exploratory latin history

8/8/2019 Exploratory Latin History

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Copyright 2004 American Classical League

May be reproduced for classroom use71

HISTORY /GEOGRAPHY

ELE Syllabus Entry

Italy

Greece

Sicily

Mediterranean Sea

Rome

Tiber River

Palatine

Forum

Romulus

Julius Caesar

Augustus

April 21, 753 BC

March 15, 44 BC

Mt. Vesuvius

SECTION CONTENTS

Ancient Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Vesuvius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Roma Est Antiqua (song) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Roma Ardet (song) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76The Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Make a Roman Shop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The Life of Julius Caesar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The Life of Augustus Caesar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Basilica Iulia and Basilica Aemilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81The Tale of Romulus and Remus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Romulus and Remus Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Answer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

GRAPHICS CD CONTENTS

Map of Italy, Sicily, and GreeceMap of Rome, Pompeii, and VesuviusRoma Est Antiqua Song OverheadRoma Ardet Song OverheadRomulus and Remus Song Overhead


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Ancient Geography

Look at the map of Europa (Europe) below. Each alphabet letter refers to a country or body of

water known to the Romans. Some of the Latin names are quite similar to ours; some are not.Using a globe or atlas, see if you can determine the location of each of the ancient countries orbodies of water listed.

___ Aegyptus (Egypt)

___ Britannia (England)

___ Creta (Creta)

___ Gallia (France)

___ Germania (Germany)

___ Graecia (Greece)

___ Helvetia (Switzerland)

___ Hispania (Spain)

___ Italia (Italy)

___ Lusitania (Portugal)

___ Mare Euxinum (Black Sea)

___ Mare Nostrum (Mediterranean Sea)

___ Sarmatia (Russia)

___ Sicilia (Sicily)

What three continents are shown on this map? _________________, _________________, and

_________________.


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Vesuvius

Look at the map to the left. You will seethat Italy (which looks very much like aboot) is kicking the island located by theboots toe. This island (marked with an S)is Sicily.

Using the letters on the map, find each ofthe following places:

1. The Tiber River on which Rome wasoriginally built. (T)

2. Rome (R)

3. Mt. Vesuvius, the large volcano whicherupted in 79 AD, burying Pompeii,Herculaneum, and Stabiae (V)

4. Pompeii, a city buried by Vesuvius butnow excavated (P)

When Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it caused great devastation. One Roman writer, Pliny theYounger, chronicled the event and his uncles attempt to save some of the citizens. Part of hisletter about the eruption is printed below and on the following page.

fromEpistulae of Pliny the Younger, VI.xvi

On the 24th of August at about 1:00 in the afternoon my mother told my uncle that acloud, unusual in size and form, had appeared. He, lying down, had been enjoyingthe sun, and then the cool, and studying. He demanded his sandals and climbedto a place from which the sight could be viewed most effectively. From far off, it wasunclear by mere gazing from which mountain the cloud was rising. (It was later knownto be Vesuvius.) I believe the clouds resemblance and shape were most like that ofa pine tree for it rose just as a very long trunk into the heights and spread its branches,

which, when losing their energy, grew weak and hung by their own weight to themountains side. Sometimes white, and sometimes dirty and spotted, the asheshovered over the earth.


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Vesuvius (continued)Epistulae VI.xvi (continued)

As a very learned man, my uncle understood the greatness of the sight. He orderedhis boat to be made ready, and said he would get supplies for me should I wish to gowith him. I replied that I preferred to study, by chance, something he himself hadwritten. As he was leaving the house, he was brought a letter from a friend who wasfrightened (for her house lay under the mountain and she did not have any escapeexcept by boat) and who begged to be snatched from the danger. Thus my unclechanged his plan which he had made with an educated mind and engaged himselfin a plan made by strength. He led out his larger boats and departed, not only for hisfriend, but to bring help to many. He hastened to the place from which others werefleeing. He held a straight and true course into danger, so free from fear that hedictated and wrote about everything which he saw.

First ash, hot and thick, fell on the ships; then black and burning pumice rocks brokenby fire rained down. Next there was a new shoal where the mountains shore waslittered and obscured. Delaying a little, deciding whether he should turn around, soonhe told his helmsman, Fortune helps the brave! Seek Pompeii.

[When Plinys uncle and his men reached the city, they pretended there was no need for panic.The uncle even went to the baths and took an afternoon nap, only waking when...]

...the area near the living room rose up, filled with ash and mixed pumice, and if hisdelay in the bedroom had been any longer, exit would have been denied. Arising,he proceeded on and returned to the others who had been on guard. They

consulted each other whether to stay within the walls or to roam out in the open.Indeed, the walls shook from numerous strong tremors, seeming to be moved fromtheir foundations as they swayed back and forth. Outside, on the other hand, thefalling pumice was to be feared. Which of the dangers was less? Among some,reason conquered reason; among others, fear conquered fear. Finally, they placedlinen pillows on their heads to guard against the fire.

Day was now elsewhere; here was a night darker and denser than any other night.The darkness was relieved only by the many torches and lamps. It was agreed thatthe group should progress to the shore and look around. Certainly now my uncle

would put out to sea, but the sea remained deep and hostile. Lying down under anunused sail, my uncle demanded cold water once and again. Finally, the flames,and the sulphuric odor which is the forerunner of flames, turned some into flight, butawakened him. Leaning on two servant boys, he rose, and immediately fell...

[...and died from the noxious fumes. When Pliny went to see about his uncle a couple days later,he found his body untouched, as if sleeping.]


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Romafounded April 21, 753 BC

Tiber River

Rome is located on the Tiber River. During the Republic, Rome occupied seven hills within the city wall. These hills were the Capitoline [C1], Quirinal [Q], Viminal [V], Esquiline [E], Caelian [C2],Aventine [A], and Palatine [P].

Across the Tiber was the Janiculum [J] hill, and to the northwest outside the wall was the CampusMartius [CM], Romes military parade ground.

The Circus Maximus, Romes largest racetrack, was located between the Palatine and Aventinehills. The Forum was located by the Capitoline Hill. Where was the Colosseum (the oval shapeabove) located?


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Roma Est Antiqua

Roma est antiqua

Magna Roma estLingua est Latina

Latina mira est

Roma Ardet(to the tune of Scotlands Burning)

Roma ardet

Roma ardet

Cave

Cave

IgnisIgnis

Funde aquam

Funde aquam


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



The Forum

Aforum is a place outdoors, an open square, or a marketplace. Originally, the forum wasa trading area for the tribesmen in Italy. As each community developed, the forum began toserve four distinct functions: commercial, political, judicial, and religious. The forum at Romedeveloped as a place where roads from the south and east met with roads from the north. It islocated at the foot of the Palatine and Capitoline Hills.

During the time of the Roman Empire, the forum no longer included the commercial buildingssince the marketplaces were built in locations outside the Roman Forum. Patricians did notbelieve that shopkeeping was a suitable profession. The plebians, however, were able to makea very good living in their shops called tabernae. The shops included taverns, bakers, clothescleaners, weavers, blacksmiths, locksmiths, moneylenders, shoemakers, mirror makers, tanners,carpenters, flute makers, oil merchants, and dealers in ivory, glass, pottery, leather, jewelry,

ceramics, and copper.

Class Activities

Name various buildings in the downtown section of your city. Classify each building by its function.You can use the following chart to classify the buildings you list in the first column. Follow theexample.

BUILDINGS Commercial Political Judicial Religious

Restaurant x

Court House x


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Make a Roman Shop

Materials Needed

A Roll of Red Corrugated Paper Spackle Styrofoam Hot Glue Gun and Glue

Craft knife

A. For the roof, cut a piece of Red Corrugated Paper 8 x 7 . Fold it in half thelong way. (Each side of the roof will be 3 3/4' wide)

B. With the craft knife, cut a piece of styrofoam 7 x 5 for the back of the shop.

Then cut two pieces of styrofoam 4 x 7 for the sides of the shop. Taper these twopieces on one end so that the sides are 5 leading to the 7 point. Seeillustration.

For the front of the shop, cut another piece of styrofoam 7 x 5 . Make a cutoutwith the craft knife so that you have a window and a door for your shop. Seeillustration.

Glue the shop together at the edges. Put the roof on top. Make a sign to hangon the front of your shop to advertise your goods. You might even want to maketiny items out of clay to put in your shop.


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



The Life of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar belonged to one of the oldest Roman families, the Julii. This family

claimed Aeneas, Ascanius, Anchises, and the goddess Venus as ancestors.Caesar was born in 102 B.C., the year that marked the beginning of the strugglebetween the aristocratic and popular parties in Rome. There was political unrestthroughout his boyhood. In 84 B.C., Caesar married Cornelia, daughter of Cinna,leader of the popular party. When Sulla, leader of the aristocratic party, came topower, Caesar went to Asia Minor with the Roman army. After Sulla died, Caesarreturned to Rome. Cornelia died in 68 B.C., and Caesar married Sullasgranddaughter, Pompeia, but he divorced her six years later.

Caesar studied rhetoric with Ciceros teacher, and he became an excellent orator.He went through the cursus honorum, serving as an aedile and apraetor. Caesar

was elected consul in 60 B.C. after having formed the First Triumvirate, an alliancehe made with Pompey, a general sympathetic to the popular party, and Crassus,a very rich Roman. Caesars daughter, Julia, married Pompey, and in the same

year, Caesar took a third wife, Calpurnia. In 58 B.C., Caesar set out on his Galliccampaign and secured much territory for Rome. He wrote about his experiencesin Gaul in a book called Commentaries About the Gallic Wars.

The First Triumvirate dissolved when Crassus was killed and Pompey switched hispolitical loyalty to the aristocratic party. Caesar was accused of treason, and ashe crossed the Rubicon River in 49 B.C., the Civil War began. After this war, Caesarreturned to Rome. In 45 B.C., he ordered the revision of the calendar that Numa,the second king of Rome, had developed. The result was the Julian Calendar

which made allowance for a leap year. The seventh month was renamed Juliusin his honor, and later the eighth month became Augustus in honor of AugustusCaesar. On March 15, 44 B.C., Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group ofsenators including Brutus and Cassius.


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



The Life of Augustus Caesar

Born in 63 B.C., Augustus Caesar, also known as Octavian, was the adopted

nephew of Julius Caesar. In the year after his uncles death, Octavian formed theSecond Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus. These three men were given the jobof reconstituting the government. Octavian and Antony took an army toMacedonia where Brutus and Cassius committed suicide after being defeated inbattle at Philippi. With the provinces of Rome ever expanding to the east,Octavian and Antony divided the empire between them. The East was Antonysdomain, and it was at this time that he formed a relationship with Cleopatra.Rome did not look favorably on this relationship, particularly because Antony wasmarried to Octavians sister, Octavia. Octavian declared war on Egypt, and whenhe was victorious in 31 B.C. at the Battle of Actium, both Cleopatra and Antonycommitted suicide.

Now Octavian ruled alone as the princeps, the first citizen, in a succession ofconsulships. In 27 B.C., Octavian became known as Caesar Augustus. In his rule,he stressed the values of earlier days through the revival of old ceremonies andthrough an emphasis on family life. He also focused on beautifying Rome byrestoring old temples, the Curia, and the Theater of Pompey, and by building newtemples. It is said that he found Rome brick and left it marble. He createdRomes first permanent army and supported the arts by encouraging poets, artists,sculptors, and architects. He was a gifted administrator who was responsible forthe Pax Romana, also called the Pax Augusta, a forty year peace marked byprosperity.

Augustus Caesar was married three times. His daughter, Julia, married Agrippa.He adopted Tiberius Claudius, the son of his third wife, Livia. When AugustusCaesar died in 14 A.D., Tiberius succeeded him.


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HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY



Basilica Iulia and Basilica Aemilia

In Latin, basilica means royal house. The Basilica Aemilia, a building in the Forum used as a lawcourt, was dedicated in 179 B.C. and rebuilt after a fire in 14 B.C. It was first used for meetingsand business around 200 B.C.

By the time that Julius Caesar finished the Basilica Iulia in 46 B.C., the main use for this structurewas the law court. The largest building in the Roman Forum, it was rebuilt by Augustus Caesar in14 A.D. The central court could be partitioned by curtains or screens to create rooms. On thefirst two stories were offices which opened inward. Later, the basilica became the model formany churches.

Law courts were presided over bypraetors. The office of praetor was established in 366 B.C. InRome, there were eight praetors who served one year each. Each praetor had six lictors

(bodyguards), second in number only to the consuls. The praetors were responsible for trying civiland criminal cases, publishing laws, and presiding over the Senate and commanding the armyin the absence of the consul. For a praetor to be elected, he had to be at least 39 years old witha history of government service, usually coming up through the ranks as a quaestor(treasuryofficial or provincial governors assistant) and an aedile (a supervisor of the citys food supply,traffic, or entertainment).

Class Activities

A. Make a Floor Plan of a Roman Basilica

Materials needed: an unlined piece of 8 x 11 paper, a ruler, a pencil

Follow these instructions exactly.

Draw a rectangle 8 inches by 6 inches.

Inside this rectangle, laid out in the same direction as the first rectangle, drawanother rectangle 6 inches by 4 inches.

Draw a dot at a corner of the larger rectangle. Draw dots at one inch intervalsaround the perimeter of the rectangle.

Draw a dot at the corner of the smaller rectangle. Draw dots at one inch intervalsaround the perimeter of the rectangle.

Question about the drawing: What do the lines and dots represent?


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Basilica Iulia and Basilica Aemilia (continued)

B. Do research to find out the similarities and differences between Supreme Court Justices

and Praetors. Find out (1) the number of Justices, (2) the term of office for the Justices, (3)the way in which Justices are appointed, and (4) the eligibility requirements for Justices.

C. Comparing the Basilica Iulia and the Basilica Aemilia.

Which basilica is older?

How much older?

Was Basilica Aemilia rebuilt before or after Basilica Iulia was built?

How many years before or after?

How many years after Basilica Aemilia was rebuilt was Basilica Iulia rebuilt?

D. Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar are both associated with the Basilica Iulia. Fill in thechart with information about these famous Romans.

Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar

Date of Birth

Major Accomplishments

Date of Death

Age at Death

Circumstances of Death


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The Tale of Romulus and Remusas told by the principals

Aeneas: Salve! My name is Aeneas. Once I was a prince in the city of Troy, but that wassome time ago. The Greeks - a nasty group of them - invaded my c ity and,after ten years, burned it to the ground. Because of a warning from my mother,

Venus, I fled the city with my family and some neighbors. After sailing around theMediterranean for some time, we finally landed on the west coast of Italy in anarea called Latium. Unfortunately, neither my wife nor my father made it to thisplace, but when we landed, the king of Latium, Latinus, greeted us warmly andinvited us to stay.

Latinus: Ah, yes, I do remember when Aeneas landed in my realm. What a sorry bunchthose Trojans were ragged, hungry, and grieving for those they had lost alongthe way. However, I was a gracious host to them and provided them with

supplies and shelter. Now my daughter, Lavinia, was just at that age when shewas looking for a nice young man to marry. When she heard that Aeneas wifehad died and that his little son, Ascanius, was without a mother, she immediatelytook pity on them.

Lavinia: Oh yes I did! Aeneas was a handsome man, and after he told me all about the war and his travels, I realized that he was a heroic man as well. Well, ourconversations continued, and one day Aeneas asked me if I would be his new

wife. I was overjoyed! Of course, I adopted Ascanius, but had Aeneas changehis name to Iulus so the other children wouldnt make fun of him. After a whilemy fathers palace became a little cramped, so Aeneas and I set forth on ourown and established a new city, Lavinium named after me!

Iulus: My dad and step-mother were really nice people. First we stayed with KingLatinus, and then, after Dad and Lavinia got married and I changed my name,

we moved to a new place, Lavinium, where I grew up. As I got older, I started tofeel restless. I wanted to live in my own town, too. Dad, Lavinia, and Latinus allunderstood and said, Go for it. So some friends of mine and I scouted out thearea and found the sweetest place right by a river. We called it Alba Longa,and for many years after my reign my descendants ruled there as kings.

Proca: Yes, Iulus was my great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather. His decision to establish a city at this location was totallyinspired. Alba Longa has become a major city in the area of Latium, and

through sound leadership, we have prospered over the years. I, myself, had twosons: Numitor and Aemulius. Numitor, the older of the two, was supposed toreplace me as king when I retired. He had a wonderful, sweet daughter namedRhea Silvia, but no sons. My other son Aemulius was a little headstrong. I fearedthat he was a bit jealous of his older brother.


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The Tale of Romulus and Remus (continued)

Numitor: Well, Dad was right when he said that my younger bother was jealous. He keptmuttering to himself that no man withou t a son should be king. And, when Dadfinally did retire and handed over the crown to me, what did that brat do? Hegot a bunch of his low-life friends together and drove me out of beautiful AlbaLonga. Even worse, he kidnapped my daughter, Rhea Silvia, and sent her to bea lifelong priestess in the Temple of Vesta. Not only had I lost my kingdom, butany hope of grandchildren also. It simply wasnt fair!

Aemulius: Oh yeah. It was always, Numitor is older so he gets it all. I did love my brotherand all that, but truly he was a dufus. I was the one who constantly helped thecity out in times of trouble or invasion. I was the strong guy. But, no. Numitor isolder so he gets it all. They never figured it out that older doesnt always meanbetter. So I decided that Id look out for numero-uno and seize control formyself. And with a little help from my friends, I did just that. I got rid of that sillydaughter of h is, too.

Mars: I simply had to wonder what was going on down there in Alba Longa. First Proca was king, then Numitor, and then Aemulius. What was this a game of musicalkings? So I investigated, or at least I began to. When I saw poor Numitorsdaughter, Rhea Silvia, it was Cupids arrows all the way. She was onemagn ificent beauty. Hey, I would have asked her to marry me up on Olympus,but she was a lifelong priestess to my Aunt Vesta. So, a secret ceremony it hadto be.

Rhea Silvia: I think I got you, Uncle Aemulius! You sent me off to be a lifelong priestess ofVesta. I had only one duty: to keep the fires of Alba Longa always burning.B-o-r-ing! Well, you might not have thought I was anything special, butsomeone did, and that someones a lot bigger and stronger than you Mars, the son of Jupiter himself. And we fooled you: we got secretly marriedand I had twin sons who look just like their dad. When they grow up, theyllget back at you, I promise.

Guard #1: It simply wasnt right, not at all right. King Aemulius ordered me to take those

beautiful twin sons of Rhea Silvia out to the woods and leave them there alone. I

had to follow his orders, or he would have had me killed and someone else

would be told to complete the deed. But, indeed, I cried as I left them there ina basket on the banks of the Tiber River. They were just wee tots. I knew theyd

never survive. For days I had nightmares about leaving them alone like that.


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Lupa: Well, some humans dare to call us savage beasts, but personally I think it was the

other way around. I was stalking prey by the riverside, looking for a nice rabbit totake home for dinner, and what did I find? Two babies in a basket. At first I looked

around for some trap, some human hunter ready to get me, but there was no one

there except the babies, crying from hunger and cold. It was pathetic. Of course,

they were human, not lupine, so I did have an excuse to leave, but I couldnt. Fool

that I may be, I adopted them, took them home with me and let them share with

my own litter of pups. Savage beast? I think not.

Faustulus: I know, it doesnt sound like it really could have happened, but it did. I was out in

the woods, hunting for some food, when I saw this unbelievable thing. There, in

a clearing, was a she-wolf surrounded by two pups and two baby humans. Atfirst I wondered whether the sun had been beating too hard on my head, but it

was no illusion. There was a mother wolf with two baby boys and two baby

wolves. Well, I did what I had to. I chased that she-wolf away and rescued the

two humans. I figured she could keep the baby wolves.

Acca Larentia: And then he brought them home to me! Here I was at the door, waiting

for Faustulus to return with some dinner, and what does he pop in with

but two of the cutest baby boys youve ever seen. Oh, they were dirty

and smelly and very much in need of clothing, but they looked well-fed

and alert. Not having any children of our own, I said, O.K., well adoptthem. Guess we could call them Romulus and Remus. Faustulus

agreed, and so it happened that I became the foster mother for those

boys as they grew and grew and grew.

Guard #2: Yup, I recall that day many years ago when some buddies and I were patrolling

at the Lupercalia, an annual celebration in Alba Longa. We were just watching

the events when suddenly my buddy noticed twin youths, maybe about 16 or 17

years old. My buddy got real quiet, and then he went up to those two and

asked them their names and about their parents and all. Suddenly, his face lit

up like the sun and he said to them, I know who you really are! He told themsome story about kings and priestesses and baskets, and then they left with this

real funny look on their faces.


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Remus: Boy, what a revelation that was! Our real grandfather was a deposed king and

Romulus and I should have died. Well we didnt, and after rounding up somefriends, we took care of Grandpas problem also. Bye-bye, Aemulius. But, we

really didnt want to stay in Alba Longa too many bad memories so we

decided to establish our own city. I found this great place, the Aventine Hill, and

B-I-N-G-O six vultures (my dads bird) flew over to let us know it was THE place.

Naturally, Romulus had to be a pain about it.

Romulus: Ha! Remus was the pain in all this. I found a better place the Palatine Hill

and get this twelve vultures flew over the Palatine. Dad must have liked

this place twice as well. But good old Remus had to make a big scene and

jumped over my boundary wall. We fought like brothers do, but then by

accident he fell, hit his head, and died. I really didnt mean for that to happen.Wasnt much I could do except go on and found my city. I decided to name it

Rome (after myself, of course) and I gave it a birthday of April 21. Of course I

was the first king of my city.

FINIS

Romulus and Remus(to the tune of Yankee-Doodle)

Once there were two little boys

Who didnt have a mother

They got left beside a stream

And only had each other

Then a she-wolf came that way

And she gladly raised them

Romulus, he founded Rome,

And everybody praised him.


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Resources that include good pictures of the Roman Forum are available from the

American Classical Leagues Teaching Materials and Resource Center.

Phone: 513-529-7741 Website: www.aclclassics.org

B327 Transparencies for the Roman Republic $17.50

B409 The Usbo rne Inte rne t-Linked Encyc lopedia o f the Roman World $23.50

B415 A Visitors Guide to Ancient Rome $11.20

HISTORY ANSWER KEYS

p. 72 Ancient Geography

N Aegyptus (Egypt)

E Britannia (Britain, England)

K Creta (Crete)

C Gallia (France)

D Germania (Germany)

I Graecia (Greece)

F Helvetia (Switzerland)

B Hispania (Spain)

G Italia (Italy)

A Lusitania (Po rtuga l)

L M are Euxi nu m (B la ck Sea)

M Mare Nost rum (Medi te rranean Sea)

J Sarmatia (Russia)

H Sicilia (Sicily)

Europe, Africa, and Asia

p. 75 R om a

Between the Palatine and A ventine hills

p. 82 Basilica Iulia and Basilica Aem ilia

Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar

Date of Birth 102 B.C. 63 B.C.

Major Accomplishments great o rator

got territory for Rome

wrote book

first Triumvirate

revised calendar

reorganized government

first perma nent army

rebuilding

support for the arts

Pax Romana

Date of Death March 15, 44 BC 14 AD

Age at Death 58 82

Circum. of Death assassinated old age
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