department of history pro-seminar in latin american ... · department of history history 730...

University of Wisconsin–MadisonDepartment of History

History 730Pro-Seminar in Latin American History

CAPITALISM AND SLAVERY IN THE CARIBBEANSemester I, 2010-11

Francisco A. Scarano Office hours: 4134 Humanities Mondays 1:00-2:00 (walk-in) 263-3945/263-1800 Mondays 2:00-4:00 (sign-up only) [email protected]

Course description:This seminar will explore ongoing debates in the history of Caribbean working peoples from the

sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. One of Europe’s foremost tropical frontiers in the age of merchant capitalism, the Caribbean islands and the contiguous lowlands of South and Central America were, along with Brazil, a locus of plantation systems created to satisfy the demand for tropical staples such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee. Because the area’s native population was practically annihilated during its initial contact with the Europeans, the establishment of efficient and profitable exploitation colonies in these relatively empty spaces hinged on the adoption of labor systems that subjected large numbers of forced migrants to working and living conditions so rigorous as to be universally abhorred by their victims. After some experimentation before 1650, African chattel slavery became the preferred mode of exploitation. The workers, brought from Africa in numbers that exceeded 3 million--for the Caribbean alone--between 1500 and 1865, were stripped of the individual rights which in Europe at the time were being increasingly regarded as “universal”. African slavery and other ancillary forms forced labor thus became the standard institutions for the procurement of labor in the Caribbean for nearly four centuries; naturally, these institutions laid the material and demographic foundations for those “entirely new societies”, fashioned by the European colonizers as if they were the antitheses --albeit indispensable ones-- of the emerging capitalist-liberal order.

Historians of the Caribbean have focused much of their attention on understanding the dynamics of labor systems through five centuries of colonial history. Several of the larger questions that continue to be debated in the literature will be examined here: How were specific forms of labor in the colonial sphere, and social relations in general, shaped by demands arising from European capitalism? In what ways, and to what extent, did capital accumulation in the South Atlantic system influence the rise of European factory capitalism? More specific issues to be addressed include: What were the determining factors in the selection of a specific “bundle of rights” over others’ labor? How is the transition from one system to another (e.g., indentured servitude to African slavery) explained? What concessions did the dominant groups tender to the subject groups, and how did such compromises affect social and cultural evolution? How and to what extent did the autonomous spaces shaped by slaves and other laborers make their mark on Creole cultures? Why was the secular institution of slavery abolished all of a sudden in the nineteenth century, and how was this event related to the triumph of industrial capital in the European core? These and other related questions will form the backbone of seminar topics.

RequirementsA) Paper: Seminar members will write a substantive, article-length (20-35 pp. long) paper on a

pertinent topic, selected in consultation with the instructor. The paper should probe a particular aspect of Caribbean labor systems during the period of slavery and emancipation. The paper should be comparative; that is, it should focus on more than one island, country or colony. Ideally, it should also straddle linguistic/political areas; for instance, it might compare Jamaica with Cuba or the French West Indies with the Spanish islands. Finally, it should be more issue-oriented than citation-oriented. While the writer should strive for thoroughness in the bibliographic coverage, she/he should accord priority to the

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substantive, analytical issues encompassed by the topic. A historiographic paper or a “review of the literature” it should not be.

The papers are due on Friday, December 3, at 4 P.M. via email to Professor Scarano, who will convert them into a PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file and distribute them to all members. All papers will be the subject of a short, 15-minute discussion during the last two class sessions. A schedule of presentations will be drawn early in the semester, so that seminar members will know when it will be their turn to present.

B) Presentations: In addition to the paper presentation at the end of the semester, each seminar participant will make one brief presentation that gives a critical overview of the week’s readings. A two-page (maximum) written summary of the main points of the presentation, with copies for every seminar member, will complete this task. This summary will be distributed to seminar members at the beginning of the session, although the presenter is encouraged to send hers or his in advance via email. A schedule of presentations will be drawn up at the first seminar meeting. The presentations will synthesize and critique the most significant issues raised in the weekly readings, and will lay the groundwork for the ensuing discussion. It is expected that the presenter will assume a leading role in seminar deliberations on the day of her/his presenation.

Books available for purchase

We will read the following books, which you can purchase at Rainbow Bookstore Cooperative, 426 W. Gilman St. (tel. 257-6050). Books will also be on reserve at College Library. Most other required readings are online.

Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).

Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (1985; New York: Viking, 1995).

Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Alejo Carpentier, The Kingdom of this World, trans. Harriet de Onís; intro. by Edwidge Danticat (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2006).

María Elena Díaz, The Virgin, the King, and the Royal Slaves of El Cobre, 1670–1780: Negotiating Freedom in Colonial Cuba, 1670-1780 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001).

Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).

Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).

Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

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SCHEDULE AND READINGS

Week 1 (Sept. 7) -- General OrientationNo assigned readings. There are few satisfactory general works on Caribbean history that seminar members may read for background. Franklin W. Knight’s The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) and Eric William’s From Columbus to Castro, the History of the Caribbean, 1492-1969 (New York: Vintage, 1970) are among the most recommendable. Colin Palmer and Franklin W. Knight, eds., The Modern Caribbean (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), may also be useful, though its contents are predominantly focused on the modern period. For incisive articles on Caribbean history written with synthesis in mind, check out the UNESCO History of the Caribbean (several volumes to date, 1997-2003). You may also want to examine one or more of the following:

Sidney W. Mintz, “The Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area,” in M. Horowitz, ed., Peoples and Cultures of the Caribbean (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), 17-46.

Jean Benoist, “La organización social de las Antillas,” in M. Moreno Fraginals, ed., Africa en América Latina (1978), 77-102.

Sidney W. Mintz and Sally Price, eds., Caribbean Contours (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985).

Week 2 (Sept. 14) -- Caribbean Workers and the Empire of Sweetness

Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, entire book.

Ira Berlin and Philip Morgan, “Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas,” in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993), 1-45.

Stuart B. Schwartz, “Introduction,” in Schwartz, ed., Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450–1680 (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2004), 1-26.

David Brion Davis, “Looking at Slavery from Broader Perspectives,” American Historical Review 105:2 (Apr. 2000):452-466.

Week 3 (Sept. 21) -- Problems in the Early Adoption of Racial Slavery

John M. Monteiro, “From Indian to Slave: Forced Native Labour and Colonial Society in Sâo Paulo during the Seventeenth Century,” Slavery and Abolition, 9:2 (September 1988), 105-127.

David Eltis, “Europeans and the Rise and Fall of American Slavery: An Interpretation.” American Historical Review 98, no. 5 (December 1993): 1399-423.

Basil Davidson, “Africa and the Invention of Racism” in The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics (New York, 1994), pp. 42-64.

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Stuart B. Schwartz, “Indian Labor and New World Plantations: European Demands and Indian Responses in Northeastern Brazil,” American Historical Review, 83:1 (February 1978), 43-79.

Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797 (London and New York: Methuen, 1986), Intro. and chs. 1-2.

Week 4 (Sept. 28) -- From Indentured Servitude to Slavery in the English Caribbean

John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, “The Sugar Industry in the Seventeenth Century: New Perspectives on the Barbadian ‘Sugar Revolution,’” in Schwartz, ed., Tropical Babylons, 289-330.

Barry W. Higman, “The Sugar Revolution,” Economic History Review 53.2 (2000):213-36.

Hilary McD. Beckles and Andrew Downes, “The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630-1680,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII, 2 (1987):225-47.

Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, ch. 1.

Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972), chs. 6-7.

Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. II, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, 128-177.

Week 5 (Oct. 5) -- The Slave Trade and Slave Demography: Views from Without and Within

Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade, entire book.

Michael Craton, Searching for the Invisible Man. Slaves and Plantation Life in Jamaica (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), slave biographies only.

Robert W. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: Norton, 1989), ch. 5, “The Population Question,” pp. 114-153.

Week 6 (Oct. 12) -- Slavery, War, and Revolution: From Saint-Domingue to Haiti

Alejo Carpentier, The Kingdom of this World, entire book.

Michel Rolph-Trouillot, “Motion in the System: Coffee, Color, and Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Saint-Domingue,” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 5:3 (Winter 1982), 331-388.

David P. Geggus, “Sugar and Coffee Cultivation in Saint Domingue and the Shaping of the Labor Force,” in Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), pp 73-98.

David P. Geggus, “Slavery, War, and Revolution in the Greater Caribbean, 1789-1815,” in David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus, eds., A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997), 1-50.

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Week 7 (Oct. 19) -- Plantation Slavery and Capitalist Development

Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, complete the book.

Week 8 (Oct. 26) -- The Williams Thesis: Challenge and Reaffirmation

Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., “British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams: An Introduction,” in Solow and Engerman, eds., British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 1-23.

Selections by Inikori, Richardson, Drescher, and D. B. Davis, in Solow and Engerman, eds., British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, passim.

Seymour Drescher, “Capitalism and Slavery after Fifty Years,” Slavery & Abolition 18, 3 (December 1997):212-227.

Week 9 (Nov. 2) -- Counter-plantation Legacies

Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823, entire book.

Richard Price, “Resistance to Slavery in the Americas: Maroons and Their Communities,” Indian Historical Review XV.1–2 (Jan 1991): 71-95.

Week 10 (Nov. 9) -- Peasant (and Proletarian?) Adaptations during Slavery and through Emancipation

María Elena Díaz, The Virgin, the King, and the Royal Slaves of El Cobre, 1670–1780, entire book.

Sidney W. Mintz, “Slavery and the Rise of Peasantries.” Historical Reflections 6 (1979): 213–42.

Francisco A. Scarano, “The Jíbaro Masquerade and the Subaltern Politics of Creole Identity Formation in Puerto Rico, 1745–1823,” American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1398–1431.

Week 11 (Nov. 16) -- The Demon Within: Slave Society in Nineteenth-Century Cuba

Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833-1874, entire book.

Joan Casanovas, “Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1890.” International Review of Social History 40, no. 3 (1995): 367-82.

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Week 12 (23) Emancipation and the Struggle for Meaningful Freedom

Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804, entire book.

Mimi Sheller, “Quasheba, Mother, Queen: Black Women’s Public Leadership and Political Protest in Post-emancipation Jamaica, 1834-65,” Slavery & Abolition 19, 3 (December 1998):90-117.

Rebecca J. Scott and Michael Zeuske. “Property in Writing, Property on the Ground: Pigs, Horses, Land, and Citizenship in the Aftermath of Slavery, Cuba, 1880–1909,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 44, no. 4 (October 2002): 669–99.

Week 13 (Nov. 30) -- Contract Labor, Migration and Social Segmentation

Walter Rodney, A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881-1905, entire book.

Stanley L. Engerman, “Contract Labor, Sugar and Technology in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Economic History 43:3 (1983).

Evelyn Hu-Dehart, “Chinese Coolie Labour in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labour or Neo-Slavery?” Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 67-86.

Selections from Verene A. Shepherd, Maharani’s Misery: Narratives of a Passage from India to the Caribbean (Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2002).

Weeks 14 & 15 (Two sessions on week of December 7 and 14) Paper Presentation Sessions

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History 730Capitalism and Slavery in the Caribbean

Suggested Readings

I. Capitalism, Slavery, and Emancipation: History and Historiography

Bastide, Roger. “The Present Status of Afro-American Research in Latin America.” Daedalus 103 (Spring 1974): 111-20.

Beckles, Hilary McD. “An Unnatural and Dangerous Independence: The Haitian Revolution and the Political Sociology of Caribbean Slavery.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 160-76.

Benítez-Rojo, Antonio. “Bartolomé de las Casas: Between Fiction and Inferno.” In The Repeating Island: The Caribbean in Postmodern Perspective. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992.

Berleant-Schiller, Riva. “Plantation Society and the Caribbean Present: Part I: History, Anthropology, and the Plantation.” Plantation Society in the Americas 1, no. 3 (1981): 387-409.

Blassingame, John W. “Bibliographical Essay: Foreign Writers View Cuban Slavery.” Journal of Negro History 57 (October 1972): 415-24.

Bolland, O. Nigel. “Current Caribbean Research Five Centuries After Columbus.” Review essay. Latin American Research Review 29, no. 3 (1994): 202-19.

Bowser, Frederick P. “The African in Colonial Spanish America: Reflections on Research Achievements and Priorities.” Latin American Research Review 7 (Spring 1972): 77-92.

Brathwaite, Edward K. “Jamaican Slave Society: A Review.” Race 9 (January 1968): 331-42.Brathwaite, Edward K. “Creative Literature of the British West Indies During the Period of Slavery.”

Savacou 1 (June 1970): 46-74.Brathwaite, Edward K. “The Contribution of M.J. Herskovits to Afro-American Studies.” Bulletin of the

African Studies Association of the West Indies 6 (December 1973): 89-99.Brereton, Bridget. “Searching for the Invisible Woman.” Review article. Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2

(August 1992): 86-96.Cassá, Roberto, and Genaro Rodríguez Morel. “Consideraciones alternativas acerca de las rebeliones de

esclavos en Santo Domingo.” Anuario de Estudios Americanos L, no. 1 (1993): 101-31.Cobb, Martha. “Bibliographical Essay: An Appraisal of Latin American Slavery Through Literature.”

Journal of Negro History 58 (October 1973): 460-69.Cooke, Raymond. “The Historian as Underdog: Eric Williams and the British Empire.” Historian 33

(August 1971): 596-610.Corbitt, Duvon C. “Saco’s History of Negro Slavery.” Hispanic American Historical Review 24 (August

1944): 452-57.Cortada, Rafael L. “Historical Views of African People in the New World.” Current Bibliography on

African Affairs 4 (November 1971): 423-39.Cortada, Rafael L. “The Search for Threads: The Literature of Slavery.” Current Bibliography on African

Affairs 7 (Summer 1974): 308-16.Craton, Michael. “Searching for the Invisible Man: Some of the Problems of Writing on Slave Society in

the British West Indies.” Historical Reflections 1 (June 1974): 37-57.Craton, Michael. “A Cresting Wave? Recent Trends in the Historiography of Slavery, with Special

Reference to the British Caribbean.” Historical Reflections/Reflexions Historiques 9, no. 3 (1982): 403-19.

Craton, Michael. “The Transition from Slavery to Free Wage Labour in the Caribbean, 1780-1890: A Survey with Particular Reference to Recent Scholarship.” Paper presented to the XIV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., April 4-6, 1991, 1991.

Craton, Michael. Empire, Enslavement, and Freedom in the Caribbean. Oxford: Currey, 1997.

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Dacey, Raymond. “A Historiography of Negro Slavery, 1918-1976.” In Issues and Ideas in America, edited by Benjamin J. Taylor and Thurman J. White, 113-28. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

Dallas, Robert Charles. The History of the Maroons: From their Origin to the Establishment of their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone.. London: T.N. Longman and O. Rees, 1803.

Davies, K.G. “Empire and Capital: Essays in Bibliography and Criticism: XLIV.” Economic History Review 18 (1960): 105-10.

Davis, David Brion. “Slavery and the Post-World War II Historians.” In Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism, edited by Sidney W. Mintz, 1-16. New York: Norton, 1974.

De la Fuente, Alejandro. “Race, Ideology, and Culture in Cuba: Recent Scholarship.” Latin American Research Review 35, no. 3 (2000): 199-210.

Dipp, Hugo, and Rubén Silié. “Research on African Influence in the Dominican Republic.” In The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO, 1979.

Duharte, Rafael. “Conversación con Manuel Moreno Fraginals.” Historia y Sociedad III (1990): 198-202.Eltis, David. “Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early

Twentieth Century.” Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 207-26.Emmer, Pieter. “The History of the Dutch Slave Trade, a Bibliographical Survey.” Journal of Economic

History 32 (September 1972): 728-47.Franklin, Vincent P. “Bibliographical Essay: Alonso de Sandoval and the Jesuit Conception of the Negro.”

Journal of Negro History 58 (July 1973): 349-60.Fyfe, Christopher. “A Historiographical Survey of the Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa.” In

The Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa, 1-10. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1965.

García-Muñiz, Humberto. “Geopolitics and Geohistory in Eric Williams’ Discourse on Caribbean Integration (with Special Reference to Puerto Rico).” Paper presented at the conference on Capitalism and Slavery Fifty Years Later: Eric Williams and the Postcolonial Caribbean, University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad. St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1996.

Genovese, Eugene D. “Materialism and Idealism in the History of Negro Slavery in the Americas.” Journal of Social History 1 (Summer 1968): 371-94.

Goveia, Elsa V. “The West Indian Slave Laws of the Eighteenth Century.” Revista de Ciencias Sociales IV, no. 1 (March 1960): 75-105.

Goveia, Elsa V. “Eric Williams, British Historians and the West Indies.” Caribbean Quarterly 10 (June 1964): 48-54.

Green, William A. “Caribbean Historiography, 1600-1900: The Recent Tide.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7, no. 3 (1976-77): 509-30.

Gutiérrez, Horacio, and John M. Monteiro, comps. A escravidâo na América Latina e no Caribe: bibliografia básica. Série Bibliografias Básicas, no. 2. Sâo Paulo: CELA, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 1990.

Harris, Wilson. “History, Fable, and Myth in the Caribbean and Guianas.” Caribbean Quarterly 16 (June 1970): 1-32.

Herskovits, Melville. “The Negro in the New World: The Statement of a Problem.” American Anthropologist 32 (January-March 1930): 145-55.

Heuman, Gad J. “Slavery and Emancipation in the British Caribbean.” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 6 (1978): 166-71.

Lewis, Gordon K. Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 1492-1900. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.

Maldonado Jiménez, Rubén. “Algunas reflexiones sobre la historiografía cubana y puertorriqueña en torno a la abolición de la esclavitud.” Homines 15-16, no. 2-1 (1991-92): 31-38.

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Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P., ed. Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection. Translated by Maria J.L. Van Yperen. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Mintz, Sidney W., ed. Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1974.Mintz, Sidney W. “Melville J. Herskovits and Caribbean Studies.” Caribbean Studies 8 (January

1969): 65-70.Morgan, Philip. “Whither the Comparative History of New World Slavery?” Journal of Ethnic Studies 8

(Spring 1980): 96-110.Mörner, Magnus. “Slavery and Race in the Evolution of Latin American Societies: Some Recent

Contributions to the Debate.” Journal of Latin American Studies 8, no. 1 (1976): 127-35.Múnera, Alfonso. “Balance historiográfico de la esclavitud en Colombia.” Historia y Sociedad III

(1990): 169-97.Naro, Nancy Priscilla Smith. “Revision and Persistence: Recent Historiography on the Transition from

Slave to Free Labour in Rural Brazil.” Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 68-85.Palmer, Colin A. “Introduction.” In Capitalism and Slavery. 1944, xi-xxii. Chapel Hill: University of

North Carolina Press, 1994.Patterson, Orlando. “Recent Studies on Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade.” Review of

Craton, Searching for the Invisible Man, Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, Klein, The Middle Passage, and others. Latin American Research Review 17, no. 3 (1982): 251-75.

Price, Richard. First-Time: The Historical Vision of an Afro-American People. Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.

Richardson, David. “The Slave Trade, Sugar, and British Economic Growth, 1748-1776.” In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 103-33. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Romero, Fernando. “Los ‘estudios afrocubanos’ y el negro en la Patria de Martí.” Revista Bimestre Cubana 47 (1941): 395-401.

San Miguel, Pedro. “La rentabilidad de la esclavitud: un debate historiográfico.” Historia y Sociedad I (1988): 155-76.

Scarano, Francisco A. “Slavery and Emancipation in Caribbean History.” In UNESCO General History of the Caribbean, vol. VI, Historiography. Kingston: UNESCO, 1999.

Shapiro, Herbert. “Historiography and Slave Revolt and Rebelliousness in the United States: A Class Approach.” In In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Okihiro, Gary Y., 133-42. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986.

Sheridan, Richard B. “Eric Williams and Capitalism and Slavery: A Biographical and Historiographical Essay.” In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 317-45. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Singham, Archie. “C.L.R. James on the Black Jacobin Revolution in San Domingo: Notes Toward a Theory of Black Politics.” Savacou 1 (June 1970): 82-97.

Sio, Arnold. “Interpretations of Slavery: The Slave Status in the Americas.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 7, no. 3 (1965): 289-308.

Sio, Arnold. “Society, Slavery, and the Slave.” Social and Economic Studies 16 (September 1967): 330-44.

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. “From Planters’ Journals to Academia: The Haitian Revolution as Unthinkable History.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 81-99.

Unger, W.S. “Essay on the History of the Dutch Slave Trade.” In Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, 46-98. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.

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Van Winter, Johanna Maria. “Public Opinion in the Netherlands on the Abolition of Slavery.” In Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, 100-28. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.

Vignols, Léon. “Études négrières de 1774 à 1928. Pourquoi la date de 1774.” Revue d’Histoire Economique et Sociale 16, no. 1 (1928): 5-11.

II. The Origins of Racial Slavery

Amussen, Susan Dwyer. Caribbean Exchanges: Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640–1700. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. New York: Verso, 1998.

Bradby, Barbara. “The Destruction of the Natural Economy.” Economy and Society 4, no. 2 (1975).Curtin, Philip D. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. New York:

Cambridge University Press, 1990.Davidson, Basil. The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics. Essays. New York: Random House,

Times Books, 1994.Eltis, David. “Europeans and the Rise and Fall of American Slavery: An Interpretation.” American

Historical Review 98, no. 5 (December 1993): 1399-423.Eltis, David. “Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early

Twentieth Century.” Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 207-26.Fredrickson, George M. The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social

Inequality. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988.Games, Alison. Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1999.Greene, Jack P. “Society and Economy in the British Caribbean During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries.” American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (1974): 1499-517.Hoetink, H. Slavery and Race Relations in the Americas: An Inquiry Into Their Nature and Nexus.

Crosscurrents in Latin America. New York: Harper & Row, Harper Torchbooks, 1971.Inikori, Joseph E., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies,

Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992.

Nash, Gary B. “Red, White, and Black: The Origins of Racism in Colonial America.” In The Great Fear: Race in the Mind of America, edited by Gary B. Nash and Richard Weiss, 1-26. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1970.

Patterson, Thomas C. “Early Colonial Encounters and Identities in the Caribbean: A Review of Some Recent Works and Their Implications.” Dialectical Anthropology 16, no. 1 (1991): 1-13.

Tannenbaum, Frank. Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1946.Usner, Daniel H., Jr. Indians, Settlers and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower

Mississippi Valley Before 1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Institute of Early American Culture, 1992.

III. The Political Economy of Caribbean Sugar

Batie, Robert Carlyle. “Why Sugar? Economic Cycles and the Changing of Staples on the English and French Antilles, 1624-54.” Journal of Caribbean History 8 (November 1976): 1-41.

Best, Lloyd A. “A Model of Pure Plantation Economy.” Social and Economic Studies 17 (1968): 283-326.Greene, Jack P. “Society and Economy in the British Caribbean During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries.” American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (1974): 1499-517.

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Guerra, Ramiro. Sugar and Society in the Caribbean: An Economic History of Cuban Agriculture. With a foreword by Sidney Mintz. Translated by Marjory M. Urquidi. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.

Higman, Barry W. “The Sugar Revolution.” Economic History Review 53, no. 2 (2000): 213-36.Mintz, Sidney W. “Foreword.” In Sugar and Society in the Caribbean, Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez. New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1964.Mintz, Sidney W. “The Caribbean Region.” In Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism, edited by Sidney W.

Mintz. New York: Norton, 1974.Mintz, Sidney W. “The Forefathers of Crack.” NACLA Report on the Americas XXII, no. 6 (March

1989): 31-32.Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. “Plantaciones en el Caribe: el caso Cuba-Puerto Rico-Santo Domingo (1860-

1940).” In La historia como arma y otros estudios sobre esclavos, ingenios y plantaciones, 56-117. Barcelona: Crítica, 1983.

Scarano, Francisco A. “Estructuras de la plantación azucarera esclavista: el modelo clásico y sus variaciones.” Del Caribe VI, no. 16-17 (1990): 6-14.

Sheridan, Richard. The Development of the Plantations to 1750. An Era of West Indian Prosperity. Chapters in Caribbean History. Barbados: Caribbean Universities Press, 1970.

Sheridan, Richard. Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Tomich, Dale. “World Slavery and Caribbean Capitalism: The Cuban Sugar Industry, 1763-1868.” Theory and Society 20 (1991): 297-319.

Vieira, Alberto, comp. Escravos com e sem açucar: actas do seminário internacional (Funchal, 17 a 21 de Junho de 1996). Funchal, Madeira: Centro de Estudos de História do Atlântico, 1996.

IV. The Slave Trade

Anstey, Roger. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975.Behrendt, Stephen D. “The Volume of the British Slave Trade, 1785-1807,” 1991.Behrendt, Stephen D. “Crew Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century.”

Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 49-71.Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1969.Davidson, Basil. The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics. Essays. New York: Random House,

Times Books, 1994.De la Fuente, Alejandro. “Introducción al estudio de la trata en Cuba. Siglos XVI y XVII.” Santiago,

no. 61 (1986): 155-208.De la Fuente García, Alejandro. “El mercado esclavista habanero, 1580-1699.” Revista de Indias, no. 50

(1990): 371-95.Dorsey, Joseph Carroll. Slave Traffic in the Age of Abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-

Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1899. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.Eltis, David. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1987.Eltis, David, and Stanley Engerman. “Fluctuations in Sex and Age Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade,

1663-1864.” Economic History Review 46 (1993): 308-23.Eltis, David, and David Richardson. “West Africa and the Transatlantic Trade: New Evidence of Long-

Run Trends.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 16-35.Engerman, Stanley L. “The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A

Comment on the Williams Thesis.” Business History Review XLVI, no. 4 (Winter 1972): 430-43.

11

Fyfe, Christopher. “A Historiographical Survey of the Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa.” In The Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa, 1-10. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1965.

Gautier, Arlette. “Traite et politiques démographiques esclavagistes.” Population 41e année, no. 6 (Novembre-Décembre 1986).

Inikori, Joseph. “Slavery and Capitalism in Africa.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 137-51. 1988.

Inikori, Joseph. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Development. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Inikori, Joseph E., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992.

Klein, Herbert S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Klein, Herbert S. “Recent Trends in the Study of the Atlantic Slave Trade.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 1-15. 1988.

Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Klein, Herbert S., and Stanley L. Engerman. “Long-Term Trends in African Mortality in the Transatlantic

Slave Trade.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 36-48.Kraay, Hendrik. “Transatlantic Ties: Recent Works on the Slave Trade, Slavery, and Abolition.” Latin

American Research Review 39, no. 2 (June 2004): 178-95.Lovejoy, Paul E. “The Volume of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis.” Journal of African

History 22, no. 4 (1982): 473-501.Manning, Patrick. “The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System.” Social Science

History 14, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 255-79.Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1991.Morgan, Philip D. “The Cultural Implications of the Atlantic Slave Trade: African Regional Origins,

American Destinations, and New World Developments.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 122-45.

Murray, D.R. “Slavery and the Slave Trade: New Comparative Approaches.” Review essay. Latin American Research Review 28, no. 1 (1993): 150-61.

Northrup, David, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Problems in World History. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1994.

Postma, Johannes M. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Solow, Barbara L., ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Stein, Robert Louis. The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century: An Old Regime Business. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979.

Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade. The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Tracy, James D. The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750. Studies in Comparative Early Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Unger, W.S. “Essay on the History of the Dutch Slave Trade.” In Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, 46-98. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.

12

Vila Vilar, Enriqueta. Hispanoamérica y el comercio de esclavos. Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1977.

V. The Haitian Revolution and the Caribbean

Bangou, Henri. “Révolution et esclavage dans les colonies françaises des Antilles.” In Esclavage, colonisation, libérations nationales de 1789 á nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 février 1989, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 152-59. Paris: Harmattan, 1990.

Beckles, Hilary McD. “An Unnatural and Dangerous Independence: The Haitian Revolution and the Political Sociology of Caribbean Slavery.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 160-76.

Begot, Danielle. “A l’origine de imaginaire de violence à Saint-Domingue: insurrection servile et iconographie.” In Mourir pour les Antilles: indépendance nègre ou esclavage (1802-1804), edited by Michel L. Martin and Alain Yacou, 95-133. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1991.

Cabral, Vasco. “Révolution française, esclavage et colonisation.” In Esclavage, colonisation, libérations nationales de 1789 á nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 février 1989, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 291-96. Paris: Harmattan, 1990.

Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, ed. Esclavage, colonisation, libérations nationales de 1789 á nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 février 1989, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis. Paris: Harmattan, 1990.

Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004.

Edwards, Bryan. An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo: Comprehending a Short Account of Its Ancient Government, Political State, Population, Productions, and Exports; a Narrative of the Calamities Which Have Desolated the Country Ever Since the Year 1789 and a Detail of the Military Transactions of the British Army in That Island to the End of 1794. London: Printed for J. Stockdale, 1797.

Fick, Carolyn E. “The Saint Domingue Slave Insurrection of 1791: A Sociopolitical and Cultural Analysis.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 1-40.

Garrigus, John D. Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in Colonial Saint-Domingue. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Garrigus, John D. “Colour, Class, and Identity on the Eve of the Haitian Revolution: Saint-Domingue’s Free Coloured Elite as Colons Américains.” Slavery & Abolition 17, no. 1 (April 1996): 20-43.

Gaspar, David Barry, and David Patrick Geggus, eds. A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Geggus, David. Slavery, War, and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Geggus, David. “Toussaint Louverture and the Slaves of the Bréda Plantation.” Journal of Caribbean History 20, no. 1 (1985-86): 30-48.

Geggus, David P. “Treinta años en la historiografía de la Revolución Haitiana.” Revista Mexicana del Caribe 5 (1997).

Genovese, Eugene D. From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.

Halpern, Jean-Claude. “Sans culottes et ci-devant esclaves.” In Esclavage, colonisation, libérations nationales de 1789 á nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 février 1989, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 136-43. Paris: Harmattan, 1990.

Hunt, Alfred N. Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988.

13

Jurt, Joseph. “Les écrivains et le débat sur l’esclavage et la colonisation dans la France prérevolutionnaire.” In Esclavage, colonisation, libérations nationales de 1789 á nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 février 1989, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 43-50. Paris: Harmattan, 1990.

Kafka, Judith. “Action, Reaction, and Interaction: Slave Women in Resistance in the South of Saint Domingue, 1793-94.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 2 (1997): 48-72.

Knight, Franklin W. “The Haitian Revolution.” The American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 103-15.

Pluchon, Pierre. Toussaint Louverture: de l’esclavage au pouvoir. Paris: Editions de l’Ecole, 1979.Singham, Archie. “C.L.R. James on the Black Jacobin Revolution in San Domingo: Notes Toward a

Theory of Black Politics.” Savacou 1 (June 1970): 82-97.Thibaud, Jacques. Le temps de Saint-Domingue: l’esclavage et la révolution française. N.p.: Lattés,

1989.Thornton, John K. “’I Am the Subject of the King of Congo’: African Political Ideology and the Haitian

Revolution.” Journal of World History 4, no. 2 (1993): 181-214.Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. “From Planters’ Journals to Academia: The Haitian Revolution as Unthinkable

History.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 81-99.

VI. Plantation Slavery and Capitalist Development

Carrington, Selwyn H. “The State of the Debate on the Role of Capitalism in the Ending of the Slave System.” Journal of Caribbean History 11, no. 1-2 (1988): 138-62.

Carrington, Selwyn H.H. The Sugar Industry and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1775-1810. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002.

Drescher, Seymour. “Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery.” History & Theory 26, no. 2 (0180-96 1987).

Drescher, Seymour. “Review Essay.” Thomas Bender, The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolition as a Problem in Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). History & Theory 32, no. 3 (1993): 311-29.

Eltis, David. “Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Century.” Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 207-26.

Engerman, Stanley L. “The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis.” Business History Review XLVI, no. 4 (Winter 1972): 430-43.

Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, and Eugene D. Genovese. Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

Haskell, Thomas L. “Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility.” American Historical Review 90, no. 2;3 (June 1985): 339-61;547-66.

Miles, Robert. Capitalism and Unfree Labour: Anomaly or Necessity? New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987.

Minchinton, Walter. “Abolition and Emancipation: Williams, Drescher, and the Continuing Debate.” In West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan, edited by Roderick A. McDonald, 253-73. Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1996.

Oostindie, Gert, ed. Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Atlantic. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996.

Richardson, David. “The Slave Trade, Sugar, and British Economic Growth, 1748-1776.” In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 103-33. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

14

Solow, Barbara L., ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Solow, Barbara L. “Capitalism and Slavery in the Exceedingly Long Run.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 4 (1987): 711-37.

Solow, Barbara L., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.


Tomich, Dale. “Spaces of Slavery, Times of Freedom: Rethinking Caribbean History in World Perspective.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East XVII, no. 1 (1997): 67-80.

Tracy, James D. The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750. Studies in Comparative Early Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

VII. The Williams Debate

Bender, Thomas, ed. The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretatiton. By John Ashworth, David Brion Davis, and Thomas L. Haskell. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Conrad, Robert Edgar. “Economics and Ideals: The British Anti-Slavery Campaign Reconsidered.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 212-32. 1988.

Drescher, Seymour. Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977.

Drescher, Seymour. “Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery.” History & Theory 26, no. 2 (0180-96 1987).

Drescher, Seymour. “Capitalism and Slavery After Fifty Years.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 3 (December 1997): 212-27.

Inikori, Joseph. “Slavery and Capitalism in Africa.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 137-51. 1988.

Inikori, Joseph. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Development. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.


Morgan, Kenneth. Slavery, Atlantic Trade, and the British Economy, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Murray, David R. “Capitalism and Slavery in Cuba.” Slavery & Abolition 17, no. 3 (1996): 223-37.Oostindie, Gert, ed. Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Atlantic.

Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996.Sheridan, R. B. “The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth Century.” Economic History Review 18, no. 2

(1965): 292-311.Tomich, Dale. “The Wealth of Empire: Francisco Arango y Parreño, Political Economy, and the Second

Slavery in Cuba.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, no. 1 (2003): 4–28.

VIII. Slave Resistance and Adaptation

15

Baralt, Guillermo. Esclavos rebeldes: conspiraciones y sublevaciones de esclavos en Puerto Rico (1795-1873). Río Piedras: Ediciones Huracán, 1981.

Baralt, Guillermo, Carlos Collazo, Lydia Milagros González, and Ana Lydia Vega. El machete de Ogún. Proyecto de Divulgación Popular. Río Piedras: CEREP, 1989.

Beckles, Hilary McD. “The 200 Years’ War: Slave Resistance in the British West Indies: An Overview of the Historiography.” Jamaican Historical Review 14 (1982): 1-10.

Beckles, Hilary McD. “From Land to Sea: Runaway Barbados Slaves and Servants, 1630-1700.” Slavery and Abolition 6, no. 3 (1985): 79-94.

Beckles, Hilary [McD.]. “Caribbean Anti-Slavery: The Self-Liberation Ethos of Enslaved Blacks.” Journal of Caribbean History 22, no. 1-2 (1988): 1-19.

Beckles, Hilary McD., and Karl Watson. “Social Protest and Labour Bargaining: The Changing Nature of Slaves’ Responses to Plantation Life in Eighteenth-Century Barbados.” Slavery and Abolition 8, no. 3 (1987): 272-93.

Brana-Shute, Rosemary. “Legal Resistance to Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Suriname.” In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 119-36. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary, 1990.

Bush, Barbara. “Defiance or Submission? The Role of Slave Women in Slave Resistance in the British Caribbean.” Immigrants and Minorities 1 (1982): 16-38.

Bush, Barbara. “Toward Emancipation: Slave Women and Resistance to Coercive Labor in the British West Indian Colonies, 1790-1838.” Slavery and Abolition 5, no. 3 (1984): 222-43.

Bush, Barbara. “Hard Labor: Women, Childbirth, and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave Societies.” In More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, edited by David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, 193-217. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.

Campbell, Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, Inc., 1990.

Cassá, Roberto. “Nuevas consideraciones sobre las rebeliones de esclavos en Santo Domingo durante los siglos XVI y XVII.” Paper presented at the Twenty-third Annual Conference of Caribbean Historians, Santo Domingo, March 17-22, 1991, 1991.

Cassá, Roberto, and Genaro Rodríguez Morel. “Consideraciones alternativas acerca de las rebeliones de esclavos en Santo Domingo.” Anuario de Estudios Americanos L, no. 1 (1993): 101-31.

Craton, Michael. Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.

Craton, Michael. “Seeking a Life of Their Own: Aspects of Slave Resistance in the Bahamas.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 96-115. 1988.

Dadzie, Stella. “Searching for the Invisible Woman: Slavery and Resistance in Jamaica.” Race and Class 32, no. 2 (1990): 21-38.

Deschamps Chapeaux, Pedro. “Etnias africanas en las sublevaciones de los esclavos en Cuba.” Revista Cubana de Ciencias Sociales 4, no. 10 (1986): 14-30.

Dirks, Robert. The Black Saturnalia: Conflict and Its Ritual Expression on British West Indian Slave Plantations. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1987.

Duharte Jiménez, Rafael. “Esclavitud, resistencia e identidad.” Anales del Caribe, no. 9 (1989): 229-36.Entiope, Gabriel. Negres, danse et resistance: la Caraibe du XVIIe au XIXe siecle. Paris: L’Harmattan,

1996.Franco, José Luciano. La conspiración de Aponte. La Habana: Archivo Nacional, 1963.García Rodríguez, Gloria. La esclavitud desde la esclavitud: la visión de los siervos. In La esclavitud.

With a foreword by Salvador E. Morales. México: Centro de Investigación Científica “Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo,” 1996.

Gaspar, David Barry. “The Antigua Slave Conspiracy of 1736: A Case Study of the Origins of Collective Resistance.” William and Mary Quarterly 35, no. 2 (April 1978): 308-23.

16

Gaspar, David Barry. Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial British America. The Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.

Gaspar, David Barry. “Working the System: Antigua Slaves and the Struggle to Live.” Slavery and Abolition 13, no. 3 (1992): 131-55.

Gaspar, David Barry. “Sugar and Slave Life in Antigua Before 1800.” In Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, edited by Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan. Carter G. Woodson Institute Series in Black Studies, 101-23. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.

Gaspar, David Barry. “From ‘the Sense of Their Slavery’: Slave Women and Resistance in Antigua, 1632-1763.” In More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, edited by David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, 218-38. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.

Geggus, David. “The Enigma of Jamaica in the 1790s: New Light on the Causes of Slave Rebellions.” William and Mary Quarterly 44, no. 2 (April 1987): 274-99.

Geggus, David. “The Causation of Slave Rebellions: An Overview.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 116-29. 1988.

Geggus, David P. “Haitian Voodoo in the Eighteenth Century: Language, Culture, Resistance.” Jahrbuch Für Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas 28 (1992): 21-51.

Geggus, David Patrick. “Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the 1790s.” In A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, 131-55. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Handler, Jerome S. “Slave Revolts and Conspiracies in Seventeenth-Century Barbados.” Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 56, no. 1-2 (1982): 5-42.

Handler, Jerome S. “Escaping Slavery in a Caribbean Plantation Society: Marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s.” New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71, no. 3 & 4 (1997): 183-225.

Hoogbergen, Wim. The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname. Translated by Marilyn Suy. Leiden: E,J, Brill, 1990.

Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. “The History of the Suriname Maroons.” In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 65-102. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary, 1990.

Kafka, Judith. “Action, Reaction, and Interaction: Slave Women in Resistance in the South of Saint Domingue, 1793-94.” Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 2 (1997): 48-72.

La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. “Los palenques en Cuba: elementos para su reconstrucción histórica.” In La Esclavitud en Cuba, Instituto de Ciencias Históricas, 86-123. La Habana: Editorial Academia, 1986.

La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression. Translated by Mary Todd. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Léontine, Marie-Hélène. La révolution anti-esclavagiste de mai 1848 en Martinique. Fort-de-France: Apal Production, 1991.

Moitt, Bernard. “Slave Resistance in Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1791-1848.” Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 136-59.

Nègre, André. La rébellion de la Guadeloupe (1801-1802). Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1987.Okihiro, Gary Y., ed. In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Amherst:

University of Massachusetts Press, 1986.Olwig, Karen Fog. Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John: Three Centuries of Afro-American

Life. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.Paquette, Robert L. Sugar is Made with Blood: The Conspiracy of ‘La Escalera’ and the Conflict

Between Empires Over Slavery in Cuba. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Pres, 1988.

17

Price, Richard, ed. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1973.

Price, Richard. “Resistance to Slavery in the Americas: Maroons and Their Communities.” Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 71-95. 1988.

Reis, Joao José. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Translated by Arthur Brakel. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Schuler, Monica. “Ethnic Slave Rebellions in the Caribbean and the Guianas.” Journal of Social History 3, no. 4 (1970): 374-85.

Tomich, Dale W. “White Days, Black Days: The Working Day and the Crisis of Slavery in the French Caribbean.” In Crises in the Caribbean Basin, edited by Richard Tardanico. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 9, 31-45. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987.

Turley, David. “Slavery in the Americas: Resistance, Liberation, Emancipation.” Reflections. Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 2 (August 1993): 109-16.

Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden van. “The Maroon Insurgency: Anthropological Reflections on the Civil War in Suriname.” In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 159-88. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary, 1990.

Viotti da Costa, Emilia. Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

IX. Proto-peasantries

Beckles, Hilary McD. “An Economic Life of Their Own: Slaves as Commodity Producers and Distributors in Barbados.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 31-47.

Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. “Introduction.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 1-30.Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. “Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas.” Introduction in

Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, edited by Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan. Carter G. Woodson Institute Series in Black Studies, 1-45. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993.

Campbell, John. “As ‘a Kind of Freeman?’: Slaves’ Market-Related Activities in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 131-69.

Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion S. “The Peasant Breach in the Slave System: New Developments in Brazil.” Luso-Brazilian Review 25, no. 1 (1988): 49-57.

Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion Santana. “A brecha camponesa no sistema escravista.” In Agricultura, escravidao e capitalismo, 133-54. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 1979.

Marshall, Woodville. “Provision Ground and Plantation Labour in Four Windward Islands: Competition for Resources During Slavery.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 48-67.

McDonald, Roderick A. “Independent Economic Production by Slaves on Antebellum Louisiana Sugar Plantations.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 182-208.

Mintz, Sidney W. “The Origins of the Jamaican Market System.” In Caribbean Transformations. 1974, 180-213. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

Mintz, Sidney W. “Slavery and Forced Labor in Puerto Rico.” In Caribbean Transformations. 1974, 82-94. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

Mintz, Sidney W. “Economic Role and Cultural Tradition.” In The Black Woman Cross-Culturally, edited by Filomina Chioma Steady. 1981, 515-34. Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc., 1985.

Price, Richard. “Subsistence on the Plantation Periphery: Crops, Cooking, and Labour Among Eighteenth-Century Suriname Maroons.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 107-27.

Schlotterbeck, John T. “The Internal Economy of Slavery in Rural Piedmont Virginia.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 170-81.

18

Shepherd, Verene. “Alternative Husbandry: Slaves and Free Labourers on Livestock Farms in Jamaica in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 41-66.

Tomich, Dale. “Une Petite Guinée: Provision Ground and Plantation in Martinique, 1830-1848.” Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 68-91.

Tomich, Dale W. “White Days, Black Days: The Working Day and the Crisis of Slavery in the French Caribbean.” In Crises in the Caribbean Basin, edited by Richard Tardanico. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 9, 31-45. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987.

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