extended learning module a computer hardware and software

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Extended Learning Module A

Computer Hardware and Software

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Introduction

Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization.

Hardware – the ______ ________ that make up a computer.

Software – the set of _________ that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.

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A Quick Tour of Technology

Six categories of hardware

1. _______ device -2. _______ device -3. Storage device4. Central processing unit (CPU)

RAM, or random access memory, 5. __________ device -6. Connecting device –

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Trends in Computer System Capabilities

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

VacuumTubes

VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated

CircuitsIntegrated

Circuits

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

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Categories of Computers By Size

_______________ – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book.

______________ - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power.

Desktop computer - the most popular choice for personal computing needs.

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Categories of Computers By SizeMinicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers

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A Quick Tour of Technology

Software types include: Application software - solves specific

problems or perform specific tasks. System software - handles tasks

specific to technology management. Operating system software - controls

application software and manages hardware devices.

Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system.

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Trends in Computer SoftwareFirst

GenerationFirst

GenerationSecond

GenerationSecond

GenerationThird

GenerationThird

GenerationFourth

GenerationFourth

GenerationFifth

GenerationFifth

Generation

User-Written ProgramsMachine Languages

Packaged ProgramsSymbolic Languages

Operating SystemsHigh-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation LanguagesMicrocomputer Packages

Natural & Object-Oriented

LanguagesMultipurpose

Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted

Packages

Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceApplication Software

Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such things as: Payroll Customer relationship management Project management Training Word processing and many others.

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Personal productivity software - performs personal tasks, including such things as creating: Memos Graphs Slide presentations

Team Work

Buying Personal Productivity

Software Suites

(p. 49)(p. 49)

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Word processing – Spreadsheet – Presentation – Desktop publishing Personal information management

(PIM) –Web authoring – Graphics – Communications

Database management system (DBMS)

Personal finance.

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___________ market software

Horizontal __________ software

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSystem Software

Operating system software - controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together.

__________- allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time.

Utility software - adds additional functionality to the operating system.

_____________ - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfaceSystem Software

Uninstaller software – utility software that removes software from your hard disk.

Disk optimization software – utility software that organizes information on your hard disk.

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Software: Your Intellectual InterfacePersonal Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro Microsoft Windows 2000 Me Microsoft Windows XP Home Microsoft Windows XP Pro Mac OS. Linux –

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Top 10 Signs You Need a New Computer

10. That burning smell whenever you boot up. 9. Can't find replacement vacuum tubes. 8. Te damnd kybrd dosnt wrk. 7. You have so little memory your computer forgets

everything you type in. 6. You don't "surf" the Web, you drown. 5. Your favourite punch-card outlet just went out of business. 4. You keep getting calls from the curator at the

Smithsonian. 3. Your computer crashes every time you sneeze. 2. You're still using 5.25" floppy disks for mass storage. 1. Your cell phone can play better games than your PC.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Input Devices

Keyboard Trackball Point-of-sale

(POS) Pointing stick Microphone Touchpad

Mouse Bar code reader Touch screen Optical mark

recognition (OMR)

Scanner

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Output Devices

CRTs Flat-panel

displays –. Resolution of a

screen– Dot pitch

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Resolution of a printer - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in monitors.

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Inkjet printers – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles.

Laser printers – form images using an electrostatic process.

Multifunction printers – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCharacteristics of CPUs and RAM

Central processing unit (CPU) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together.

RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software.

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CPU speeds

CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions.

More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.)

Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second.

Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second.

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RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.

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Moore’s Law

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Storage Devices

Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes. Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is

roughly 1 million bytes. Gigabyte (GB or Gig) - roughly 1

billion characters. Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion

bytes.

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Storage Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Drum

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk

Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Disk

PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceCommon Storage Devices

Floppy disk High-capacity floppy disk Hard disk CD-ROM CD-R (compact disc – recordable) CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) DVD-ROM – DVD-R – DVD-RW, or DVD-RAM, or DVD+RW

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceTelecommunications Devices

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Types of modems include: Telephone modem Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem Cable modem Satellite modem

Module E covers these in more detail.

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Communication software includes: Connectivity software – enables you to

use your computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer.

Web browser software – enables you to surf the Web.

E-mail software – enables you to electronically communicate with other people by sending and receiving e-mail.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceConnecting Devices

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfaceConnecting Devices

Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors.

_________- the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector.

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Hardware: Your Physical InterfacePorts

__________ port

Serial port

____ port

Keyboard and mouse ports

extended learning module a computer hardware and software

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