolQm jf ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf

x'g'k5{ / To;df cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g h?/L

5 .

nIf k|efjsf/L ta x'G5, ha o;nfO{ d"NofÍgsf] sl8sf] ?kdf

k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy} ;do lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfd u/]df klg nIf a9L

k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;a} eGbf k|d'v tTj nIf lgwf{/0fdf c7f]6 jf

arga4tf xf] .

*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o (Informed decision)

s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug' cufl8 /fd|f] g/fd|f], kmfObf a]kmfObf tyf

lg0f{oaf6 cfOkg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/] ljrf/ u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o lnOPdf

-!@_ -!#_

ul/G5 . cGtdf sf/0f ;lxt pQd ljsNk 5fg]/ ;d:ofsf]

;dfwfg ul/G5 .

&_ pTkfbsTj / ;kmntfsf] lglDt nIf lgwf{/0f (Goal

setting for productivity and success)

s'g} klg kfl/jfl/s, JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs cj:yfnfO{ Ps

7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF k'¥ofpg nIf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cyf{t\ eO /x]sf]

cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofP/ /fd|f] cj:yfdf k'Ug kl/jf/ jf JolQm jf

;d"x jf ;+u7gn] sxfF k'Ug] jf s:tf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] eGg] lgSof}{n

ub{5 . ;f] lgSof}{n g} nIf xf] . elgG5 hlt pRr nIf /fVof] Tolt

g} pRr ;kmntf kfOG5 lsgls pQm nIf k|flKtsf lglDt x/bd

k|oTgzLn xf]OG5 . ;fy} pRr nIf k|flKtsf] lglDt ul/g] k|oTg

klg s8f g} x'G5 . lkmtnf] k|oTgn] pRr nIf xflzn ug{

;ls+b}g .

nIf lgwf{/0fn] ;Gtf]if lbG5 . k|oTgn] ;'wf/ pGd'v u/fpF5 .

;'wf/ b]lv+b} uPkl5 pTk|]/0ffsf] tx a9\b} hfG5 . of] qmdn]

lg/Gt/tf kfpg' eg]sf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g' xf] . rfx] Tof]

cfk\mgf] sfd ug]{ z}nL xf];\ jf sfddf lbg] ;do xf];\ jf s'g}

j:t'sf] pTkfbg . pTkfbsTj a9]kl5 ;kmntf klg xfl;n x'G5 .

JolQmut txdf nIf lgwf{/0f ug'{ eGbf ;fd"lxs ?kdf nIf

lgwf{/0f ug'{ s]xL hl6n x'G5 . ToxfF ;a} ;b:osf rf;f],

OR5fx¿nfO{ Ps h'6 agfpg' kg]{ x'Fbf nIf lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf

hl6ntf ylkG5 . t;y{ åGb Joj:yfkg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf

;Lkx¿ k|of]u u/]/ g} hl6ntfx¿nfO{ ;DxfNg] jf ;'Nemfpg] ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ hLjgf]kof]uL ;du| ;Lkx¿ h'g;'s} a]nf hxfF

klg k|of]u x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ tL Ps csf{;+u k|foM ufFl;g

cfOk'U5g\ .

nIfsf klg cfk\mgf ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} xfdLn] lgwf{/0f ug]{

nIf k|i6 jf r':t x'g'k5{ . hl6n g} 5 eg] klg xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]

klg x'g'k5{ . ;d"x jf ;+u7gdf xf] eg] nIf ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g]

x'g'k5{ . nIf dfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'g' k5{ . nIf xfl;n ug{ k|oTg/t

x'Fbf ljr ljrdf k[i7kf]if0f ul/lbg] JolQm jf ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf

x'g'k5{ / To;df cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g h?/L

5 .

nIf k|efjsf/L ta x'G5, ha o;nfO{ d"NofÍgsf] sl8sf] ?kdf

k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fy} ;do lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfd u/]df klg nIf a9L

k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ;a} eGbf k|d'v tTj nIf lgwf{/0fdf c7f]6 jf

arga4tf xf] .

*_ hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o (Informed decision)

s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug' cufl8 /fd|f] g/fd|f], kmfObf a]kmfObf tyf

lg0f{oaf6 cfOkg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/] ljrf/ u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o lnOPdf

-!@_ -!#_

lg0f{o plrt x'g hfG5 . xtf/df / xr'jfdf lg0f{o lnFbf To;af6

;f]r] h:tf] nfe gx'g] dfq} xf]Og ls slxn]sfxL+ pN6f] c;/ kg{

klg hfG5 . o;}n] lg0f{o lnbf To;af/] hfgsf/L lng],

cg'ejLx¿;+u ;/;Nnfx ug]{ / cfk}mn] dgg u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o

lng'kb{5 . lnOg] lg0f{o hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o x'g' kb{5 / To:tf]

lg0f{o lng'df cfFk'm To;sf sf/0f af/] ljZj:t x'g' kb{5 .

(_ cg'e"lt (Empathy): o;df xfdLx¿n] c? JolQmx¿sf]

cj:yf, ;d:of, efjgf, rfxgf af/] ;+j]bgzLn x'g / To;af/]

yfxf kfpg] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . c?sf af/]df ;+j]bgzLn eP/

k|ltlqmof lbg ;s]df pgLx¿sf] kL/dsf{ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf

;fy} hfgcGhfgdf c?sf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfd sd x'G5 .

o;sf nflu cfk'mnfO{ klg pQm JolQmsf] :yfgdf /fv]/, pQm

;d:of cg'ej u/]/ a' \́g] / To:tf] cj:yf cfFk'mnfO{ cfOk/]sf]

eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf ljrf/ u/]df c?k|lt ;+j]bzLn eP/ Jojxf/

ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . cfFk'mnfO{ c?sf] v'§fdf pEofP/, efjgfTds

?kdf hf]l8P/ ul/g] Jojxf/ g} cg'e"lt xf] .

!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u (Teamwork and

Cooperation)

;dfhsf] pTyfg / JolQmut ljsf;sf nflu klg ;d"xdf sfd

ug{ / Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Lk cfjZos x'G5 . ;femf

p2]Zo klxrfg ug]{, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfo{ ljefhg ug]{,

cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] s'/f -cfly{s jf >d_ pknAw u/fpg], Pscfk;df

;~rf/ / ;dGjo ug]{ / pknAwL cfk;df afF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 .

o;df Pscfk;df ljZjf;, åGb Joj:yfkg tyf Tofusf] efjgf

klg cfjZos x'G5 .

!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg (Mutual respect)

;dfgtf / Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ;'v / cfgGbsf] >f]t xf] / o;n]

åGb / Sn]z klg sd ub{5 . Ps csf{nfO{ lje]b ug]{, hftkft,

wd{, wgL ul/a, 7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf s'/fnfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ Ps

cfk;df s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;dfhdf

x/]s JolQmsf] e"ldsf / b]g, ljljwtf k|lt hfgsf/L /fVg] /

To;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, Pscsf{af6 l;Sg] h:tf s'/fn] ;dfhdf

zfGtL / pGgtLtk{m 8f]¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

!@_ k}/aL (Advocacy)

;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / ;Lk, ;dfhdf Nofpg' kg]{ ;'wf/

cflbsf nflu ;xL s'/f c?nfO{ a'emfpg] / To;nfO{ a'e]m/

cfFk'mnfO{ kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . c?nfO{ cfk\mgf]

s'/f a'emfP/ pgLx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf s'g} s'/f ckgfpg

nufpg] lqmofsnfk k}/aL÷jsfnt xf] . s'g} s'/fsf] k}/aL ug'{

cl3 cfFk'm To;af/] hfgsf/ eP/ To;af/] k"0f{?kdf ljZj:t eP/

dfq k}/aL ug'{ kb{5 gq unt s'/fsf] k|rf/ ubf{ c? / cfk'mnfO{

klg xfgL k'Ub5 . o;}n] s] s'/fsf] k}/aL ug]{ xf], To;af6

-!$_ -!%_

lg0f{o plrt x'g hfG5 . xtf/df / xr'jfdf lg0f{o lnFbf To;af6

;f]r] h:tf] nfe gx'g] dfq} xf]Og ls slxn]sfxL+ pN6f] c;/ kg{

klg hfG5 . o;}n] lg0f{o lnbf To;af/] hfgsf/L lng],

cg'ejLx¿;+u ;/;Nnfx ug]{ / cfk}mn] dgg u/]/ dfq} lg0f{o

lng'kb{5 . lnOg] lg0f{o hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o x'g' kb{5 / To:tf]

lg0f{o lng'df cfFk'm To;sf sf/0f af/] ljZj:t x'g' kb{5 .

(_ cg'e"lt (Empathy): o;df xfdLx¿n] c? JolQmx¿sf]

cj:yf, ;d:of, efjgf, rfxgf af/] ;+j]bgzLn x'g / To;af/]

yfxf kfpg] k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . c?sf af/]df ;+j]bgzLn eP/

k|ltlqmof lbg ;s]df pgLx¿sf] kL/dsf{ sd ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf

;fy} hfgcGhfgdf c?sf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfd sd x'G5 .

o;sf nflu cfk'mnfO{ klg pQm JolQmsf] :yfgdf /fv]/, pQm

;d:of cg'ej u/]/ a' \́g] / To:tf] cj:yf cfFk'mnfO{ cfOk/]sf]

eP s] x'GYof] xf]nf ljrf/ u/]df c?k|lt ;+j]bzLn eP/ Jojxf/

ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . cfFk'mnfO{ c?sf] v'§fdf pEofP/, efjgfTds

?kdf hf]l8P/ ul/g] Jojxf/ g} cg'e"lt xf] .

!)_ ;fd"lxs sfo{ / ;xof]u (Teamwork and

Cooperation)

;dfhsf] pTyfg / JolQmut ljsf;sf nflu klg ;d"xdf sfd

ug{ / Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Lk cfjZos x'G5 . ;femf

p2]Zo klxrfg ug]{, p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfo{ ljefhg ug]{,

cfk'mnfO{ k/]sf] s'/f -cfly{s jf >d_ pknAw u/fpg], Pscfk;df

;~rf/ / ;dGjo ug]{ / pknAwL cfk;df afF8kmFf8 ug'{ kb{5 .

o;df Pscfk;df ljZjf;, åGb Joj:yfkg tyf Tofusf] efjgf

klg cfjZos x'G5 .

!!_ cfk;L ;Ddfg (Mutual respect)

;dfgtf / Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ;'v / cfgGbsf] >f]t xf] / o;n]

åGb / Sn]z klg sd ub{5 . Ps csf{nfO{ lje]b ug]{, hftkft,

wd{, wgL ul/a, 7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf s'/fnfO{ uf}0f dfg]/ Ps

cfk;df s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;dfhdf

x/]s JolQmsf] e"ldsf / b]g, ljljwtf k|lt hfgsf/L /fVg] /

To;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, Pscsf{af6 l;Sg] h:tf s'/fn] ;dfhdf

zfGtL / pGgtLtk{m 8f]¥ofpg d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

!@_ k}/aL (Advocacy)

;dfhnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / ;Lk, ;dfhdf Nofpg' kg]{ ;'wf/

cflbsf nflu ;xL s'/f c?nfO{ a'emfpg] / To;nfO{ a'e]m/

cfFk'mnfO{ kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . c?nfO{ cfk\mgf]

s'/f a'emfP/ pgLx¿df kl/jt{g Nofpg jf s'g} s'/f ckgfpg

nufpg] lqmofsnfk k}/aL÷jsfnt xf] . s'g} s'/fsf] k}/aL ug'{

cl3 cfFk'm To;af/] hfgsf/ eP/ To;af/] k"0f{?kdf ljZj:t eP/

dfq k}/aL ug'{ kb{5 gq unt s'/fsf] k|rf/ ubf{ c? / cfk'mnfO{

klg xfgL k'Ub5 . o;}n] s] s'/fsf] k}/aL ug]{ xf], To;af6

-!$_ -!%_

;dfhnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5, o;n] c?x¿df s] c;/ kfg{ ;Snf

h:tf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

!#_ g]t[Tj (Leadership)

/fi6« / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xL g]t[Tj cfjZos kb{5 . ;xL

JolQmaf6 /fd|f] g]t[Tj x'g' kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] ;fd"lxs kmfObfsf nflu

pko'Qm af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg]Ù cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs

nIo k|fKt ug]{Ù tyf ;d"xnfO{ Pstfj4 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . g]t[Tj

ug]{ JolQmdf nIo x'g' kb{5Ù c?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff ug]{ IfdtfÙ ;~rf/

;Lk, ;fd"lxs PSoj4tfÙ of]hgfj4 ?kdf sfd ug]{Ù ljljwtf ljr

Pstf agfpg]Ù >f]t h'6fpg] Ifdtfx¿ cfjZos x'G5 .

!$_ ;Demf}tf (Negotiation)

;dfhdf cfk'mn] eg]sf] s'/f dfq} nfu' x'g' kb{5 eGg] x'Fb}g .

leGgtf / åGb Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]xL lng] / s]xL 5f]8\g] u/]/

;Demf}tf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lng] lbg] s'/fdf JolQmut :jfy{ eGbf

;fd"lxs kmfObf, cfk;L ;b\efj, cg'e"ltnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Ps

csf{sf] kIf ;'Gg] / a' \́g], ;dfhdf c?x¿sf] ;/;Nnfx lng],

tTsflng / bL3{sflng Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fx¿ ;Demf}tf leq

kb{5g\ .

!%_ gsfg]{ (Refusal)

sltko cj:yfdf c?sf], ;flyefOsf] s/sfkdf yfxf kfP/ klg

unt sfd ug{ k'luG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;se/ To:tf JolQm;+u

;+ut gug]{Ù To:tf] cj:yf cfOkg]{ l:ylt aGg yfn] kl5 cfk'm

ToxfFaf6 hfg]Ù cfk\mgf] ts{ b[9 ?kdf /fVg]Ù / cfk'mn] gfO{ eg]sf]

s'/f gug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljz]if u/]/ s'ntÙ unt sfo{Ù c?nfO{ xfgL

k'Ug]Ù ;dfhdf abgfd x'g] s'/fdf b[9 eP/ gsfg]{ ;Lk cfjZos

x'G5 .

!^_ k'g:yf{kg (Resiliency)

b'Mv, lk8f, ljgfz, ljkb\ ;a}nfO{ cfOk5{ . o;af6 tgfj, ;d:of,

sl7gfO ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . tgfj hltsd ;do /x\Øf],

;d:of÷sl7gfO{af6 p7\g] sfd hlt l56f] ug{ ;lsof], Tolt g}

/fd|f] xf] . cfOk/]sf] b'Mv, lk8f, ;d:ofaf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdf

cfpg ;Sg' k'g:yf{kg ;Lk xf] . o;df ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{Ù

;dfwfg lt/ cu|;/ x'g]Ù cfk\mgf lk/dsf{ c?x¿;+u cfbfg–k|bfg

ug]{Ù cfzfjfbL x'g]Ù nlrnf] x'g]Ù b[9 lgZroL x'g] h:tf Jojxf/n]

;d:ofaf6 l56f] pDsg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

-!^_ -!&_

;dfhnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5, o;n] c?x¿df s] c;/ kfg{ ;Snf

h:tf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

!#_ g]t[Tj (Leadership)

/fi6« / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xL g]t[Tj cfjZos kb{5 . ;xL

JolQmaf6 /fd|f] g]t[Tj x'g' kb{5 . g]t[Tjn] ;fd"lxs kmfObfsf nflu

pko'Qm af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg]Ù cfk\mgf] JolQmTjsf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs

nIo k|fKt ug]{Ù tyf ;d"xnfO{ Pstfj4 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . g]t[Tj

ug]{ JolQmdf nIo x'g' kb{5Ù c?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff ug]{ IfdtfÙ ;~rf/

;Lk, ;fd"lxs PSoj4tfÙ of]hgfj4 ?kdf sfd ug]{Ù ljljwtf ljr

Pstf agfpg]Ù >f]t h'6fpg] Ifdtfx¿ cfjZos x'G5 .

!$_ ;Demf}tf (Negotiation)

;dfhdf cfk'mn] eg]sf] s'/f dfq} nfu' x'g' kb{5 eGg] x'Fb}g .

leGgtf / åGb Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]xL lng] / s]xL 5f]8\g] u/]/

;Demf}tf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lng] lbg] s'/fdf JolQmut :jfy{ eGbf

;fd"lxs kmfObf, cfk;L ;b\efj, cg'e"ltnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . Ps

csf{sf] kIf ;'Gg] / a' \́g], ;dfhdf c?x¿sf] ;/;Nnfx lng],

tTsflng / bL3{sflng Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'/fx¿ ;Demf}tf leq

kb{5g\ .

!%_ gsfg]{ (Refusal)

sltko cj:yfdf c?sf], ;flyefOsf] s/sfkdf yfxf kfP/ klg

unt sfd ug{ k'luG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;se/ To:tf JolQm;+u

;+ut gug]{Ù To:tf] cj:yf cfOkg]{ l:ylt aGg yfn] kl5 cfk'm

ToxfFaf6 hfg]Ù cfk\mgf] ts{ b[9 ?kdf /fVg]Ù / cfk'mn] gfO{ eg]sf]

s'/f gug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljz]if u/]/ s'ntÙ unt sfo{Ù c?nfO{ xfgL

k'Ug]Ù ;dfhdf abgfd x'g] s'/fdf b[9 eP/ gsfg]{ ;Lk cfjZos

x'G5 .

!^_ k'g:yf{kg (Resiliency)

b'Mv, lk8f, ljgfz, ljkb\ ;a}nfO{ cfOk5{ . o;af6 tgfj, ;d:of,

sl7gfO ;a}nfO{ x'G5 . tgfj hltsd ;do /x\Øf],

;d:of÷sl7gfO{af6 p7\g] sfd hlt l56f] ug{ ;lsof], Tolt g}

/fd|f] xf] . cfOk/]sf] b'Mv, lk8f, ;d:ofaf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdf

cfpg ;Sg' k'g:yf{kg ;Lk xf] . o;df ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{Ù

;dfwfg lt/ cu|;/ x'g]Ù cfk\mgf lk/dsf{ c?x¿;+u cfbfg–k|bfg

ug]{Ù cfzfjfbL x'g]Ù nlrnf] x'g]Ù b[9 lgZroL x'g] h:tf Jojxf/n]

;d:ofaf6 l56f] pDsg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

-!^_ -!&_

!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] (Learning to learn)

1fg, ;Lk eg]sf] ;+w} c?n] l;sfP/ l;Sg] / lglZrt JolQmn]

lglZrt ;do;Ldfdf l;sfpg] s'/f xf]Og . l;sfO eg]sf] lg/Gt/

x'G5 / cfk}mn] klg gofF s'/fx¿ l;Sb} hfg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu

cfjZos hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk sxfFaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 hfgsf/L

/fVg]Ù To;nfO{ cfk'mn] l;Sg]Ù c?;+u 5nkmn ug]{Ù l;s]sf] s'/f

Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{Ù To;sf] d"NofÍg / cfjZostf cg';f/

;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofaf6 klg l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .

l;Sgsf nflu cfk'm ;+w} v'nf / u|x0fzLn x'g' kb{5 .

sIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf

kf7\Øqmd / kf7\Ø ;fdu|Ldf pNn]u gePsf ;du| ;Lkx¿ klg

sIff ;~rfng ubf{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmddf

ljz]if u/]/ ;ft k|sf/sf ;fGble{s kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;Gbe{ / ;do;fk]If x'g] ePtfklg

;xhstf{÷;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] kf7sf] ljifo;Fu ldNg] u/]/ ;du|

;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;df

ljifout l;sfO eO{/xFbf klg cGt/lqmofsf qmddf ;du| ;Lksf]

l;sfO eO{/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ljifout ?kdf lgDg ;du| ;Lkx¿

;dflji6 ug{ ;xh x'G5 M

!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;kmfO M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;fd"lxs

sfo{, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg,

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ .

@_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ;d:of

;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, cg'e"lt, lg0f{o, dgf]efj atfpg],

tgfj Joj:yfkg, k'g:yf{kg, gsfg]{ .

#_ cfo cfh{g tyf s[lif M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;d:of

;dfwfg, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .

-!(_ -!*_

!&_ l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg] (Learning to learn)

1fg, ;Lk eg]sf] ;+w} c?n] l;sfP/ l;Sg] / lglZrt JolQmn]

lglZrt ;do;Ldfdf l;sfpg] s'/f xf]Og . l;sfO eg]sf] lg/Gt/

x'G5 / cfk}mn] klg gofF s'/fx¿ l;Sb} hfg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu

cfjZos hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk sxfFaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 hfgsf/L

/fVg]Ù To;nfO{ cfk'mn] l;Sg]Ù c?;+u 5nkmn ug]{Ù l;s]sf] s'/f

Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{Ù To;sf] d"NofÍg / cfjZostf cg';f/

;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofaf6 klg l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 .

l;Sgsf nflu cfk'm ;+w} v'nf / u|x0fzLn x'g' kb{5 .

sIffdf ;du| ;Lk ;dfj]z ug]{ tl/sf

kf7\Øqmd / kf7\Ø ;fdu|Ldf pNn]u gePsf ;du| ;Lkx¿ klg

sIff ;~rfng ubf{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmddf

ljz]if u/]/ ;ft k|sf/sf ;fGble{s kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]

kfOG5 . ;du| ;Lkx¿ ;Gbe{ / ;do;fk]If x'g] ePtfklg

;xhstf{÷;xof]uL sfo{stf{n] kf7sf] ljifo;Fu ldNg] u/]/ ;du|

;Lk ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;df

ljifout l;sfO eO{/xFbf klg cGt/lqmofsf qmddf ;du| ;Lksf]

l;sfO eO{/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] ljifout ?kdf lgDg ;du| ;Lkx¿

;dflji6 ug{ ;xh x'G5 M

!_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;kmfO M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;fd"lxs

sfo{, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg,

cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ .

@_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ;d:of

;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, cg'e"lt, lg0f{o, dgf]efj atfpg],

tgfj Joj:yfkg, k'g:yf{kg, gsfg]{ .

#_ cfo cfh{g tyf s[lif M ljZn]if0f, lg0f{o, ;d:of

;dfwfg, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .

-!(_ -!*_

$_ gful/s ;r]tgf M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, cGt/JolQm

;~rf/, lg0f{o, g]t[Tj, l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], ;Demf}tf .

%_ dlxnf ljsf;÷n}lËs ;dfgtf M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,

k}/aL÷jsfnt, b[9tf, cg'e"lt, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of

;dfwfg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;Demf}tf .

^_ ;+:s[lt tyf rfnrng M cg'e"lt, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,

cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;xof]u, ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm

;~rf/ .

&_ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f M ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,

hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .

;du| ;Lkx¿ sIffdf ;dflji6 ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ul/g]

;fGble{s ljifo, 5nkmnsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] jf x'g;Sg]

jftfj/0f / To;df ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsg] ;du| ;Lk jf/] ljrf/

u/]/ sIff of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 -gd"gf sIff of]hgfx¿ clGtddf

lbO{Psf] 5_ . ;du| ;Lkx¿ lglZrt vfnsf ljlw ckgfP/ jf

sIffdf pko'St jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]/ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

tL ljlwx¿ / tL ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] ;du|

;Lkx¿ oxfF JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ .

!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <

s'g} rLh, hfgsf/L, 36gf, syf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿nfO{

cfTdjf]w, lhDd]jf/L cflb ;Lklt/ k|ToIfLs/0f x'g] u/L k|Zg /fVb}

5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] ljlw xf] . o;df pQm rLh, hfgsf/L,

36gf jf syfsf] laifon] …o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú eGg]

s'/f ;xeflux?n] ;f]Rg], ljZn]if0f ug]{ ug{' kb{5 .

@_ clego

pko'Qm kl/j]z lbP/ ;xefuL÷;xefuLx¿nfO{ To;nfO{ cYof{pg]

u/L clegoaf6 ;~rf/ ug{ nufpg] . o;af6 ;~rf/, cg'e"lt,

k}/aL÷jsfnt, dgf]efj, tgfj Joj:yfkg h:tf ;Lklt/

8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg

lbOPsf] syf, n]v jf 36gf k9\g nufpg] jf k9fpg' cl3 To;sf

%÷^ d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lbP/ lbOPsf] ;do -a9Ldf % ldg6_

leq cf–cfk\mgf] syf jf n]vf}6 tof/ kfg{ nufpg] . pQm

syf÷n]vf}6 klxn] hf]l8df / To;kl5 s]lx hf]8L dWo]af6 ;a}nfO{

;'gfpg nufpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf

;Lklt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

-@)_ -@!_

$_ gful/s ;r]tgf M ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, cGt/JolQm

;~rf/, lg0f{o, g]t[Tj, l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], ;Demf}tf .

%_ dlxnf ljsf;÷n}lËs ;dfgtf M cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,

k}/aL÷jsfnt, b[9tf, cg'e"lt, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of

;dfwfg, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;Demf}tf .

^_ ;+:s[lt tyf rfnrng M cg'e"lt, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,

cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;xof]u, ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm

;~rf/ .

&_ :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f M ljZn]if0f, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/,

hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o .

;du| ;Lkx¿ sIffdf ;dflji6 ug{sf nflu 5nkmn ul/g]

;fGble{s ljifo, 5nkmnsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] jf x'g;Sg]

jftfj/0f / To;df ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsg] ;du| ;Lk jf/] ljrf/

u/]/ sIff of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 -gd"gf sIff of]hgfx¿ clGtddf

lbO{Psf] 5_ . ;du| ;Lkx¿ lglZrt vfnsf ljlw ckgfP/ jf

sIffdf pko'St jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]/ cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 .

tL ljlwx¿ / tL ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] ;du|

;Lkx¿ oxfF JofVof ul/Psf 5g\ .

!_ o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <

s'g} rLh, hfgsf/L, 36gf, syf cflbsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx¿nfO{

cfTdjf]w, lhDd]jf/L cflb ;Lklt/ k|ToIfLs/0f x'g] u/L k|Zg /fVb}

5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg] ljlw xf] . o;df pQm rLh, hfgsf/L,

36gf jf syfsf] laifon] …o;n] d]/f] nflu s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú eGg]

s'/f ;xeflux?n] ;f]Rg], ljZn]if0f ug]{ ug{' kb{5 .

@_ clego

pko'Qm kl/j]z lbP/ ;xefuL÷;xefuLx¿nfO{ To;nfO{ cYof{pg]

u/L clegoaf6 ;~rf/ ug{ nufpg] . o;af6 ;~rf/, cg'e"lt,

k}/aL÷jsfnt, dgf]efj, tgfj Joj:yfkg h:tf ;Lklt/

8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

#_ zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg

lbOPsf] syf, n]v jf 36gf k9\g nufpg] jf k9fpg' cl3 To;sf

%÷^ d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lbP/ lbOPsf] ;do -a9Ldf % ldg6_

leq cf–cfk\mgf] syf jf n]vf}6 tof/ kfg{ nufpg] . pQm

syf÷n]vf}6 klxn] hf]l8df / To;kl5 s]lx hf]8L dWo]af6 ;a}nfO{

;'gfpg nufpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf

;Lklt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 .

-@)_ -@!_

$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk

zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg lqmofsnfk kl5 d"n syf, 36gf jf

n]v Kof/f÷k+lQmut ?kdf k9]/ ;'gfpg] / s;sf] cg'dfg slQsf]

ldNof] 5nkmn u/fpg] . To;kl5 ca cufl8 s] xf]nf eg]/ gofF

cg'dfg u/fpg], To:tf] cg'dfg ug'{sf sf/0fdf 5nkmn ug]{ . o;

k|sf/n] cufl8 a9\g] . o;df x'g] 5nkmnaf6 ;dfnf]rgfTds

lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg, cg'e"lt, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lk ;dflji6

ug{ ;lsG5 .

%_ dfGotf /]vf

s'g} ljifo jf d'2fdf cf–cfk\mgf] JolQmut wf/0ff x'g' :jfefljs

xf] h'g k"0f{?kdf c;xdt, t6:y b]lv k"0f{?kdf ;dy{gsf] :s]ndf

/xg ;Sb5 . d'Vo s'/f dfGotf /]vfsf] s'g :yfgdf cfk'mnfO{

/fVg] xf] Tof] to ug]{ / pQm :yfgdf cfk'm x'g'sf sf/0f ;d]t

:ki6 kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 5nkmn cGt/lqmofsf qmddf pQm :yfg

sf/0f lbP/ kl/jt{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6

;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ljZn]if0f, k}/aL, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,

lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <

rf6{df # sf]ndsf] -s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <_ tflnsf agfP/

5nkmnsf a'Fbfx¿ l6Kb} hfg] . …s] <Ú df ;d:of÷d'2fx¿ /

To;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿ l6Kg] . …To;f] eP s] <Ú df ;dfwfgsf

pkfox¿ 5nkmn ub}{ l6Kb} hfg] . …ca s] <Ú df ;d:of

;dfwfgsf nflu ;xeflux¿n] tTsfn} ug]{

sfo{of]hgf÷lqmofsnfk to ug{ nufpg] . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of

;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, ;fd"lxs sfo{, lg0f{o, k'g:yf{kg, ;Demf}tf

h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]

rf6{df …hfg]sf]Ú, …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú / …l;s]sf]Ú # j6f sf]nd

agfpg] . sIffsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;xeflun] klxn] g}

hfg]sf s'/f …hfg]sf]Ú sf]nddf / To; ljifok|lt k|Zg, lh1f;f

eP …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fVg] . l;Sg' kg]{ cfjZos s'/f

k|Zgsf] ?kdf ;xhstf{n] cfk}mn] klg …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf

yKg] . …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú k|Zg, lh1f;fsf] cfwf/df tL s'/f l;Sg],

l;sfpg] k|lqmofaf6 ca l;s]sf s'/f …l;s]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fv]/

l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . o;af6 l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], hfgsf/Lo'Qm

lg0f{o, ;d:of ;dfwfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@@_ -@#_

$_ lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk

zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg lqmofsnfk kl5 d"n syf, 36gf jf

n]v Kof/f÷k+lQmut ?kdf k9]/ ;'gfpg] / s;sf] cg'dfg slQsf]

ldNof] 5nkmn u/fpg] . To;kl5 ca cufl8 s] xf]nf eg]/ gofF

cg'dfg u/fpg], To:tf] cg'dfg ug'{sf sf/0fdf 5nkmn ug]{ . o;

k|sf/n] cufl8 a9\g] . o;df x'g] 5nkmnaf6 ;dfnf]rgfTds

lrGtg, ;d:of ;dfwfg, cg'e"lt, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lk ;dflji6

ug{ ;lsG5 .

%_ dfGotf /]vf

s'g} ljifo jf d'2fdf cf–cfk\mgf] JolQmut wf/0ff x'g' :jfefljs

xf] h'g k"0f{?kdf c;xdt, t6:y b]lv k"0f{?kdf ;dy{gsf] :s]ndf

/xg ;Sb5 . d'Vo s'/f dfGotf /]vfsf] s'g :yfgdf cfk'mnfO{

/fVg] xf] Tof] to ug]{ / pQm :yfgdf cfk'm x'g'sf sf/0f ;d]t

:ki6 kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . 5nkmn cGt/lqmofsf qmddf pQm :yfg

sf/0f lbP/ kl/jt{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwaf6

;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg, ljZn]if0f, k}/aL, ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg,

lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

^_ s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <

rf6{df # sf]ndsf] -s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] <_ tflnsf agfP/

5nkmnsf a'Fbfx¿ l6Kb} hfg] . …s] <Ú df ;d:of÷d'2fx¿ /

To;af6 kg]{ c;/x¿ l6Kg] . …To;f] eP s] <Ú df ;dfwfgsf

pkfox¿ 5nkmn ub}{ l6Kb} hfg] . …ca s] <Ú df ;d:of

;dfwfgsf nflu ;xeflux¿n] tTsfn} ug]{

sfo{of]hgf÷lqmofsnfk to ug{ nufpg] . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of

;dfwfg, ljZn]if0f, ;fd"lxs sfo{, lg0f{o, k'g:yf{kg, ;Demf}tf

h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

&_ hfg]sf], l;Sg rfx]sf] / l;s]sf]

rf6{df …hfg]sf]Ú, …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú / …l;s]sf]Ú # j6f sf]nd

agfpg] . sIffsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpFb} ;xeflun] klxn] g}

hfg]sf s'/f …hfg]sf]Ú sf]nddf / To; ljifok|lt k|Zg, lh1f;f

eP …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fVg] . l;Sg' kg]{ cfjZos s'/f

k|Zgsf] ?kdf ;xhstf{n] cfk}mn] klg …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú sf]nddf

yKg] . …l;Sg rfx]sf]Ú k|Zg, lh1f;fsf] cfwf/df tL s'/f l;Sg],

l;sfpg] k|lqmofaf6 ca l;s]sf s'/f …l;s]sf]Ú sf]nddf /fv]/

l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . o;af6 l;Sg] tl/sf l;Sg], hfgsf/Lo'Qm

lg0f{o, ;d:of ;dfwfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@@_ -@#_

*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/

s'g} ljifodf JolQmut ljrf/ ;f]Rg÷n]Vg nufpg], To;nfO{

;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8Ldf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / s]xL ;xefuLsf]

ljrf/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg nufpg] ljlw xf] . o;af6 cGt/JolQm

;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk

k9\g' kg]{ kf7sf] cg'R5]b cg';f/ @÷# j6f k|Zg klxn] g} lbg],

;xefuLx¿n] cg'R5]b k9]/ k|Zgsf pQ/ n]Vb5g\ / clg To;af/]

5nkmn u/fpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf

;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/

o;df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g} cg'ejhGo jf ;/n ljifodf Ps

cfk;df ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 h;sf nflu

;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf cfpg nufpg], otfptf 3'Dg

nufpg], /f]Sg] / glhssf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfpg] / cfk\mgf s'/f

cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, ;DaGw, ;Ddfg

h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

!!_ @ hf]8 @

5nkmnsf qmddf c?sf] ljrf/df l6Kk0fL ubf{ of] ljlw ckgfpg'

pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ljlwdf l6Kk0fL ug]{ JolQmn] k"j{ jStfn] /fv]sf]

ljrf/df @ j6f /fd|f] s'/f / @ j6f ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf ?kdf

cfk\mgf] s'/f /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 c?sf] ljrf/ a' \́g], ;Ddfg

ug]{, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ljZn]if0f, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg h:tf

;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf]

$÷% hgfsf] ;d"x agfP/ lbOPsf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf]

;dodf cf–cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ nufO{G5 . lbOPsf]

;do;Dd x/]sn] af]Ng} kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, g]t[Tj, b[9tf

h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg d2t k'Ub5 .

!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f]

5nkmn, ljjfb 6'Ëfpg clGtd jQmfsf] ljrf/af6 cGTo ug]{ ljlw

xf] . …clGtd kfnf] d]/f]Ú df 5nkmnsf nflu cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]/

z'?jft ug]{ JolQmn] 5nkmn kZrft cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]kl5

5nkmn ;dfKt ul/G5 . o;af6 b[9tf, ;Ddfg, g]t[Tj, ;~rf/

h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@$_ -@%_

*_ lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/

s'g} ljifodf JolQmut ljrf/ ;f]Rg÷n]Vg nufpg], To;nfO{

;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8Ldf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / s]xL ;xefuLsf]

ljrf/ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg nufpg] ljlw xf] . o;af6 cGt/JolQm

;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

(_ lgb]lz{t k9fO lqmofsnfk

k9\g' kg]{ kf7sf] cg'R5]b cg';f/ @÷# j6f k|Zg klxn] g} lbg],

;xefuLx¿n] cg'R5]b k9]/ k|Zgsf pQ/ n]Vb5g\ / clg To;af/]

5nkmn u/fpg] . o;af6 ljZn]if0f, hfgsf/Lo'Qm lg0f{o h:tf

;Lkx¿ ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .

!)_ ldS; lk|mh k]o/

o;df ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s'g} cg'ejhGo jf ;/n ljifodf Ps

cfk;df ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 h;sf nflu

;xefuLx¿nfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf cfpg nufpg], otfptf 3'Dg

nufpg], /f]Sg] / glhssf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfpg] / cfk\mgf s'/f

cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ nufO{G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, ;DaGw, ;Ddfg

h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

!!_ @ hf]8 @

5nkmnsf qmddf c?sf] ljrf/df l6Kk0fL ubf{ of] ljlw ckgfpg'

pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ljlwdf l6Kk0fL ug]{ JolQmn] k"j{ jStfn] /fv]sf]

ljrf/df @ j6f /fd|f] s'/f / @ j6f ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fsf ?kdf

cfk\mgf] s'/f /fVg' kb{5 . o;af6 c?sf] ljrf/ a' \́g], ;Ddfg

ug]{, cGt/JolQm ;~rf/, ljZn]if0f, ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg h:tf

;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

!@_ ca d]/f] kfnf]

$÷% hgfsf] ;d"x agfP/ lbOPsf] ljifodf ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf]

;dodf cf–cfk\mgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ug{ nufO{G5 . lbOPsf]

;do;Dd x/]sn] af]Ng} kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 ;~rf/, g]t[Tj, b[9tf

h:tf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpg d2t k'Ub5 .

!#_ clGtd kfnf] d]/f]

5nkmn, ljjfb 6'Ëfpg clGtd jQmfsf] ljrf/af6 cGTo ug]{ ljlw

xf] . …clGtd kfnf] d]/f]Ú df 5nkmnsf nflu cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]/

z'?jft ug]{ JolQmn] 5nkmn kZrft cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fv]kl5

5nkmn ;dfKt ul/G5 . o;af6 b[9tf, ;Ddfg, g]t[Tj, ;~rf/

h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@$_ -@%_

!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of -es'08f] ljlw_

o;df ;xeflun] s'g} k|Zg jf ;d:of k|:t't ub{5g\ / To;

lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg÷pQ/sf nflu cfk'm;+u ePsf] sfuhsf]

es'08f] s'g} Pp6f ;xefuLlt/ k\mofFS5g\ . es'08f] kfpg]

;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fVg] / yk k|Zg÷lh1f;f /fVg] /

es'08f] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbg] sfd ub{5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of

;dfwfg, ;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u

k'Ub5 .

sIff ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿

sIffx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s

;Lkx¿ lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5g\ . tL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ M

!_ sIff ;+of]hg

sIff ;~rfng ubf{ tTsfn} kf7sf] ljifodf l;w} k|a]z gul/sg

;xefuLx¿n] hfg]sf, cg'ejsf s'/fx¿af6 klxn] kf7sf] nflu

tof/L ug]{Ù To;kl5 kf7sf] ljifo k|:t'lts/0f / cGTodf kf7sf]

p2]Zo k"0f{ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L ltg r/0fx¿df sIffsf]

;+of]hg ug'{ kb{5 . cyjf sIff÷kf7sf] ;+of]hg tof/L,

k|:t'lts/0f / ;'b[l9s/0f u/L ltg r/0fx?df x'g' kb{5 .

@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g

sIffdf ljifoj:t' k|:t't ul//xFbfv]/L Psgf;n] ljifoj:t' k|:t't

gul/sg ;xefuLx¿n] ljifoj:t' u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ul/sg ljleGg

efux¿df afF8\g' kb{5 . Pp6f efu k|:t't u/]kl5 To; efusf]

ljifoj:t'÷hfGg'kg]{ s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg] ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{

;fOgkf]i6 elgG5 . h:t} æxfdLn] clxn] cfdfsf] b"wn] aRrfnfO{

kf]if0f lbg] / /f]u;+u aRg d2t ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfof}+=====Æ .

o;/L ;fOgkf]i6 u/]kl5 To;};+u 5f]6s/Ldf cfpg] ljifoj:t' klg

hf]8\g ;lsG5 h;nfO{ 6«flGh;g elgG5 . h:t} æ=========== ca

-@^_ -@&_

!$_ k|Zg÷;d:of -es'08f] ljlw_

o;df ;xeflun] s'g} k|Zg jf ;d:of k|:t't ub{5g\ / To;

lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg÷pQ/sf nflu cfk'm;+u ePsf] sfuhsf]

es'08f] s'g} Pp6f ;xefuLlt/ k\mofFS5g\ . es'08f] kfpg]

;xefuLn] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fVg] / yk k|Zg÷lh1f;f /fVg] /

es'08f] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ lbg] sfd ub{5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 ;d:of

;dfwfg, ;~rf/, ;Ddfg h:tf ;Lkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u

k'Ub5 .

sIff ;~rfngsf Jofjxfl/s ;Lkx¿

sIffx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s

;Lkx¿ lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5g\ . tL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ M

!_ sIff ;+of]hg

sIff ;~rfng ubf{ tTsfn} kf7sf] ljifodf l;w} k|a]z gul/sg

;xefuLx¿n] hfg]sf, cg'ejsf s'/fx¿af6 klxn] kf7sf] nflu

tof/L ug]{Ù To;kl5 kf7sf] ljifo k|:t'lts/0f / cGTodf kf7sf]

p2]Zo k"0f{ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L ltg r/0fx¿df sIffsf]

;+of]hg ug'{ kb{5 . cyjf sIff÷kf7sf] ;+of]hg tof/L,

k|:t'lts/0f / ;'b[l9s/0f u/L ltg r/0fx?df x'g' kb{5 .

@_ ;fOgkf]i6 / 6«flGh;g

sIffdf ljifoj:t' k|:t't ul//xFbfv]/L Psgf;n] ljifoj:t' k|:t't

gul/sg ;xefuLx¿n] ljifoj:t' u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ul/sg ljleGg

efux¿df afF8\g' kb{5 . Pp6f efu k|:t't u/]kl5 To; efusf]

ljifoj:t'÷hfGg'kg]{ s'/f 5f]6s/Ldf atfOlbg] ug'{ kb{5 . o;nfO{

;fOgkf]i6 elgG5 . h:t} æxfdLn] clxn] cfdfsf] b"wn] aRrfnfO{

kf]if0f lbg] / /f]u;+u aRg d2t ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/ yfxf kfof}+=====Æ .

o;/L ;fOgkf]i6 u/]kl5 To;};+u 5f]6s/Ldf cfpg] ljifoj:t' klg

hf]8\g ;lsG5 h;nfO{ 6«flGh;g elgG5 . h:t} æ=========== ca

-@^_ -@&_

xfdLx¿ aRrfnfO{ cfdfn] b"w v'jfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fsf

af/]df 5nkmn u5f}{+Æ .

#_ k|Zg

sIffdf k|Zgx¿ w]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg]

tl/sf, k|Zgsf :t/, qmda4tf, pQ/ lng] tl/sf af/]df Wofg

lbg' kb{5 .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf klxn] ;a} ;xefuLn] ;'Gg] / Wofg lbg] u/]/

;f]Wg' k5{ . ;a}n] k|Zg a'e]msf] lglZrt ePkl5

;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQ/ af/] ;f]Rg cfjZos ;do lbPkl5

s'g} Pshgfaf6 pQ/ vf]Hg' kb{5 . o:tf] k|Zg ;f]wfOnfO{

…;d"xdf k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú elgG5 . k|Zg ;f]wfO{

slxn]sfxL+ …JolQmut k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú / …;d"xdf

k|Zg ;d"xaf6 pQ/Ú klg x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ o:tf k|Zg

;f]wfO{ sd dfqfdf x'g' /fd|f] xf] .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf x'jx' k':tssf] pQ/ eGg' kg]{, s07 u/]/

bf]x¥ofpg' kg]{ eGbf cfk'mn] l;s]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df s;/L

ptfg]{, To;af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5, kmfObf s] xf]nf,

;dfhdf s] k|efj knf{, lsg h:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ l;s]sf

s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf ljifout qmda4tf ldnfP/ ;f]Wbf l;sfOdf

;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

k|Zgsf] pQ/ tTsfn} cfPgg\ eg] klg s]xL j]/ kv{g],

cfjZos k/] k|Zg bf]x¥ofO{lbg], k|ZgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf

a'emfpg] jf s'g} ;Í]t lbP/ a' \́gnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd

ug'{ kb{5 .

k|Zg s]xL hfGg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dfq ;f]Wg] gul/sg

;a}nfO{ kfnf] kg]{ u/]/ ;f]Wg] .

k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;xhstf{ cfk}mn] glbP/ ;se/

;xefuLx¿af6} pQ/ lgsfNg] .

$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg]

;xefuLx¿nfO{ JolQmut, hf]8L jf ;d"xdf s'g} lqmofsnfk

u/fO{Psf] 5 eg] ;do tf]s]/ ;do leq sfd ug]{ afgL a;fNg'

kb{5 .

%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf

;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;w} Pp6} k|sf/n] a;fO{ Joj:yf gul/sg sIffsf]

p2]ZonfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ul/sg ljljlws/0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;df

nx/], cw{ uf]nfsf/, o"–cfsf/, uf]nfsf/, ;fgf ;d"x cflb a;fO{

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@*_ -@(_

xfdLx¿ aRrfnfO{ cfdfn] b"w v'jfpFbf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fsf

af/]df 5nkmn u5f}{+Æ .

#_ k|Zg

sIffdf k|Zgx¿ w]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . k|Zg ;f]Wg]

tl/sf, k|Zgsf :t/, qmda4tf, pQ/ lng] tl/sf af/]df Wofg

lbg' kb{5 .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf klxn] ;a} ;xefuLn] ;'Gg] / Wofg lbg] u/]/

;f]Wg' k5{ . ;a}n] k|Zg a'e]msf] lglZrt ePkl5

;xefuLx¿nfO{ pQ/ af/] ;f]Rg cfjZos ;do lbPkl5

s'g} Pshgfaf6 pQ/ vf]Hg' kb{5 . o:tf] k|Zg ;f]wfOnfO{

…;d"xdf k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú elgG5 . k|Zg ;f]wfO{

slxn]sfxL+ …JolQmut k|Zg JolQmut pQ/Ú / …;d"xdf

k|Zg ;d"xaf6 pQ/Ú klg x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ o:tf k|Zg

;f]wfO{ sd dfqfdf x'g' /fd|f] xf] .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf x'jx' k':tssf] pQ/ eGg' kg]{, s07 u/]/

bf]x¥ofpg' kg]{ eGbf cfk'mn] l;s]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df s;/L

ptfg]{, To;af6 s] l;Sg ;lsG5, kmfObf s] xf]nf,

;dfhdf s] k|efj knf{, lsg h:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]/ l;s]sf

s'/f Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

k|Zg ;f]Wbf ljifout qmda4tf ldnfP/ ;f]Wbf l;sfOdf

;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

k|Zgsf] pQ/ tTsfn} cfPgg\ eg] klg s]xL j]/ kv{g],

cfjZos k/] k|Zg bf]x¥ofO{lbg], k|ZgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf

a'emfpg] jf s'g} ;Í]t lbP/ a' \́gnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd

ug'{ kb{5 .

k|Zg s]xL hfGg] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dfq ;f]Wg] gul/sg

;a}nfO{ kfnf] kg]{ u/]/ ;f]Wg] .

k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;xhstf{ cfk}mn] glbP/ ;se/

;xefuLx¿af6} pQ/ lgsfNg] .

$_ ;do tf]s]/ sfd u/fpg]

;xefuLx¿nfO{ JolQmut, hf]8L jf ;d"xdf s'g} lqmofsnfk

u/fO{Psf] 5 eg] ;do tf]s]/ ;do leq sfd ug]{ afgL a;fNg'

kb{5 .

%_ a;fO{ Joj:yf

;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;w} Pp6} k|sf/n] a;fO{ Joj:yf gul/sg sIffsf]

p2]ZonfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ul/sg ljljlws/0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;df

nx/], cw{ uf]nfsf/, o"–cfsf/, uf]nfsf/, ;fgf ;d"x cflb a;fO{

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

-@*_ -@(_

^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u

;xhstf{n] ;se/ ;xefuL cfk}mn] cfk\mg} k|of;n] l;sf];\ eGg]

s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf ckgfpg], km/s km/s

ljlw cKgfpg] ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/

lgsfNg] k|of;df xtf/ u/]/ ;a} s'/f cfk}mn] atfpg] jf ;d:of

xn ul/lbg] ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ l;Sg ;xof]u ug'{

kb{5, t/ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} .

&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f

;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;d"xdf sfd u/fpg' kb{5, t/ ;se/ ;d"xsf

;b:ox¿ Ps k6s b]lv csf]{ k6sdf km/s km/s kg'{ kb{5 .

;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ km/s km/s ;b:ox¿ k/f];\ eg]/ uGtLaf6,

lr¶faf6, gfdsf] cIf/, ?rL ;d"x cflb tl/sfn] ;d"x agfpg]

ug'{ kb{5 .

*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f

sIffdf cfk\mgf s'/f cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ubf{

s]xL s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

Ps k6sdf PshgfnfO{ Pp6f dfq} s'/f eGg lbg] h;n]

ubf{ w]/} hgfn] ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .

c?n] eg]sf s'/f gbf]xf]¥ofO{sg, gofF s'/f yKg nufpg] .

sIffdf ;xefuL gePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xhstf{ cfFk}mn]

pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

cfPsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ ;xhstf{n] bf]xf]¥ofpg], :ki6

kfg]{ sfd ug]{ .

;d"x sfo{df klg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o ;xefuL ePsf]

;'lglZrt ug]{ .

(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|of;nfO{ k|z+;f ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt

ug]{ .

!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;xhstf{n] cfk'm klg Pp6f l;sf? / ;+w} l;Sgdf pT;'s /x]sf]

s'/f :ki6 kfb}{ ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;a}n] Ps csf{af6 l;Sg]

jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . Pp6fn] csf]{sf] efjgf a' \́g],

;Ddfg ug]{, Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .

o;af6 ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s ;Lk / ;du| ;Lk l;s]/ tL

;Lkx?sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;xL ?kdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|fKt ug{

;lsG5 .

-#)_ -#!_

^_ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} ;xof]u

;xhstf{n] ;se/ ;xefuL cfk}mn] cfk\mg} k|of;n] l;sf];\ eGg]

s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ lqmofsnfkdf ljljwtf ckgfpg], km/s km/s

ljlw cKgfpg] ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/

lgsfNg] k|of;df xtf/ u/]/ ;a} s'/f cfk}mn] atfpg] jf ;d:of

xn ul/lbg] ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;xhstf{n] ;xefuLnfO{ l;Sg ;xof]u ug'{

kb{5, t/ cfjZos dfqfdf dfq} .

&_ ;d"x lgdf{0f

;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;d"xdf sfd u/fpg' kb{5, t/ ;se/ ;d"xsf

;b:ox¿ Ps k6s b]lv csf]{ k6sdf km/s km/s kg'{ kb{5 .

;d"x lgdf{0f ubf{ km/s km/s ;b:ox¿ k/f];\ eg]/ uGtLaf6,

lr¶faf6, gfdsf] cIf/, ?rL ;d"x cflb tl/sfn] ;d"x agfpg]

ug'{ kb{5 .

*_ cfbfg–k|bfg / k|:t'tLs/0f

sIffdf cfk\mgf s'/f cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;d"xsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ubf{

s]xL s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .

Ps k6sdf PshgfnfO{ Pp6f dfq} s'/f eGg lbg] h;n]

ubf{ w]/} hgfn] ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfpg ;Sb5g\ .

c?n] eg]sf s'/f gbf]xf]¥ofO{sg, gofF s'/f yKg nufpg] .

sIffdf ;xefuL gePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;xhstf{ cfFk}mn]

pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

cfPsf dxTjk"0f{ s'/fnfO{ ;xhstf{n] bf]xf]¥ofpg], :ki6

kfg]{ sfd ug]{ .

;d"x sfo{df klg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o ;xefuL ePsf]

;'lglZrt ug]{ .

(_ ;xefuLx¿sf] k|of;nfO{ k|z+;f ug]{, pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt

ug]{ .

!)_ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;lqmo ;'gfO / a'emfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;xhstf{n] cfk'm klg Pp6f l;sf? / ;+w} l;Sgdf pT;'s /x]sf]

s'/f :ki6 kfb}{ ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;a}n] Ps csf{af6 l;Sg]

jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . Pp6fn] csf]{sf] efjgf a' \́g],

;Ddfg ug]{, Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .

o;af6 ;fIf/tf ;Lk, ;fGble{s ;Lk / ;du| ;Lk l;s]/ tL

;Lkx?sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;xL ?kdf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk k|fKt ug{

;lsG5 .

-#)_ -#!_

gd"gf kf7 of]hgf

!_ hfgsf/Ld"ns kf7 h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO{ .

kf7sf] z'?jft

lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/ M ;DalGwt lrq cWoog ug{ lbP/ ;xhstf{n]

lgb]{zg lbg], æo; lrqdf tkfO{+x¿n] s] s] b]Vg'x'G5 < o; lrqn]

s] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] xf]nf < -;do tf]s]/_ cfk'm cfk}mn] ––––

ldg]6 ;f]r]/ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ agfpg] jf n]Vg' xf]nf .Æ

;do ;dfKt ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] lgb]{zg lbg], ætkfO{+x¿n]

;f]r]sf]÷n]v]sf] s'/f ;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfP/ Ps cfk;df

cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .Æ

kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f

s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] < M hf]8Lsf] sfd l;l4Pkl5

;xefuLaf6 Pp6f Pp6f t/ km/s–km/s ljrf/ k|:t't ug{

nufpg] . cfPsf ljrf/ ;xhstf{n] ldnfP/ …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP

s] <Ú sf]nddf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg] . ;xefuLaf6 ljifoj:t' ;+u

;DalGwt s'/fx¿ cfO;s]kl5 yk gofF s'/fsf nflu …lgb]{lzt

k7g lqmofsnfkÚ, …k7g ;f/f+z k|ZgÚ h:tf ljlw ckgfP/

l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . cfPsf yk s'/f ;DalGwt sf]nddf

/fVg] . …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP s] <Ú sf]nd k"/f ePkl5

;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg jf kfPsf] 1fgnfO{

s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t'?Gt} nfu' ug]{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg]

h'g of]hgf …ca s] <Ú sf]nddf /fVg] .

kf7 ;'b[l9s/0f

…ca s] <Ú sf]nddf tof/ kf/]sf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg

ug]{ .

@_ syf, 36gfdf cfwfl/t kf7

kf7sf] z'?jft

zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg M ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg], ætkfO{+x¿n] syf

;'Gg', k9\g' ePsf] 5 < n]Vg' ePsf] 5 <Æ

æn cfh xfdL syf n]Vg]÷eGg] x} . tkfO{sf] syfdf d}n] lbPsf]

zAb÷zAbfjnL k/]sf] x'g'k5{ .Æ -;'gfpg] syf jf 36gfaf6 $÷%

j6f d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lems]/ lbg] ._

lbOPsf] ;dokl5 lgb]{zg lbg], æca xfdL #÷$ hgfsf] syf

;'G5f}+=== To;kl5 d syf eGg] 5' .=== d}n] eg]sf] syf /

tkfO{x¿n] eg]sf] syf slQsf] ldNg] 5 bfFh]/ klg x]5f}{+ .====Æ

-#@_ -##_

gd"gf kf7 of]hgf

!_ hfgsf/Ld"ns kf7 h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO{ .

kf7sf] z'?jft

lyÍ k]o/ ;]o/ M ;DalGwt lrq cWoog ug{ lbP/ ;xhstf{n]

lgb]{zg lbg], æo; lrqdf tkfO{+x¿n] s] s] b]Vg'x'G5 < o; lrqn]

s] ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] xf]nf < -;do tf]s]/_ cfk'm cfk}mn] ––––

ldg]6 ;f]r]/ cfk\mgf] ljrf/ agfpg] jf n]Vg' xf]nf .Æ

;do ;dfKt ePkl5 ;xhstf{n] lgb]{zg lbg], ætkfO{+x¿n]

;f]r]sf]÷n]v]sf] s'/f ;+u}sf] ;fyL;+u hf]8L agfP/ Ps cfk;df

cfbfg–k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .Æ

kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f

s] < To;f] eP s] < ca s] < M hf]8Lsf] sfd l;l4Pkl5

;xefuLaf6 Pp6f Pp6f t/ km/s–km/s ljrf/ k|:t't ug{

nufpg] . cfPsf ljrf/ ;xhstf{n] ldnfP/ …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP

s] <Ú sf]nddf l6kf]6 ub}{ hfg] . ;xefuLaf6 ljifoj:t' ;+u

;DalGwt s'/fx¿ cfO;s]kl5 yk gofF s'/fsf nflu …lgb]{lzt

k7g lqmofsnfkÚ, …k7g ;f/f+z k|ZgÚ h:tf ljlw ckgfP/

l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] . cfPsf yk s'/f ;DalGwt sf]nddf

/fVg] . …s] <Ú / …To;f] eP s] <Ú sf]nd k"/f ePkl5

;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;d"xdf afF8]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg jf kfPsf] 1fgnfO{

s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t'?Gt} nfu' ug]{ of]hgf agfpg nufpg]

h'g of]hgf …ca s] <Ú sf]nddf /fVg] .

kf7 ;'b[l9s/0f

…ca s] <Ú sf]nddf tof/ kf/]sf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg

ug]{ .

@_ syf, 36gfdf cfwfl/t kf7

kf7sf] z'?jft

zAbsf] cfwf/df cg'dfg M ;xhstf{n] ;f]Wg], ætkfO{+x¿n] syf

;'Gg', k9\g' ePsf] 5 < n]Vg' ePsf] 5 <Æ

æn cfh xfdL syf n]Vg]÷eGg] x} . tkfO{sf] syfdf d}n] lbPsf]

zAb÷zAbfjnL k/]sf] x'g'k5{ .Æ -;'gfpg] syf jf 36gfaf6 $÷%

j6f d'Vo zAb÷zAbfjnL lems]/ lbg] ._

lbOPsf] ;dokl5 lgb]{zg lbg], æca xfdL #÷$ hgfsf] syf

;'G5f}+=== To;kl5 d syf eGg] 5' .=== d}n] eg]sf] syf /

tkfO{x¿n] eg]sf] syf slQsf] ldNg] 5 bfFh]/ klg x]5f}{+ .====Æ

-#@_ -##_

kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f

lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk M ;xefuLn] ;'gfPsf jf tof/

kf/]sf syf;+u ;xhstf{ cfk'mn] ;'gfPsf] syfsf] efu÷c+z;+u

s;sf] cg'dfg ldNof] < s] km/s eof] < h:tf k|Zg /fv]/

5nkmn ug]{ . To;kl5 clxn];Dd ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df …ca s]

xf]nf <Ú -syf s;/L cufl8 a9\nf <Ú h:tf k|Zg ;f]w]/ gofF

cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], gofF cg'dfg ug'{sf cfwf/x¿ eGg nufpg]

h:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 syf cufl8 a9fpg] .

olb sIffsf] cGTodf dfGotf/]vf ljlw ckgfpg] xf] eg] …syfdf

ePsf] s'/f l7s xf] jf a]l7s xf], lsg <Ú eGg] klg 5nkmn ub}{

l7s / a]l7sdf dfGotf/]vf klg agfpFb} hfg] .

kf7sf] cGTo

syf÷36gf k"/f ePkl5 To;af6 …s] l;Sg' eof] <Ú, …o;n]

tkfO{sf] hLjgdf s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú, …s] s'/f ug'{ plrt xf]nf <Ú

h:tf k|Zg /fVg] .

olb dfGotf/]vf k|of]u ug]{ eP To;df 5nkmn u/fP/ ;qsf]

cGTo ug]{ .

=========== ===========

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

CERID. (2006). Life Skill Education: Nature of the Issues and

their Linkage to System Provision. Kathmandu: Author.

Parry, C. and Nomikou, M. 2014. Life Skills – Developing Active

Citizens. UK: British Council.

UNESCO. (2004). Report of the Inter-Agency Working Group

on Life Skills in EFA, UNESCO, Paris, 29-31 March

2004; Paris: Author.

UNESCO. (2012). Regional Handbook on Life Skills

programmes for Non-Formal Education. Bangkok:

Author.

WHO. (NA). Skills for Health: Skills-based health education

including life skills -- An important component of a Child-

Friendly/Health-Promoting School, Information series on

school health, document 9.

http://www.uwex.edu/ces/4h/educators/documents/ListofLifeSkil

lsandComponents.pdf (downloaded 1 August 2015).

cfrfo{, ;';g= -@)!#_= hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tflndsf nflu tof/

kfl/Psf] n]vf}6 . o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ .

-#$_ -#%_

kf7 k|:t'tLs/0f

lgb]{lzt ;'gfO lrGtg lqmofsnfk M ;xefuLn] ;'gfPsf jf tof/

kf/]sf syf;+u ;xhstf{ cfk'mn] ;'gfPsf] syfsf] efu÷c+z;+u

s;sf] cg'dfg ldNof] < s] km/s eof] < h:tf k|Zg /fv]/

5nkmn ug]{ . To;kl5 clxn];Dd ;'g]sf] syfsf] cfwf/df …ca s]

xf]nf <Ú -syf s;/L cufl8 a9\nf <Ú h:tf k|Zg ;f]w]/ gofF

cg'dfg ug{ nufpg], gofF cg'dfg ug'{sf cfwf/x¿ eGg nufpg]

h:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 syf cufl8 a9fpg] .

olb sIffsf] cGTodf dfGotf/]vf ljlw ckgfpg] xf] eg] …syfdf

ePsf] s'/f l7s xf] jf a]l7s xf], lsg <Ú eGg] klg 5nkmn ub}{

l7s / a]l7sdf dfGotf/]vf klg agfpFb} hfg] .

kf7sf] cGTo

syf÷36gf k"/f ePkl5 To;af6 …s] l;Sg' eof] <Ú, …o;n]

tkfO{sf] hLjgdf s] cy{ /fV5 <Ú, …s] s'/f ug'{ plrt xf]nf <Ú

h:tf k|Zg /fVg] .

olb dfGotf/]vf k|of]u ug]{ eP To;df 5nkmn u/fP/ ;qsf]

cGTo ug]{ .

=========== ===========

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

CERID. (2006). Life Skill Education: Nature of the Issues and

their Linkage to System Provision. Kathmandu: Author.

Parry, C. and Nomikou, M. 2014. Life Skills – Developing Active

Citizens. UK: British Council.

UNESCO. (2004). Report of the Inter-Agency Working Group

on Life Skills in EFA, UNESCO, Paris, 29-31 March

2004; Paris: Author.

UNESCO. (2012). Regional Handbook on Life Skills

programmes for Non-Formal Education. Bangkok:

Author.

WHO. (NA). Skills for Health: Skills-based health education

including life skills -- An important component of a Child-

Friendly/Health-Promoting School, Information series on

school health, document 9.

http://www.uwex.edu/ces/4h/educators/documents/ListofLifeSkil

lsandComponents.pdf (downloaded 1 August 2015).

cfrfo{, ;';g= -@)!#_= hLjgf]kof]uL l;k tflndsf nflu tof/

kfl/Psf] n]vf}6 . o'g]:sf] sf7df8f}+ .

-#$_ -#%_

UNESCO O�ce in KathmanduPO Bix 14391Sanepa-2, Lalitpur, NepalTel: +977 1 5554396Fax: +977 1 5554450Email: kathmandu@unesco.orgwww.unesco.org/kathmandu