experimental study on the influence of engine … · 2018-06-17 · the solid phase in coagulate...

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THEINFLUENCE OF ENGINEPARAMETERS ON THE

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONCHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL

ENGINE USING FISH OILBIODIESEL AS FUEL

V. NADANAKUMAR1, V. SUGENTH2,N. ALAGUMURTHI3

1PG Scholar,2Assistant Professor,3Professor 1,2Department of Automobile Engineering,

3Department of Mechanical Engineering1,2Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,

Tamil Nadu, India.3Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, India.

[email protected],[email protected]

May 28, 2018

Abstract

The depletion of petroleum products has become athreat to humanity, that has compelled to find analternative fuel. Studies have found that biodiesel isconsidered as a good alternative for diesel. In thisresearch, biodiesel is prepared from fish oil bytransesterification process. The tests have proved that

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 24 2018ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

pure biodiesel gives lesser performance and emissioncharacteristics. So, B20 blend was selected and tested inthe engine. The performance and emission characteristicsare found out for biodiesel by changing the injectionpressuresand injection timing and compared with thecharacteristics of diesel. The result showed that theperformance is nearer to diesel and the emissions arebetter than diesel.The maximum BTE was observed to be29.93% for injection pressure P220 and injection timing23◦ bTDC. The lowest BSFC was found to be lowest forP220, 23◦ bTDC of about 0.27 kg/kWh.

Keywords:Biodiesel, Fish oil, B20, Injection Pressure,Injection Timing.

1 INTRODUCTION

The depletion of petroleum products has created interest toidentify an alternative fuel source. The reserves of oil and gas isexpected to be exhausted in the near future. There is a chance forthe depletion of resources even before due to increasedconsumption. Several studies are being done by the researchcommunity to study the feasibilities and to commercialize solar,wind, and geothermal energies. Several researches were also doneto convert municipal waste to fuel. European countries haveplanned to use 5.75% of biofuels by the end of 2010 and 10% bythe year 2020 [1]. Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derivedfrom the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats withalcohols to obtain the respective fatty acid methyl esters.Biodiesel can be blended with fossil diesel fuel or as a purebiodiesel for the use in a diesel engine. The presence of inherentoxygen content in the biodiesel enhances the combustion andplays a major role in reduction of CO and HC emission[2].Biodiesel can be used as an alternative topetrol and dieselin orderto reduce the emissions. At present biodiesel is being extractedfrom vegetable oil, used cooking oil and industrial waste oil[3,4].Many researches were done using fish oil biodiesel and itsperformance and emission characteristics were studied.Godiganuret al. used FOBD in a diesel engine and found that the emissionsof carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) was reduced

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

whereas increase inthe emission of NOx when compared to diesel.More over in the study he found that the combustion andperformance were more or less similar to that of diesel [5]. Linand Li, by the test results from their study proved that FOBDshowed good brake thermal efficiency and the emissions of CO,NOx, and smoke were observed as less [6]. The study done byJayasinghe and Hawboldt proved that fish oil biodiesel can beused in the same diesel engine and combustors and also showedreduction in emissions [7].Behcet, in his experiment, used anchovyfish oil biodiesel and concluded that SFC has increased and therewas a significant increase in NOx emission due to the highexhaust gas temperature [8,9]. Ushakov et al. and Stigersshowedthat the engineran normally with no operational or maintenanceimpacts [10,11]. Many studies have showed that the increasedinjection pressure up to a certain point have improved BTE andSFC and also there was a reduction in emissions. It has beenobserved that ignition delay is decreased with the increase ininjection pressure, as formation of finer fuel droplets at highinjection pressures led to higher heat transfer rate and earlierevaporation [12]. Varun Goel concluded that there is a significantreduction in emissions and increase in BTE at higher injectionpressures [13]. Whereas, a significant increase in NOx emissionwas observed by the increase in IP because of the increased HRR[14]. If IP is increased beyond a certain limit, it was observed thatBTE got reduced. This may be probably because of theincomplete combustion caused due to the poor entrainment of airwith the surrounding fuel particles [15]. Deep et al proved thatadvancing or retarding both injection pressure and timing reducesBTE. HC and CO were better at original engine configuration[16]. BTE has increased with retardation of injection timing andthe combustion and emission characteristics were lower than diesel[17]. Shameer et al reviewed that advancing injection timingenhanced the in-cylinder pressure, peak cylinder pressure, heatrelease rate and ignition delay due to longer ignition delay, fineratomization, lower in-cylinder temperature and rapid combustionrate. But, retarding the injection timing gave the exact oppositeresults due to shorter ignition delay, high in-cylinder temperatureand slow rate of combustion [18]. From the literature survey, itcan be concluded that biodiesel can be a good alternate source for

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further research of alternate fuel and performance, combustionand emission characteristics, can be improved by varying injectionpressures and injection timing.

2 MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

2.1 Extraction of Fish Oil

The steps involved in producing fish oil are cooking, pressing,evaporation and separation. Cooking was done to coagulate theprotein to liberate bound water and oil. The solid phase incoagulate was separated by separation process, where thecoagulate was pressed yielding a solid phase called as press cake.Centrifugation process was done in a decanter to remove thesludge from the press liquor and the oil was separated usingcentrifuge. Decanters and separators are used to remove themajor part of theoil and to separate solids from the press liquid,the liquid left behind is called stick water. Multi effectevaporators are engaged for concentrating the stick water. Twostage drying is carried to dehydrate.Finally, the oil is extracted.

2.2 Preparation of Biodiesel

In a conical flask, 0.3 wt.% of KOH is mixed with 7:1 methanol andoil molar ratio. The fish oil is taken in a beaker and the mixture ofmethanol and KOH is added, heated at 60◦C for 60 minutes. Afterheating, the mixture is transferred to a separation flask and kept for24 hours. The process has turned the oil into esters and glycerol.The by-product glycerol gets settled at the bottom, whereas thefatty acid methyl esters of fish oil floats on the top. Glycerol isseparated and the methyl esters are washed with water.

Table 1: Fuel PropertiesProperties Diesel Crude Fish Oil Fish Oil Biodiesel FOBD B20

Kinematic Viscosity 40◦C in cSt 2.95 19.34 3.99 3.45Flash Point in ◦C 61.5 275 202 74

Fire Point ◦C 63 290 212 77Gross Calorific Value kJ/kg 42,800 36,155.05 35,891.98 38,400

Density in kg/m3 855 937 886 858

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3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the tested engine setup.Experiments were conducted on a Kirloskar TV1 made, singlecylinder, four-stroke, constant speed, direct injection diesel enginecoupled with eddy current dynamometer. The specifications aregiven in Table2. Fuel flow transmitter is provided to measure fuelconsumptions. A surge tank is provided to avoid pulsations of theair inlet. Cylinder pressure is measured by the piezo sensor.Crank angle is measured by crank angle encoder. Data acquisitiondevice is used for acquiring data acquisition. AVL DI gas analyzeris used to measure the Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides andHydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the tested engine setup

3.1 Test Procedure

The engine tests were done in fairly ambient conditions. Theengine was allowed to run at no load for few minutes to stabilize.The engine was operated fromno-loadcondition to full load usingdiesel for each load, reading was taken after allowing the engine torun for ten minutes to stabilize. Three sets of readings were taken

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and their average is used for calculation. Further tests wereconducted using the fuel, fish oil biodiesel B20 with variousinjection pressures and injection timings for studies.For injectionpressure variation, the pressure setting spring in the injector isadjusted and same is checked using Bosch injector pressure testeras shown in figure 2. Injection timing is varied by adjusting thescrew provided for varying the timing of fuel supply the same isshown in the figure 3.The procedure is repeated, three set ofreadings for each injection pressure and injection timing is takenfrom no load to full load and their average is used for calculation.

Figure 2: Varying injectiontiming in the diesel engine

Figure 3: Procedure ofvarying injection pressure inthe fuel injector

Description SpecificationsMake Kirloskar AVI

No. of Cylinders 1Type 4 stroke, single acting CI engine

Rated Speed (rpm) 1500Cubic Capacity (litre) 0.553

Power Rating (HP) 5 (3.7 kW)Bore (mm) 87.5

Stroke (mm) 110Compression Ratio 17.5:1

Type of fuel injection Direct Injection

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Injection Pressure (bar) 200Start of injection (◦bTDC) 23

Cooling Water cooledTable 2: Engine Specifications

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Performance Characteristics

4.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency

The figure shows the brake thermal efficiency of diesel and FOBDB20 at various injection pressures versus Brake mean effectivepressure. The brake thermal efficiency increases as the loadincreases. The brake thermal efficiency of FOBD at all theinjection pressures is lower than diesel. It may be due to the lowercalorific value of FOBD. The brake thermal efficiency of FOBD at220 bar pressure is higher when compared to FOBD injected at200 bar and 240 bar. At higher injection pressure the droplet sizeof the fuel particle may get reduced, results in loss of itsmomentum. This leads to a reduction in combustion, therebydecrease in brake thermal efficiency at 240 bar.The brake thermalefficiency has improved at 23 bTDC and reduced at 21◦ bTDCand 25◦ bTDC. This is because at retarded injection timing therequired combustion pressure and temperature were not availablefor good combustion and at advanced injection timing the fuelwas deposited on the walls of the combustion chamber withoutgetting ignited [12].

4.1.2 Specific Fuel Consumption

The figure shows the effect of injection pressure of FOBD withdiesel on specific fuel consumption.It is found that the BSFC ofdiesel and FOBD at all pressures decrease with increase in brakemean effective pressure. The brake specific fuel consumption ofdiesel is lower than FOBD at all injection pressures as its calorificvalue is lesser than diesel. The BSFC at injection pressure 220 bar

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Figure 4: Brake ThermalEfficiency Vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

Figure 5: Brake ThermalEfficiency Vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

is lower when compared to all other injection pressures of FOBD.This may be due to the lesser momentum of fuel particles as theparticle size is lower at higher pressures. Since the combustion wasbetter at 23◦ bTDC and brake thermal efficiency was increased atthe same timing, SFC was found to be lower at 23◦ bTDC than atretardation. The impact of BTE will affect SFC accordingly [12].

Figure 6: Brake Specific FuelConsumption vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

Figure 7: Brake Specific FuelConsumption vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

4.2 Emission Characteristics

4.2.1 Hydrocarbon

The emission of unburnt hydrocarbon is shown in the figure.Improper combustion leads to the formation of unburnthydrocarbons. The formation of UBHC is higher with theinjection pressure P240. This may be due to less air entrainment,

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which leads to incomplete combustion. Lower injection pressureleads to higher particle size and lower momentum, which leads toincomplete combustion. At full load, the injection pressure P220recorded lowest HC emission when compared to other injectionpressures. All injection timings show reduced HC emission thandiesel, but 23bTDC showed more than other timings. Advancingthe injection timing reduced the HC emission since the fuel mixedwith more air because of longer ignition delay. Retarding theinjection timing produced high heat release, thus enhancingcombustion. Hence, HC emission was reduced.

Figure 8: Hydrocarbon EmissionVs Brake Mean EffectivePressure

Figure 9: Hydrocarbon EmissionVs Brake Mean EffectivePressure

4.2.2 Carbon Monoxide

The figure shows the variation of carbon monoxide emission of dieseland B20FOBD at various injection pressures. Carbon monoxideis formed due to incomplete combustion of the fuel. At full loadcondition, the CO emission of diesel and B20 FOBD at all injectionpressures are high compared to partial loads as more amount offuel is injected into the cylinder to maintain a constant speed of theengine. Due to the inherent availability of oxygen in the biodieselthe CO emission at all the injection pressures seems to be lowerthan that of diesel. The amount of CO content is found to be lowerfor retarded injection timing due to enhanced combustion reactionsbecause of higher heat release.

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Figure 10: Carbon MonoxideEmission vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

Figure 11: Carbon MonoxideEmission vs Brake MeanEffective Pressure

4.2.3 Oxides of Nitrogen

The higher in-cylinder temperature is one of the major reason forthe formation of NOx. The emission of NOx is higher in B20FOBD at all injection pressures when compared to diesel. This isdue to the presence of oxygen which enhances the combustion. Athigher injection pressure, the size of fuel droplet decreases and itevaporates quickly and this enhances faster combustion which inturn increases the in-cylinder temperature. This lead to higherNOx emission at higher injection pressure. NOx increases in allinjection timing because heat release rate is higher since more fuelis accumulated before start of combustion.

Figure 12: NOx Emission vsBrake Mean Effective Pressure

Figure 13: NOx Emission vsBrake Mean Effective Pressure

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5 CONCLUSION

From the performance and emission graphs, it can be concludedthat:

• The BTE of biodiesel was lower at all injection pressuresthan diesel and changing the injection timing did not help inimproving BTE of FOBD, but P220 showed the best.

• The HC emissionwas found to be the lowest for P220 injectionpressure and at all injection timings better than diesel.

• The CO emission was found to be lower at all the injectionpressures and injection timings when compared to diesel.

• The NOx emission was found to be higher for P220 and P240than diesel, and lower for P200. Also, it was higher for 23◦

bTDC than other timings and diesel.

References

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[2] Mohammed ELKassaby, Medhat A., et al (2013). “Studyingthe effect of compression ratio on an engine fuelled with wasteoil produced biodiesel/diesel fuel”, Alexandria EngineeringJournal, 52, 1-11.

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[14] S. Imtenan, S.M. Ashrafur Rahman et al (2015). “Effectof dynamic injection pressure on performance, emission andcombustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine”,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1205-1211.

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[15] K. Nanthagopal, B. Ashok et al (2016). “Influence of fuelinjection pressures on Calophylluminophyllum methyl esterfuelled direct injection diesel engine”, Energy Conversion andManagement, 165-173.

[16] Akash Deep, Sarbjot Singh Sandhu et al (2017). “Experimentalinvestigations on the influence of fuel injection timing andpressure on single cylinder C.I. engine fuelled with 20% blendof castor biodiesel in diesel”, Fuel, 210, 15-22.

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experimental study on the influence of engine … · 2018-06-17 · the solid phase in coagulate...

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