fiber presentation.ppt

L1

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

The Whole ViewFIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY

OTHER APPLICATIONS

COMMUNICATION

MILITARY MEDICALSENSORS FIBER OPTICSFREE SPACE

OPTICS

LINK

COMPONENTS DEVICES FIBERS AND CABLES

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

P2MP NETWORK

SUB-SYSTEMSINSTALLATION

AND MAINTENANCE

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

PART 1: TECHNOLOGIES

Objectives

1. To understand Light

2. To understand Fiber Optic

3. To understand their Applications

ContentsA. Light

B. Fiber Optic

C. Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

D. Fiber Types

E. Problems of Fiber

F. Applications

G. Industries in Indonesia

Near Infrared

Frequency

Wavelength1.6

229

1.0 0.8 µm0.6 0.41.8 1.4

UV

(vacuum) 1.2

THz193 461

0.2

353

Longhaul Telecom

Regional Telecom

Local Area Networks

850 nm

1550 nm

1310 nm

CD Players780 nm

HeNe Lasers633 nm

A1. Light: Transmission Bands

A2. Light: Behavior

• Travels in straight line

• Reflects off different media

• Transmits through media

• Chargeless

• Does not interact with other light

• Can be visible/invisible

A3. LIGHT: Advantages

• Economics (cost/bandwidth)• Speed & Distance• Low Power Operations• Non-Visibility• No Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)• Secure• No Grounding • 2-Dimensional

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)

• Optical Fiber: Thin strands of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light.

• Core: The center of the fiber where the light is transmitted.

• Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the light in the core and guides it along - even through curves.

• Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)

B2. Fiber Optic: Advantages• Lighter, thinner but stronger• Supports huge bandwidth, up to

Terabit/s • Very low loss• Flexible• Secure

• Non-electrical conductivity • Highly resistant to chemicals

B3. Fiber Optic: Behavior

• Strong yet brittle

• Passes light through

• Guides light path by reflection

• Absorbs light

• Delays light/ Reduce light speed

• Interact with light

C. Total Internal Reflection

The light is "guided" down the center of the fiber called the "core". The core is surrounded by a optical material called the "cladding" that traps the light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection."

D. Types of Fiber Optic1. Multimode Fiber (MMF)

2. Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

3. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)4. Specialized Fiber

Use of fibers:1. As a transmission medium2. As a component

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Single Mode Fiber(SMF)

• Used to transmit one optical path • Used in submarine, long hauls, telephones and cable

TV (CATV) • Small cores (~3.5x10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) • Transmit infrared laser light. • Wavelength range = 1,300 to 1,550nm

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Multi Mode Fiber (MMF)

• Used to transmit in many optical path • Used in computer networks or local area networks• Larger cores (~2.5x10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in

diameter)• Transmit light emitting diodes (LEDs) • Wavelength range = 850 to 1,300nm

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)

• It has large core (about 1mm)

• Fiber that can only be used for short, low speed networks

• Flexible bending compare to SMF and MMF

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Specialized Fiber

• Not intended for transmission purposes

• Eg. erbium doped fiber (EDF), main components for fiber-based optical amplifier, namely EDFA

E. PROBLEMS OF FIBER OPTIC

1. Loss or Attenuation dB/km2. Chromatic Dispersion, CD ps/(nm-km)

3. Polarization Mode Dispersion, PMD ps/km

4. Non-Linear Coefficient, n2

F. Photonics Applications1. Communications (Fiber based and Free

Space)2. Military Applications3. Sensors (eg. gas, chemical, fuel,

distance, pressure, fluid level, gyro)4. Medical Field (LASIK, endoscope)5. Industrial Applications7. Lighting8. Entertainment9. Display & Signage

G. Industries in Indonesia

• PT Telekom Indonesia

• PT Indosat

• PT Bakrie

• PT Telekomsel

• PT Excelcomindo Pratama

• PT Icon+

• PT Sempoerna

• PT Teleakses Solusinso

PART 2: DWDM & THE LATEST

TREND

The Whole ViewFIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY

OTHER APPLICATIONS

COMMUNICATION

MILITARY MEDICALSENSORS FIBER OPTICSFREE SPACE

OPTICS

LINK

COMPONENTS DEVICES FIBERS AND CABLES

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

P2MP NETWORK

SUB-SYSTEMSINSTALLATION

AND MAINTENANCE

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

Objectives

1. To identify the main elements of a fiber optic link

2. To introduce to the main transmission issues in FOCS

3. To understand the current and future Technologies in FOCS

ContentsContentsA. Today’s Scenario

B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN

C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication

D. Elements of Fiber Optic Communication Link

E. Major Multiplexing Techniques: TDM & WDM

F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM)

G. Trend in LAN, Access Network, MAN & WAN

H. Conclusion

A. Today’s Scenario

• A total of 600 million kilometers of fiber-optic cable has been installed worldwide which throughout Asia represented 20% of it [Holton,2003] [1].

• An Asia market segment of for DWDM systems for the year 2000 alone exceeds up to USD 1.3 billion

B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN

MAN WANLAN

Network TerminologiesPoint to Point (P2P) = LinkPoint to Multi-Point (P2MP) = BroadcastMulti-Point to Multi-Point (MP2MP) = Mesh

C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication

Service Provider

User

Fiber Optic

D. Elements of Fiber Optic Comm. Link

• Optical Transmitter (E-O)• Optical Receiver (O-E)• Transponder (O-E-O)• Fiber Optics• Optical Amplifier (O-O)• Multiplexer and Demultiplexer• Jointing (Splicing, connectors)• Attenuator• Splitter

Optical Transmitter (E-O)

Types of Light Sources (LS):

1. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

2. Lasers- Fabry Perot (FP)- DFB- VCSEL

Coder ModulatorLight Sourc

eFiber

Characterization of Light Source (LS)

Parameter LED LASER

Power (dBm) Very Low -Low Low - Very High

Spectral Width (nm)

Broad Narrow – Very Narrow

Wavelength (nm)

Fixed, Any Tunable, Any

Phase Incoherent Coherent

Optical Receiver (O-E)

Types of Photodiode (PD):

1. PIN

2. Avalanche PD

Decoder De-Modulator

Photodiode Fiber

Characterization Of Photodiodes

Parameter PIN-PD APD

Wavelength Material - based

Material - based

Responsivity Low High

Speed Material -based

Material -based

E. Multiplexing Techniques

• A method for sharing communication channel• Two Major Types of Multiplexing:

a. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Electrical

Optical

b. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Electrical

Optical

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Reasonably easy to do as long as data rates are around a few Gbit/s

• Most TDM transmission today is at 2.5Gbit/s, although 10Gbit/s is available

• TDM at 40Gbit/s now implemented in US and Europe

TDM: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

C = CONTAINERVC = VIRTUAL CONTAINERTU = TRIBUTARY UNITTUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUPAU = ADMINISTRATIVE UNITAUG = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUPSTM-1 = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE (155.52MB/S FRAME)

C = CONTAINERVC = VIRTUAL CONTAINERTU = TRIBUTARY UNITTUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUPAU = ADMINISTRATIVE UNITAUG = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUPSTM-1 = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE (155.52MB/S FRAME)

MAPPINGMULTIPLEXINGALIGNING

STM-1STM-1 AUGAUG

VC-3VC-3

VC-4VC-4

AU-3AU-3

AU-4AU-4

TUG-2TUG-2

TUG-3TUG-3 TU-3TU-3

TU-2TU-2

TU-12TU-12

TU-11TU-11

VC-3VC-3

VC-2VC-2

VC-12VC-12

VC-11VC-11

C-4C-4

C-3C-3

C-2C-2

C-12C-12

C-11C-11

X 1

X 3

X 7

X 7

X 1

X 4X 3

X 1

X 3

139264kbit/s

44736kbit/s or34368kbit/s

6312kbit/s

2048kbit/s

1544kbit/s

SDH Transmission RateBit Rate PDH

EuropeSDH

Name Container Transport

40 Gbit/s STM-256

10 Gbit/s STM-64

2.5 Gbit/s STM-16

622 Mbit/s STM-4

155 Mbit/s STM-1

140 Mbit/s E4 VC-4

34 Mbit/s E3 VC-3

8 Mbit/s E2

2 Mbit/s E1 VC-12

64 kbit/s E0

Limitations of TDM at 10 Gbit/s

• High cost of the electronic components to modulate lasers and MUX/DEMUX electronic signals

• Laser chirp limits laser modulation capacity (need for external modulation)

• Chromatic dispersion’s effect is 16 times greater at 10 Gbit/s than at 2.5 Gbit/s

• PMD affects signal quality at these rates

• Therefore, WDM came……..

E2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

WDM Revolution• Parallel set of optical channels sharing the

same transmission medium• Holds great promise

– Increase fiber bandwidth without re-cabling, (numb. of λ x TDM)

– Eg., 4 λ x STM-64 (10.0Gbps) = STM-256 (40Gbps) in one

fiber

– Future-proof network capacity– Brings all-optical network design capacity

Elements of WDM Link

λ1

λ3

λ3

Mu

x/DeM

ux

OEO

OEO

OEO

PumpPump PumpPump

Transmitter

EDFAOADM

ReceiverTransponder and Multiplexing

Demultiplexing(Filtering)

Optical Amplification

Add and Drop

New Components Requirement in WDM

• Transmitter with small Linewidth• Wavelength Multiplexer and de-Multiplexer• Optical Amplifier (SOA, EDFA, Raman)• Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM)• Others

n

Narrow spectral width

High output power

High stability

Transmitter Module: Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB) source

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Narrow Band Filtering technology

n

MU

X-D

EM

UX

Bragg gratings

Bulk optics

Optical Amplifier (mostly used EDFA)

n Erbium doped fiber amplifiers

Amplifying from 1530 to 1560 nm

MU

X-D

EM

UX

EDFA

ITU Wavelength Grid (100 and 50GHz Spacing

WDM introduced the WDM introduced the

necessity for testing a third necessity for testing a third

parameter ...parameter ...Wavelength

From a TDM bidimensional system to a WDM

tridimensional system

Power •Laser modulation•Eye diagram•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)

•Laser modulation•Eye diagram•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)

Time

•Laser output power•Fiber attenuation•Component loss•Polarization loss


•Chromatic dispersion•PMD


TDM: a bidimensional system

Power

Wavelength

Time



•Laser modulation•Eye diagrams•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)

•Laser modulation•Eye diagrams•Phase modulation•SBS (Brillouin)

•Four wave mixing (FWM)•Cross phase modulation (XPM)•Stimulated Raman scattering

•Four wave mixing (FWM)•Cross phase modulation (XPM)•Stimulated Raman scattering



•DFB laser chirp•DFB laser chirp

•EDFA ASE•EDFA Gain•MUX XT•PDCW

•EDFA ASE•EDFA Gain•MUX XT•PDCW

•DFB stability•EDFA range•MUX bandwidth

•DFB stability•EDFA range•MUX bandwidth

WDM: a new dimension

F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing Technique

G1. Trend in LAN • Migration from copper-based network to

fiber-based network or wireless network

Twisted pair

Fiber for Speed

Wireless for Mobility

G2. Trend in Access Network

• Migration from copper-based network to fiber-based network (FTTx)

Benefits of FTTH• Higher Bandwidth• Service Flexibility• Extension of Coverage• FTTH is reliable, scalable, and secure• Provides services including voice, high-speed

data, analog or digital CATV, DBS, and video on demand

• Passive optical network, from the central office (CO) to the end user

• Minimizes the network maintenance cost and requirements

OLT at CO

ONU at Home (House)

G3. Trend in MAN

PDHSDH

STM-1, 4 &

16

SDH

STM-64

WDM

8, 16, 32,

64 channel

CWDM

Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM)

Metro CWDM Wavelength Grid as specified by ITU-T G.694.2

G4. Trend in WAN

PDHSDH

STM-4 &

16

SDH

STM-64

WDM

8, 16, 32,

64 channel

H. Conclusion

= Fibercount

Bit rates(TDM)

Nb of carriers(WDM)

+ +Future

network

Thank You

fiber presentation.ppt

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