Evoluce 2, 2015

Nehomogenita

Získávání poznatků:

• Přímé pozorování či měření• Proxy• palimpsest

2

Earth science: Probing the core's light elements.Duffy, Thomas

Nature. 479(7374):480-481, November 24, 2011.DOI: 10.1038/479480a

Figure 1 | Cross-section of Earth's interior. Depths for the various regions are indicated on the left and corresponding pressures (in gigapascals) on the right. The core is mainly composed of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni), with some unknown lighter elements. By comparing laboratory measurements with seismic data, Huang et al.3 place new constraints on the identity of these light elements in the core.

Oceanogr

Mramorová bábovka

Fraktály, soběpodobnost

Matematická funkce,V reálu vždy meze

Nehomogenitana všech škálách

grafen

The synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds in evolved stars. Sun Kwok. Nature 430, 985-991(26 August 2004).

huminová kyselina

kerogen

a diamant, b-grafit, c-londsdaleit, d-f fullereny, g – amorfní C, h – nanotrubice,

CO2 methan

AK Geim & IV Grigorieva Nature 499, 419-425 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature12385

Building van der Waals heterostructures.

AK Geim & IV Grigorieva Nature 499, 419-425 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature12385

State-of-the-art van der Waals structures and devices.

Cordier et al.1 have analysed images produced using electron backscatter diffraction to identify grain-boundary disclinations in olivine aggregates. Shown here is a cross-section of a sample deformed at high stress. Different colours denote different crystallographic orientations of the crystals that make up the aggregate. Scale bar, 20 μm.Nature 9March 2014, 42

Olivín(Mg,Fe)2[SiO4]

Reformulating table salt.When sodium chloride (NaCl) is squeezed by diamond anvils at high temperatures and under Cl- or Na-rich conditions, compounds such as NaCl3 or Na3Cl can

be formed.

J Ibáñez Insa Science 2013;342:1459-1460

Published by AAAS

Fig. 2Crystal structures of Na chlorides and NaCl7.(A) Pm3-NaCl7. (B) Pnma-NaCl3. (C) Pm3n-NaCl3. (D) P4/mmm-Na3Cl. (E)P4/m-Na3Cl2. (F) Cmmm-Na3Cl2. (G) P4/mmm-Na2Cl. (H) Cmmm-Na2Cl. (I) Imma-Na2Cl. Blue and green spheres denote Na and Cl atoms, respectively. W Zhang et al. Science 2013;342:1502-1505

Metal-organic framework (MOF) structures are amenable to expansion and incorporation of multiple functional groups within their interiors. (A) The isoreticular expansion of MOFs maintains the network’s topology by using an expanded version of the parent organic linker. Examples of catalysis in MOFs are shown in the large space created by IRMOF-74-XI; Me is a methyl group. (B) Conceptual illustration of a multivariate MOF (MTV-MOF) whose pores are decorated by heterogeneous mixtures of functionalities that arrange in specific sequences. (Background) Optical image of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) crystals.

ferrocen; pentahaptická vazba

NA Wasio et al. Nature 507, 86-89 (2014) doi:10.1038/nature12993

Comparison of a FcCOOH monolayer structure to a P1 Penrose tiling.

Fig. 3 Isoreticular expansion of metal-organic frameworks

H Furukawa et al. Science 2013;341:123

Published by AAAS

Fig. 6 Examples of creating heterogeneity within crystalline materials.(A) MTV-MOF-5, in which a heterogeneous mixture of functionalities decorates the interior of the crystals to

provide an environment capable of highly selective binding of carbon dioxide.

H Furukawa et al. Science 2013;341:1230444Published by AAAS

Room at the bottom.Among the crystalline arrays of atom-like molecular cluster units created by Roy et al. is a giant analog of the structure formed by NaCl (rock salt).

P Batail Science 2013;341:135-136Published by AAAS

Fig. 1 Structures of the nanoscale atoms as measured by SCXRD.In the figure, the clusters are depicted on the same size scale.

X Roy et al. Science 2013;341:157-160

Published by AAAS

atomy C

atomy Xe

Cryo-electron tomogram of a fraction of the cytoplasm of a human cell. Microtubules are coloured in orange, stress fibres in grey, protein complexes in green, membranes in cyan and vesicular contents in yellow.

Enzymové palimpsesty: prostetické skupiny

• Ferredoxin

ferredoxin

•Nitrogenase, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 1466 (2003) X=C

• Hydrogenase

a, [FeFe]-hydrogenase; b, [NiFe]-hydrogenase; c, nickel-dependent CO dehydrogenase; d, [FeMo]-nitrogenase; e, [Fe]-hydrogenase; f, methyl–SCoM reductase; g, acetyl–SCoA synthase; h, nitrogenase FeMo-co (top view). Nature 460 insight

From the following article:Metalloproteins and metal sensingKevin J. Waldron, Julian C. Rutherford, Dianne Ford & Nigel J. RobinsonNature 460, 823-830(13 August 2009)doi:10.1038/nature08300

• Nejstarší „věci“ – inkluze v meteoritech 4,566 Gy• Měsíc 4,51 Gy• Zirkon 4,47 Gy• Horniny 4,0-4,4 Gy• Poslední bombardování 3,9 Gy

Zirkon ZrSiO4

zirkon W74/2-36, Austrálie