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76

eqspertis azri

76

TinaTin xidaSeli

meore msoflio omidan kiberomamde

rogor movigoT sainformacio omi?

eqspertis azri

TinaTin xidaSeli

meore msoflio omidan kiberomamderogor movigoT sainformacio omi?

2017

76

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2017 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-0-9885-7

`internetSi aravin icis rom ZaRli xar~.

peter steineri, niuiorkeri, 1993 weli

„omi aris Zaladobis aqti, aiZulos mteri imoqmedos Seni nebis

Sesabamisad“.

karl klauzevici„omis Sesaxeb“, 1832

Sesavali

21-e saukune internetdamokidebulebis epoqaa. vcxov-robT samyaroSi, sadac moqalaqeebi, saxelmwifoebi da kompaniebi sakuTar saqmianobas, finansebs da xSirad pi rad in formaciasac ki individualurad da koleqtiurad inter-netsivrcis kuTvnilebad aqceven.

internetma waSala enobrivi da geografiuli barierebi da mudmivad mzard SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. TiTqmis ar ar sebobs informacia, romelic wamis measedSi Tqvens xelT ar iqneba. swored misi damsaxurebiT, interesis SemTxvevaSi, mecnierebis miRwevebi da siaxleebi yvelasTvis da srulad xelmisawvdomi xdeba.

interneti meti Tavisuflebis, keTildReobis, usaf-r Txoebis, adamianis mZime Sromis Semsubuqebisa da ideebis Tavisufali gavrcelebisTvis gamoigones. adamianebma, visac kontinentebs Soris siaxleebisa da ideebis swrafi mimosvla hqondaT ganzraxuli, fizikuri da geografiuli barierebis Semcirebaze daiwyes fiqri da ase movediT ganviTarebis dRe-vandel niSnulamde.

Tumca istoria ganmeorda. mecnieruli miRwevebi, ro-gorc wesi, erTdroulad xvdeboda sikeTis da borotebis sam-saxurSi, aSenebda da angrevda. internetic swored amgvari potencialis aRmoCnda. SeuzRudavi da xelmisawvdomi kiber-sivrcis usasrulo SesaZleblobebi, rig SemTxvevebSi, mar-Tuli borotebis samsaxurSi moeqca da internetprogresma sru liad axali realoba Seqmna: Setevebi sabanko seqtorze, biznesze, internetsivrcis SantaJisa da manipulaciisTvis gamoyeneba.

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Tumca, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandel msof-lioSi kiberSetevebis politikuri brZolis, xolo internetis hibriduli omis iaraRad gamoyeneba dominanti tendencia gax da da ara mxolod internetindustriis, aramed msoflio politikis erT-erT mTavar Tavsatexad iqca.

aSS saprezidento arCevnebis garSemo ganviTarebulma mov lenebma, mimdinare gamoZiebis Sualedurma angariSebma da prezident trampis gancxadebebma sakuTari qveynis spec-sam saxurebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb1 absoluturad gadafara yve la manamde arsebuli SemTxveva da magaliTi. es aRar aris kiberSeteva saqarTveloze an ukrainaze, arc Setevis molodini poloneTis an baltiis saxelmwifoebSi. es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi saprezidento arCevnebia, sadac ruseTi swored internetmanipulaciebis, sainformacio-pro-pa gandistuli instrumentebisa da kiberSetevebis gziT, aSS centraluri sadazvervo samsaxuris saidumlo angariSis mixedviT2, Seecada konkretul kandidats gamarjvebaSi daxmareboda.

safrTxeebi da cvalebadi realoba gansazRvravs Cvens molodinsa da amocanebs. Sesabamisad, axleburad ganisazRvra amocanebi kiberindustriis mimarT: 1) meti teqnikuri usafr-Txoeba da 2) internetsivrcis kvlav misi mTavari daniSnulebis _ Tavisuflebis samsaxurSi dabruneba.

winamdebare naSromis amocanac swored hibriduli omis dros internetis gamoyenebis analizi, gamosavlis Zi-e bis mcdeloba da strategiis alternativis SeTavazebaa. Tqven waikiTxavT omis momzadebis, masobrivi sainformacio kampaniebis, propagandis da fsiqologiuri operaciebis dros internetis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.

Cveni amocanaa gavaanalizoT Tanamedrove tendenciebi da vipovoT alternativa ori mTavari miznis misaRwevad:

1. davicvaT saxelmwifo mosalodneli agresiisgan;

2. SevinarCunoT sakuTari mosaxleobis loialoba da erTianoba masobrivi sainformacio omis pirobebSi.

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1. ratom sainformacio omi?

sainformacio omi iafia da asimetriuli, imavdroulad efeqturia, rogorc mSvidobis, aseve cxeli omis dros.3 mo-wi naaRmdegis mTavari instrumenti yovlismomcveli, farTomasStabiani saomari moqmedebebia, romelsac ver xedav, romlis winaaRmdegac ver iyeneb Sens sabrZolo upiratesobas. is ar angrevs Senobebs, ar awyobs eTnikur wmendas an genocids, ar anadgurebs qalaqebs, is xangrZlivi dakvirvebis da analizis Sedegad momzadebuli specifikuri fsiqologiuri operaciebiT moqmedebs.

sainformacio omis efeqturoba da warmateba ZiriTadad ramdenime faqtoris erTobliobis Sedegia:

• mowinaaRmdege bundovan politikur fundamentze dgas da bolomde Camouyalibebeli politikuri sistema da Rirebulebebi aqvs;

• hibriduli omis iniciatori axerxebs mowinaaRmdegis instituciur wyobasa da RirebulebiT sawyiss bzari gauCinos;

• sazogadoebaSi diskusia iwyeba iseT Temebze, romlebic mravali saukunis win SeTanxmebuli da dasrulebuli gegona;

• simarTle da tyuili, realoba da iluzia erTmaneTSia are uli da zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia;

• Sesustebulia kritikuli azrovneba, sazogadoeba mok-le bulia racionaluri fiqris da analizis saSualebas, vinaidan kiTxvebze pasuxad da alternativad mudmivad samxedro agresiis da mis mier gamowveuli umZimesi Sedegebis suraTebs da emociur realobas sTavazoben.

informacia maRali safrTxis matarebel iaraRad iqca. is iafi da universaluria, dafarvis SeuzRudavi ariali aqvs, ukontrolod mogzaurobs, xSirad uxarisxo da tyuilze

dafuZnebuli, nebarTvis gareSe kveTs saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebs da yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia.

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amocana kidev ufro martivdeba, Tuki meore mxares Ra ribi, didwilad mSieri, gardamavali demokratiis qveyanaa, sadac mosaxleoba saxelmwifos mSeneblobis, instituciuri ganviTarebis, RirebulebiTi fundamentis praqtikulad arc erT mniSvnelovan sayrdenze bolomde SeTanxmebuli ar aris, sadac politikuri elita sustia, xolo socialur-kulturuli elitis avtoriteti _ ararsebuli.

2. sainformacio omis etapebi

21-e saukuneSi mSvidobasa da oms Soris sazRvrebi morR veuli da gadRabnilia. oms aRar aqvs dawyebis TariRi da misi gamocxadeba aRar xdeba winaswar dadgenili wesebis mixedviT. cxeli omis fazas, Tuki misi saWiroeba dadgeba, win uZRvis xangrZlivi da sistemuri sainformacio omi. es ukanaskneli ki ZiriTadad oretapiania:

• a. sainformacio-fsiqologiuri periodi, romelic sain-for macio konkurenciis pirobebSi mudmivad da uwyvetad mimdinareobs, rodesac zemoqmedeb SeiaraRebul Zalebze, mosaxleobaze, elitebze;

• b. sainformacio-teqnologiuri periodi, romlis aqtivi-za ciac saomari moqmedebebis cxeli fazis dawyebis dros xdeba. am dros iReb, agroveb, qmni, amuSaveb da gadascem informacias konkretuli amocanebis misaRwevad, maT So-ris, ukanono meTodebiT.

sainformacio omis etapebis srulfasovani warmar Tvi-s Tvis, procesis teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofis formebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeba. • fsiqologiuri operaciebi da fsiqologiuri zewola;

hibriduli omi didwilad niSnavs mowinaaRmdegis resursebis, sisusteebis, mgrZnobiare da myife mxareebis mis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebas. is eWvs aCens fundamenturi Rirebulebebisa da instituciuri wesrigis mimarT da

Sesabamisad, Signidan angrevs.

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• strategiuli komunikacia zustad SerCeul jgufebTan, konkretulad maTTvis SerCeul da morgebul Temebze;

• gavlenis mopoveba;

• SeniRbva, e.w. „maskirovka“;

• masirebuli dezinformacia eleqtronuli komunikaciis yve la formis gamoyenebiT;

• „mtris“ socialuri sivrcis Sebruneba, trolebi;

• kompiuteruli sistemebis ganadgureba, virusebi;

• dazverva/kontrdazverva;

umniSvnelovanesia gvaxsovdes, rom Sedegi erTjeradi qmedebebiT ar miiRweva. sistema wlebis manZilze unda moqm-edebdes uwyvetad da mTavari amocanis samsaxurSi. sain-formacio produqti mravalwliani muSaobiT iqmneba spec-sam saxurebis mier identificirebul mgrZnobiare Te-meb ze zustad SerCeuli jgufebisTvis. yoveli konk re-tu li informacia fsiqologiuri operaciisaTvis aris gamiznuli da adamianebze zegavlenis amocana aqvs. misi gavrceleba specsamsaxurebis mier kontrolirebadi yvela eleqtronuli mediaresursis gamoyenebiT xdeba. amasTanave umniSvnelovanesia, rom sainformacio produqti dasavlur medias miewodebodes maTTvis sando, kargad SeniRbuli, wya-roebidan, rac informaciis gavrcelebas uzrunvelyofs da Sesabamisad, simravlisa da sandoobis efeqts qmnis. bunebrivia, paralelurad is virusuladac vrceldeba kibersivrceSi da Cveni sainformacio realobis nawili xdeba. es swored is etapia, rodesac sazogadoebis didi nawili ukve mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri zegavlenis qveS aris, Sesabamisad, tyuili da marTali erTmaneTSi ireva da SeuZlebeli xdeba realoba ganvasxvavoT fiqciisgan an moralurad swori-arasworisgan, rodesac viwyebT Cveni yvelaze mniSvnelovani interesebis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebis miRebas.

aqve unda gvaxsovdes, rom warmatebisTvis mxolod teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofa sakmarisi ar aris. aucilebelia sxvadasxva tribunidan da auditoriidan diplomatebis, po-li tikosebis, eqspertebis, analitikosebis, akademiuri da kulturuli elitis qmediTi mxardaWera. mTavari amocana

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mesijis disciplinis SenarCunebaa. yvela msgavsi intervencia erTiani, naTeli, advilad gasagebi gzavnilis matarebeli unda iyos, Tumca Sesabamisi konteqstis, tribunis da auditoriis Sesaferisi.

sainformacio omis aqtiuri fazis dros umniSvnelovanesia:

1. „mtris xatis“ srulyofileba. aseTi ki SeiZleba iyos nato, vaSingtoni an maTi marioneti adgilobrivi xelisufleba;

2. safrTxis imaze metad warmoCena, vidre is realurad ar­sebobs da misi Tanmdevi Sedegebis panikuri SiSis da ner g­va. Sesabamisad, dgeba orWofobis etapi: „Tu mainc unda wavagoT, Rirs ki gariskvad?“;

3. mowinaaRmdegis uZlevelobis rwmena; rodesac miuxedavad borotebis sworad aRqmisa, mainc daTmobas amjobineb, vinaidan sul gaxsovs, mowamluli xar mowinaaRmdegis uZlevelobiT da omis Sedegebis suraTebi gaSinebs.

Tuki zemoT miTiTebuli moqmedebis gegma Tavis mi-zans ver aRwevs, arsenalSi yovelTvis arsebobs ufro meti SesaZlebloba. kievSi maidanis movlenebis dros, miuxedavad sainformacio omis praqtikulad yvela etapis Sesrulebisa, ufro meti srulyofilebisTvis ruseTma sxva damatebiTi saSualebebic CarTo: 1) politikuri da socialur-kulturuli sabotaJi; 2) provokaciebi rogorc Tavad protestis adgilze, ise sxvagan, ukrainaSi; 3) diplomatiuri omi; 4) fizikuri dapirispireba or banaks Soris. amocana naTeli iyo _ zewola ukrainis xelisuflebaze, raTa gadaexvia arCeuli gzidan da dahyoloda rusul politikur koniunqturas _ ukraina ganusazRvreli droiT kvlav rusul orbitaze, misi gavlenis qveS unda yofiliyo.

kievsa da kiSiniovSi bolo wlebSi ganviTarebuli mov-lenebis dinamikiT sainformacio omTan gamklavebis qresto-ma Tiuli magaliTebi Seiqmna. ukrainam sruliad naTlad aC-vena, rom miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, politikuri klasis mzadyofnisa da sazogadoebis erTianobis pirobebSi, mowi-na aRmdege saboloo Sedegs da, Sesabamisad, warmatebas ver aRwevs.

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3. sainformacio omis Sinaarsi da sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulireba

sainformacio oms Sinaarsi da zustad SerCeuli sa-miz ne jgufebi sWirdeba. adamianebiT manipulireba yvela drosa da epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT iolad kulturiT, yal bi patriotizmiT, „erovnuli faseulobebiT“ xdeboda. Sina ar-sic, rig SemTxvevebSi, patriotul-paTetikuria, sxva SemTx-ve vebSi ki _ Zalian personificirebuli, konkretuli ada-mianebis istoriebiT gajerebuli. is mudam foto da vi-deo masaliT aris gamyarebuli, meti damajereblobis da dramatulobisTvis.4 amocana martivia: is Sen gexeba, Sens Sesaxeb aris, Sens emocias da grZnobebs exmianeba.

Sesabamisad, specsamsaxurebis erT-erTi funqciac swo red eris koleqtiuri da individualuri sisusteebis Ses-wavlaa. rogorc wesi, sainformacio omis dros sistemuri da sistematiuri Seteva xorcieldeba:

mosaxleobis kulturul qcevebze,

„patriotizmis“ narativze,

nostalgiebze,

tabuebsa da stereotipebze,

partniorebis mxridan gariskvis masStabze,

saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris SesaZleblobebze.

magaliTad, ukrainaSi agresiis dawyebamde moskovSi zustad icodnen, rom dasavleTi pasuxisTvis mzad ar iyo, sainformacio omi natos koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis koncefciiT ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. kiberSetevebi mexuTe muxlis amoqmedebas ar iwvevda. amitom ruseTi Tamamad moqmedebda estoneTsa da aRmosavleT evropis natos wevr qveynebSi. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom kiberSetevis zomis, Za lisa da mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, natos wevrebi dResac ver Tanxmdebian misTvis saxelis darqmevaze, kiberomis an sainformacio omis ganmartebaze. terminebis aRreva ki problemis srulad danaxvas uSlis xels, Sesabamisad, re a gi-rebac araadekvaturi an dagvianebulia. oms Tuki sxva saxels davarqmevT, Sesabamisi iqneba Cveni pasuxic, rac mowi na aR m-deges myisierad aniWebs upiratesobas.

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dasavleTi ukrainaSi arc samxedro moqmedebebisTvis iyo mzad. moskovSi icodnen, rom maT moqmedebebs winaaRmdegoba mohyveboda evrokavSiris, natosa da aSS-is mxridan, magram aseve icodnen, rom maT ar hqondaT strategia, ar hqondaT sakmarisi sadazvervo informacia da samarTlebrivi ar gu-mentebi saWiro swrafi pasuxisa da realuri Zalis demons-trirebisTvis. moskovma saqarTvelosTan 2008 wlis omis dros didi gamocdileba SeiZina. kremlSi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom maT ukrainul avantiuraze pasuxic ar iqneboda gansxvavebuli. es ki unikalur pirobebs qmnida ruseTisTvis. Sesabamisad, prezidentma putinma gamoiyena SesaZlebloba. zustad gaTvala, rom yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi masobrivi, masS taburi da yovlismomcveli sainformacio kampaniiT dro sa da brZolis pirvel etaps moigebda, rac samxedro SetevisTvis upiratesobas miscemda. Sedegad, pirveli rigis amocana, SeeCerebina ukrainis swrafi progresi evropuli integraciis gzaze, miRweulia. gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic SesaZlebeli iyo ori-sami wlis win mieRoT, dRes dgas evropuli struqturebis dRis wesrigSi.

rac Seexeba stereotipul patriotizms, prezident putinis 2014 wlis mimarTva rusi diplomatebisTvis, SesaZ-loa, saukeTeso magaliTad gamodges: „Cven ver davuSvebT natos Zalebis yirimisa da sevastopolis _ rusuli samxedro didebis miwaze Semosvlas, rac radikalurad Secvlis balanss Sav zRvaze. es niSnavs, xeli aviRoT yvelaferze, risTvisac ruseTi ibrZoda petre pirvelis da, SesaZloa, kidev ufro Soreuli droidan“.5

gancxadeba imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom erT abzacSi yvelaferia naTqvami.

• is icavs rusi eris istoriul monapovars, petre pirvelis memkvidreobas, romelsac ecilebian;

• mtris xati saxezea, natos Zalebi maT miwaze Semosvlas lamoben;

• is arwmunebs rus dedas, rom misi Svili „diadi ruseTis“ ideisTvis ibrZvis yirimSi, xolo samSoblos xandaxan Tav-gan wirva sWirdeba;

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• is Rirseuli da erTaderTi lideria, romelic imis Senar­CunebisTvis ibrZvis, rac istoriulad misia, aravis arafers ecileba;

• is Zlieria, sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebuli da imuqreba, rom ar dauSvebs Sav zRvaze balansis Secvlas;

• albaToba, rom prezident putinis gamosvlas msoflio media aitacebs, maRalia, Sesabamisad _ misi propagandistuli gzavnilebis tiraJireba msoflio wamyvani mediasaSualebiT uzrunvelyofili.

amgvari Sinaarsi popularulia, patriotulia, aRviZebs sentimentebs, romelic Raribi da didwilad gaunaTlebeli mosaxleobisTvis saukeTeso alternativaa ararsebuli „puris“ pirobebSi. ambavi rusuli monapovris gadarCenis Sesaxeb Zvi-rad fasobs ruseTSi da saSualo rusisTvis sakmarisi mizezia, rom Svili yirimSi saomrad gauSvas.

rodesac warmatebul ideas da mis garSemo mimdinare sa in formacio kampanias Tan axlavs zustad gaTvlili moq-medebis strategia, romelic partniorebis sisustes mis sa sar geblod iyenebs, pirveli Sedegebi garantirebulia. erTad erTi, rac aseT dros SeiZleba sasargeblo da efeqturi sapirwone aRmoCndes, msgavsi mtkice da fundamenturi ideiT gaerTianebuli sazogadoebaa brZolis velis meore mxares, romelic sakuTar Zalebsa da simarTleSi darwmunebulia da, Sesabamisad, mas ver gatexs da eWvs ver gauCens mtris propaganda.

4. rogor movigoT sainformacio omi?

am kiTxvaze yvelaze swori, mokle da martivi pasuxia moviqceT zustad ise, rogorc mowinaaRmdege iqceva. gamo-viyenoT igive teqnologiuri saSualebebi, tribuna, vaswavloT Cvens liderebs tyuilis strategiuli komunikacia, uari vTqvaT moralur kanonebze da vmarToT principiT _ „mizani amarTlebs saSualebas“ da sxva.

aseT dros maSinve Cndeba kiTxva: sworia aseTi mid-goma Tu ara? mogvitans sasurvel Sedegs Tu ara? xom ar vemsgavsebiT mowinaaRmdeges? swored es xom ar aris misi

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amo canac, Tavis relsebze gadagviyvanos, Cveni morali daang-rios, misi cxovrebis da mmarTvelobis wesi Cveulebriv ambad gviqcios?

am SemTxvevaSi mTavari „problema“ demokratiuli saxelmwifos buneba da instituciuri wyobaa. sityvis Tavis-ufleba da gamWvirvale mmarTveloba TavisTavad gamo ricxavs saxelmwifoSi kontrolirebuli erTiani gzavnilis arsebobas da mis Sesabamisad dadgenil wesrigs. yovelTvis iarsebebs pirobiTi “New York Times”, romelic dasvams kiTxvebs, amxels propagandas da tyuils, Caatarebs Jurnalistur gamoZiebas, gamoiwvevs diskusias. demokratiuli saxelmwifo Tavisi arsiT gamoricxavs specsamsaxurebis SantaJis da manipulaciisTvis gamoyenebas. demokratiuli saxelmwifo informirebuli moqa-la qeebis erTobaa, sadac gadawyvetilebebi swored erTiani sazo gadoebrivi konsensusiT miiReba da mmarTvelebs mudmivi kontaqti aqvT amomrCevlebTan. Sesabamisad, demokratiul samyaros sainformacio omis mogebisTvis sxva strategia da taqtikuri operaciebi sWirdeba.

dRes msoflioSi mimdinare sainformacio omze martivi dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom propagandistuli omis warmoebisas sruliad sawyisi pirobaa, rom ar veZebT simarTles. veZebT, vqmniT, vigonebT istoriebs, romlebic yvelaze martivad ga i yideba, romlebic advilad dasajerebelia da mizans amarTlebs. demokratiuli qveynebis strategia ki sapirispiro, mxolod simarTleze da faqtebze dafuZnebuli moqmedebebis erToblioba SeiZleba iyos.

xSirad dasmul kiTxvaze, rogor movigoT sainformacio omi, erTaderTi swori pasuxi im Rirebulebebis, instituciuri fundamentis da saxelmwifo wyobis gaZlierebaa, ris gamoc mim­dinareobs Tanamedrove hibriduli omi. yvelaze efeqturi iara Ri swored is aris, risic yvelaze metad eSinia totalitarul, agresiul qveyanas: mis sazRvrebTan jer kidev gadarCenili demokratiebis da demokratiuli rkalis gaZliereba.

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omis mizans liberaluri demokratiis rRveva, instituciuri demokratiis Sesusteba, dasavleTis

RirebulebiTi sistemisa da moralisTvis gardamtexi dartymis miyeneba warmoadgens.

5. qarTuli saxelmwifos dilema da amocanebi

bolos rodis naxeT masala ruseTze qarTul tele-sivr ceSi? ara mis Zlevamosilebaze gareT, aramed Sida ambeb-ze? rodis gaSuqda Cvens mediaSi ruseTis Cveulebrivi ambebi, rigiTi rusebis gaWirvebis Sesaxeb, siRaribeze, rublis de-val vaciaze, viTarebaze rusul cixeSi, mkvlelobebze ruse-Tis qalaqebis quCebSi, ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis prob lemebze da sxva? bolos rodis misca qarTulma mediam SesaZlebloba mis mayurebels dafiqrebuliyo Tanamedrove rusuli realobis Sesaxeb? gansakuTrebiT ki, im mayurebels, vinc kvlavac samocdaaTianebis simSvides mistiris da is ruseTSi eguleba?

piriqiT, qarTuli mediasivrce gajerebulia ambe-biT ruseTis uZlevelobis Sesaxeb. ambebiT, romelic mo dis pirdapir brZolis velidan _ siriidan, ukrainidan, moldo-vidan, dRes ukve aSS-dan da evrokavSiridan. es aris ambebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTi agresiulia, okupantia, magram saku Tar interesebs icavs da veravin ereva, veravin uwevs winaaRmdegobas, yvela iZulebulia dauTmos.

dRes Cven swored im viTarebaSi varT, rodesac, ro-gorc ruseTis strategiuli komunikaciis miznebi iuwyeba, tyuili da marTali erTmaneTSia areuli da adamianebis did umravlesobas maTi garCevis, racionaluri gansjis unari da-karguli aqvs. rodesac propaganda didi nakadebiT moedineba da Senc alternatiuli, saimedo sainformacio nakadebis milevis kvalobaze emorCilebi dominant tendenciebs.

am naSromSi sxvadasxva TavSi aRwerili sainformacio omis praqtikulad yvela maxasiaTebeli mravali welia war-matebiT muSaobs saqarTveloSi. warmatebis mTavari mi-ze zi ki ara imdenad rusuli kampaniis srulfasovnebaa, aramed damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTvelos

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yve la xelisuflebis uunaroba, rusul propagandas qme di-Ti, strategiuli politika daupirispiros sakuTari mo sax-leobis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad. saqarTvelos arc erT xelisuflebas praqtikulad araferi gaukeTebia maTi komp-leqsuri, sistemuri da grZelvadiani mogvarebisTvis.

saqarTvelo, misi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, saxelm ZR-vaneloebSi samagaliTod gansaxilveli qveyanaa:

1. Raribi;

2. gardamavali demokratiis qveyana;

3. sadac mosaxleoba saxelmwifos instituciuri mSeneblobis da RirebulebiTi fundamentis praqtikulad arc erT mniS v nelovan sayrdenze sabolood SeTanxmebuli ar aris;

4. sadac politikuri elita sustia;

5. sadac socialur-kulturuli elitis avtoriteti ubra-lod ar arsebobs;

6. sadac omis saSineleba umravlesobas Tavad aqvs gamovlili;

7. sadac mowinaaRmdege maTraxis da Taflakveris politikiT efeqturad moqmedebs;

8. sadac qarTuli produqtisTvis rusuli bazris gaxsna uape la ciod gvixaria, xolo evrokavSiris bazars ar vimCnevT;

9. sadac erTmorwmuneoba isev iyideba, miuxedavad aTobiT ga damwvari da dabombili eklesia-monastrisa;

10. sadac TiTqmis araferi ician Tanamedrove ruseTis Sesaxeb, samagierod ician, rom mas veravin ereva da yvelaferi „anti-kulturuli“ da „eSmakiseuli“ dasavleTidan Semogvepara;

11. sadac mosaxleobis 30 procents ara mxolod warmo-udgenia ruseTTan erTad, aramed mzad aris moskovTan keTilmezoblobisTvis evrokavSirisa da natos sanacvlod.6

es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im mocemulobebisa, ro-mel Sic vcxovrobT da gviwevs moqmedeba. Cveni sisusteebi da qarTul sazogadoebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli stereotipebi mo winaaRmdegis SetevisTvis yvelaze noyier niadags qmnis. am omSi gamarjvebas ki jer problemebis zusti identificireba sWirdeba, Semdeg am problemebis arsebobis aRiareba, yovel-

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gvari stereotipebis da dogmebisgan gaTavisufleba da sis-temuri, Tanmimdevruli politikis gatareba Cvenive sisus-teebis aRmosafxvrelad.

qarTuli saxelmwifos mTavari amocana siyalbis Tavs moxvevis ardaSveba unda iyos. Cveni mTavari iaraRi simarTlea da misi tiraJirebisTvis sruli Zalisxmeva gvmarTebs, yve-la aqtoris monawileobiT da yvela teqnologiuri saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT. Cveni midgoma sistemurobasa da mdgra-dobas unda efuZnebodes. Cveni mTavari amocana ara mtris mi er Seqmnil narativTan brZola, aramed saqarTvelos mo-qa laqeebis praqtikuli codniT, marTali informaciiT, faqtebiT SeiaraRebaa, rac adamians sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas matebs da Sedegad, propagandis gavlenis qveS naklebad eq-ceva. procesi ki daaxloebiT rom warmovidginoT, saSualo skolis saxelmZRvaneloebidan aris dasawyebi da politikuri gadawyvetilebebiT sruldeba. is yovlismomcvelia da grZel-vadian Sedegzea gaTvlili.

Cveni mTavari amocana Cvenive sisusteebis, sabWoTa ideologiis mier Tavsmoxveuli yalbi stereotipebisa da

dogmebis damarcxebaa. sabWoTa moqalaqe unda movklaT CvenSi, vinaidan mxolod demokratiuli, suverenuli

qveynis ideis garSemo gaerTianebul Tavisufali adamianebis erTobas SeuZlia moigos omi.

6. omis mogeba _ idea, romelic gvaerTianebs

saqarTvelos omi jer kidev Sin aqvs mosagebi. ruseTis mosaxleobis umravlesoba da xelisufleba erT mxares dganan. prezident putinis „yirimuli“ patriotizmi popularulia. ruseTis amocana martivia, is mxolod gareT ibrZvis. Cveni mTavari dilema qveynis SigniT aris. saqarTveloSi rusuli narativi da sabWoTa patriotizmi jer kidev dasamarcxebelia.

dRes qarTvelebis erTi nawilisTvis keTilmezobloba erTmniSvnelovnad swored mis keTildReobasTan an, piro-biTad, garantirebulad gayidul venaxsa da mandarinTan aso cirdeba, rac suverenitetis aRdgena-ganmtkicebis ual-

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ter nativobisTvis aRar tovebs adgils. calsaxaa, rom ruseTisTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis siRaribe mani pu-lirebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia. Sesabamisad, pir-veli samiznec gamokveTilia. swored ase SegviZlia gavyveT sisusteebis grZel sias, romelic zemoT aris mocemuli da Cveni samoqmedo gegmac saxezea.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saboloo warmatebisTvis umniSv-ne lovanesia vipovoT idea, amocana, romelic gvaerTianebs, romlis gadarCenisTvis brZolac yvelasTvis erTnairad mniS-v nelovani da Zvirfasia. idea, romelic Cvens mterze Zli-eria. idea da amocana, romlis erTgulebis procesSic Cveni gansakuTrebuloba, erovnuli siamaye, erTmaneTisadmi soli-daroba, Tanadgoma da kidev Zalian bevri sxva kargi Tviseba saukeTesod warmoCndeba da gagvaZlierebs. am procesSi da-vib runebT sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas, sakuTari Tavis da erT-maneTis pativiscemas, Tamamad gavalT brZolis velze erTad da erTmaneTis imedad.

swored aseTi idea sWirdeba saxelmwifos, ara _ xe lis-uflebas, aramed _ saxelmwifos. idea, romelic, miuxedavad adamianuri da finansuri resursebis simwirisa, Cvens ZalebSi gvarwmunebs, eris gamaerTianebeli iqneba da oms moigebs.

umniSvnelovanesia, rom damoukideblobis mopovebidan 25 wlis Semdeg mainc saerTo erovnuli SeTanxmeba imaze, Tu:

1. rogor saxelmwifos vaSenebT;

2. vin arian am gzaze Cveni megobrebi da partniorebi;

3. visTan gvaqvs omi da ratom;

4. ra Rirebulebebs da morals efuZneba Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifo.

umniSvnelovanesia rom oms, romelic mTel Cvens damo­u kidebel saxelmwifod qcevas gasdevs Tan, saxeli davarqvaT, su bieqtebi gamovkveToT, orientirebi gavaCinoT. davinaxoT, rom es erTi omia, erTi uwyveti cikli, romelic sxvadasxva epi zodisgan Sedgeba. is adamianebs iTxovs msxverplad, teri­to riebs gvakargvinebs, magram misi amocana gacilebiT ufro masStaburia _ uari gvaTqmevinos suverenitetze, arCevanis Tavis uflebaze, is isev ukan, sabWoTa kavSirisken, gvibiZgebs.

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SeniSvnebi

1. “Trump trusts Putin more than CIA” the press www.pressreader.com ; www.pressreader.com/similar/281925952646821 ; “Trump raises trust questions with spy feud” by www.edition.cnn.com/2017/01/04/politics/donald-trump-cia-intelligence-russia-assange/

2. Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House, By Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller, December 9, 2016 www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/obama-orders-review-of-russian-hacking-during-presidential-campaign/2016/12/09/31d6b300-be2a-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html?utm_term=.25ce8defc724 ; CIA concludes Russia interfered to help Trump win election, say reports, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/10/cia-concludes-russia-interfered-to-help-trump-win-election-report

3. vladimer putinma ruseTis dumisadmi 2006 wlis mimarTvaSi ganacxada: „Cveni pasuxi unda daefuZnos inteleqtualur upiratesobas, is iqneba asimetriuli da iafi. Tanamedrove ruseTs sWirdeba armia, SemZle adekvaturad upasuxos yvela Tanamedrove safrTxes~. President Vladimir Putin, Annual Address to the Federal Assembly, May 10, 2006, Marble Hall, the Kremlin, Moscow www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23577

4. propagandis omis dRevandeli sistema civi omis droidan iRebs saTaves. sabWoTa kavSirisTvis propaganda marTvis mTavari instrumenti iyo. SerCeul fakultetebze specialuri kursi iswavleboda `specpropaganda~. mas sabWoebi iyenebdnen rogorc sakuTari mosaxleobis keTilganwyobis SenarCunebis, aseve ssrk-iss sazRvrebs gareT yalbi informaciis gavrcelebis meTodologiuri swavlebisTvis. istoriam warmatebuli sabWoTa propagandistuli operaciebis mravali magaliTi Semogvinaxa. Tavad sabWoTa kavSiric 70 wlis manZilze didwilad sworad marTuli propagandis manqanis damsaxurebiT SenarCunda, rodesac „Tavbrudaxveul“ sabWoTa moqalaqes gulwrfelad sjeroda, rom rkinis fardis meore mxares adamianebs rutinulad awamebdnen, iq SimSili da sibnele iyo. maSin propagandis mTavari amocana komunizmis ideologiur alternativad gayidva iyo. droTa ganmavlobaSi amocana da mizani Seicvala, Tumca moqmedebis taqtika ZiriTadad igive darCa.

5. prezidentma putinma monawileoba miiRo ruseTis federaciis elCebisa da mudmivi warmomadgenlebis konferenciaSi, „ruseTis erovnuli interesebisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis fundamenturi principebis dacva da ganmtkiceba“, moskovi, 2014 wlis 1 ivlisi, www.en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46131

6. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis mesamedi (31%) eTanxmeba mosazre-bas, rom saqarTvelo met sargebels miiRebs, Tu uars ityvis evropul da evroatlantikur integraciaze ruseTTan ufro kargi urTierTo-bebis Camoyalibebis sanacvlod. www.tabula.ge/ge/story/116425-ndi-54-s-prodasavlur-sagareo-politikastan-ertad-rusettan-kargi-urtiertoba-surs

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damatebiTi sakiTxavi:

1. OSCE Non-Paper “Propaganda and Freedom of the Media”, Vienna, 2015

2. Marius Laurinavicius, “Is Russia Winning the information War in Lithuania?,” Center for European Policy Analysis, 2016

3. Internet Trolling as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare: The Case of Latvia; by NATO Stratcom, 2016

4. Max Holland, “The Propagation and Power of Communist” Security Services Dezinformatsiya,” by International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 19, no. 1, 2006

5. “Russian Hybrid Warfare and Other Dark Arts,” War on the Rocks. March 11. 2016.

6. Dr. Damien Van Puyvelde, “Hybrid Warfare: Does It Even Exist?” by NATO Review, 2015.

7. Peter Pindják, “Deterring hybrid warfare: a chance for NATO and the EU to work together?” by NATO Review, November 18, 2014.

8. The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the president on December 25, 2014. See “The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation,” Theatrum Belli, June 29, 2015

9. Kingsepp, Eric J., Propaganda as an Instrument of Statecraft: Two Case Studies (April 25, 2008). Propaganda as an Instrument of Statecraft, 2008.

10. Waxman, Matthew C., Cyber-Attacks and the Use of Force: Back to the Future of Article 2(4) (March 16, 2011). Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, 2011.

11. Shackelford, Scott, From Nuclear War to Net War: Analogizing Cyber Attacks in International Law (April 28, 2009). Berkley Journal of International Law (BJIL), Vol. 25, No. 3, 2009.

12. Waxman, Matthew C., Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions (March 19, 2013). International Law Studies, Vol. 89, 2013.

13. Maszkiewicz, Mariusz, Civilian Based Defense System: New Approach – Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian Experience (March 8, 2015).

14. Blank, Laurie R., Chapter 7: Media Warfare, Propaganda and the Law of War (May 11, 2016). Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict, 2016; Emory Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-418.

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