The Regulatory Assistance Project

110 B Water St.Hallowell, Maine USA 04347

Tel: 207.623.8393Fax: 207.623.8369

50 State Street, Suite 3Montpelier, Vermont USA 05602Tel: 802.223.8199Fax: 802.223.8172

27 Penny LaneCedar Crest, New Mexico USA 87008

Tel: 505.286.4486E-Fax: 773.347.1512

Experience From US, China, and the World

Forum on Sustainable Energy, Good Governance and Forum on Sustainable Energy, Good Governance and Electricity RegulationElectricity Regulation

David Moskovitz

Dsvid.moskovitz@gmail.com

Important Lessons from U.S.

Markets are a means of achieving a goal, not a goal itself

Markets have an important role, but markets alone will not deliver efficiency and environmental goals

Structure and institutions alone will not deliver goals– Need commitment, people,

resources, – Need ongoing coordination

with many related institutions

美国的经验教训

市场是实现目标的手段，其本身并不是目标市场发挥着重要的作用，但市场本身不会自动实现能效和环境目标只有结构和制度也无法实现目标

- 需要政治上的承诺、人力和资源投入 - 需要与相关机构进行协调

Key Lessons From US States

Best Example – California Has reformed its energy

laws many times based on good and bad experiences

Gone from heavy reliance on planning and regulation, to heavy reliance on market, to a practical balanced mix of planning, markets, regulation

Has a proven track record of reducing energy intensity and protecting the environment while growing economically

美国的重要经验——

加利福尼亚州的例子

在正反经验的基础上多次修订能源法 从过度依赖计划和监管，到过渡依赖市场，到计划、市场和监管之间的平衡曾经在保持经济增长的同时，实现了降低能源强度和保护环境的目标

Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation)(kWh/person) (2006 to 2008 are forecast data)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,0001

96

0

19

62

19

64

19

66

19

68

19

70

19

72

19

74

19

76

19

78

19

80

19

82

19

84

19

86

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88

19

90

19

92

19

94

19

96

19

98

20

00

20

02

20

04

20

06

20

08

California

United States

∆(2005)= 4,000kWh/yr

∆(2005)= $180/yr

Annual Energy Savings from Efficiency Programs and Standards

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,00019

75

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

GW

h/y

ea

r

Appliance Standards

Building Standards

Utility Efficiency Programs at a cost of

~1% of electric bill

~15% of Annual Electricity Use in California in 2003

Key California Lessons Relating to Practices

Establish stable adequate energy efficiency funding

– Standards, labeling, certification will not deliver all the energy efficiency or environmental benefits China wants

– Energy law should establish energy efficiency funding system

Use scientific energy planning– IRP identifies what mix of

renewable energy, energy efficiency, conventional sources California needs; markets used to deliver it efficiently

– Internalize environment costs in energy planning, investment, and pricing

加州在实施能源法方面的重要经验

建立稳定、充足的能效基金 - 只有能效标准、标识和认证制度，还不能实现能效和环境收益 - 能源法应该建立能效基金制度

采用科学能源规划方法 - “ 综合资源规划” (IRP) 有助于确定加州需要什么样的可再生能源、能效和常规能源资源组合；然后通过市场渠道有效地提供这些资源 - 在能源规划、投资和定价过程充分考虑环境成本

Rationalize energy pricing to give consumers proper incentives

Rationalize pricing methods so grid company can profitably invest in energy efficiency and EPPs

Use markets where possible. Energy law should direct agencies to design markets to deliver energy efficiency and environmental goals– Treat energy efficiency as a

resource allowed to fully participate in market and compete directly for investment

Coordinate agencies

使能源定价合理化，给消费者适当的激励 改进定价方法，使电力公司在对能效和能效电厂投资时有利可图充分发挥市场的作用；能源法要求能源管理机构在进行市场设计时充分考虑能效和环境目标

- 使能效可以公平地参与市场竞争和争取投资

协调各机构的行动

Key California Lessons Relating to Practices 加州在实施能源法方面的重要经验

Quantify and Rank Climate Benefits