EVOLUTION &

CLASSIFICATION

Eyewitness Prehistoric Life

1. The history before any human hand put written words on a page

is called ______________.

2. Scientists now believe that the universe started with an

explosion called the _____ __________.

3. Based on the ages of people in the Bible, church officials

believed that the Earth was created in _______ BC.

4. Complex chemicals on the surface of the earth linked to form

_______ which were the basis of life.

5. The history is written in the ________ that make up the earth.

6. The only direct evidence of prehistoric life are _________.

7. Over ____% of all animals that once lived are now extinct.

8. Marie Currie’s work with radioactive material made it possible to

date _________.

9. At 1 time, several of the ____________ on earth were bunched

together and started to drift apart.

10. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection says that it is the

animals that are best ____________ to survive that will pass

on their characteristics.

11. The first human was ___________, named after a Beatles

song.

12. About 3 million years after Lucy, a familiar looking hunter

named _________ ______________ appeared.

1. What is Evolution? ➢ a slow and gradual change over time

ie) Mickey Mouse, Gaming Systems

➢ in biology, evolution is gradual changes over time in populations of organisms - population = group of organisms of the same species in the same area

- species = group of organisms that look similar and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

2. Evidence for Evolution = proof that evolution is occurring A. Direct Evidence = Fossil Evidence - are the remains, impressions and traces of organisms which have been preserved from past geological age - many represent extinct organisms that bear striking resemblance to creatures that do exist today = provide evidence of the change in organisms. - usually found in sedimentary rocks which lie beneath younger rocks allow paleontologists determine the course of changes in living things on Earth. - fossil record = creates a geologic time scale that indicates life forms have changed with time - 3 types of fossils:

1) Impression = a mold made in soft mud which hardens (like a plaster cast)

2) Mummification = organisms fail to decompose due to lack of oxygen and bacteria, thus the organic material remains intact

3) Compression = organisms or their skeletons absorb minerals (iron, calcium, etc.) which replaces the organic material turning it to stone = petrification

- the age of a fossil can be determined based on the amount of radioactive

carbon present

B. Indirect Evidence = Evidence from Living Organisms 1.Geography - Biogeography = the distribution of lifeforms over geographical areas, in past & present times - closely related species are usually found in close physical proximity to one another suggesting that these species share a common lineage - supported by fossil evidence and the Continental Drift theory Examples: - Galapagos finches, modern marsupials

2. Physiological Evidence - Vestigial Organs = a body part which has no apparent use today but has

some use in the past - as organisms evolved in a changing environment, organs no longer needed so were lost or became nonfunctional

- Examples: - human tail bone, ear muscles, appendix - snakes have tiny pelvic and limb bones

3. Anatomical Evidence - Homologous Structures = body parts that are similar in structure but differ in

functions although the origin of the structure was the same. - Examples:

- flipper of a dolphin, wing of a bat, foreleg of a horse, arm of a human *DO NOT confuse with Analogous Structures = body parts that have similar function but differ in structure. - Example: wing of a butter fly and sing of a bird 4. Embryological Evidence – animals having a backbone (vertebrates) appear similar as embryos

- Example: - fish, frogs, chickens, pigs and humans look similar at a certain stage in

embryological development

5. Biochemical Evidence - chemical analysis of organisms indicates that organisms are similar at

the molecular level - Example: all organisms contain the same elements

6. Artificial Breeding (aka Genetic Engineering) - breeding selected organisms to get desired traits = man-made evolution Example: Beefalo, Huskie

1. What is Evolution?

➢ a slow and gradual change over time

ie) __________________________________

➢ in biology, evolution is gradual changes over time in _________of organisms

- population = group of organisms of the same _________in the same area

- species = group of organisms that look similar and can interbreed to

produce fertile offspring

2. Evidence for Evolution = proof that evolution is occurring A. Direct Evidence = Fossil Evidence - are the remains, impressions and traces of organisms which have been preserved from past geological age - many represent extinct organisms that bear striking _____________ to creatures that do exist today = provide evidence of _____________ in organisms. - are usually found in sedimentary rocks which lie _______younger rocks allowing paleontologists determine the course of changes in living things on Earth. - fossil record = creates a ______________________that indicates life forms have changed with time - 3 types of fossils:

1) Impression = a __________ made in soft mud which hardens (like a plaster cast)

2) Mummification = organisms fail to decompose due to lack of oxygen and bacteria, thus the organic material ___________________

3) Compression = organisms or their skeletons absorb minerals (iron, calcium, etc.) which replaces the organic material turning it to stone = ___________________

- the age of a fossil can be determined based on the amount of radioactive carbon present

= Carbon Dating and the Half Life Concept B. Indirect Evidence = Evidence from Living Organisms

1.Geography - Biogeography = the ____________of lifeforms over geographical areas, in past & present times - closely related species are usually found in close physical __________________ to one another suggesting that these species share a common lineage - supported by fossil evidence and the Continental Drift theory

- Examples: - Galapagos finches, modern marsupials

2. Physiological Evidence - Vestigial Organs = a body part which has no ________________ today but has some use in the past - as organisms evolved in a changing environment, organs no longer needed so were lost or became __________________________________ - Examples:

- human tail bone, ear muscles, appendix - snakes have tiny pelvic and limb bones

3. Anatomical Evidence - Homologous Structures = body parts that are similar in _________but differ in ______________ although the origin of the structure was the same. - Examples:

- flipper of a dolphin, wing of a bat, foreleg of a horse, arm of a human ***DO NOT confuse with Analogous Structures = - body parts that have similar function but differ in structure. - Example: wing of a butter fly and wing of a bird

4. Embryological Evidence – animals having a backbone (vertebrates) appear similar ______________ - Example:

- fish, frogs, chickens, pigs and humans look similar at a certain stage in embryological development

5. Biochemical Evidence - chemical analysis of organisms indicates that organisms are similar at the __________ _______________ - Example: all organisms contain the same elements 6. Artificial Breeding (aka Genetic Engineering)

- breeding selected organisms to get desired traits = _____________________________ Example: ______________________