european network chemical thinning fruit crops...designdesign: 5 treatments, every treatment...

1

FA 10B - LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHES VERSUCHSZENTRUMhaidegg Dr. Gottfried Lafer

Protocol Thinning Trials 2009

Elstar Elanared®

Golden Reinders

Golden clone B

European Network Chemical Thinning Fruit Crops


Thinning trial on Elstar Elanared 2009

subject:subject: Efficacy of chemical thinning with Metamitron on Elstar (long term study)

aim:aim: Evaluation of the efficacy of Metamitron applied at different fruitlet diameters (6/8, 10/12 and 14/16 mm)

trial site:trial site: Research Centre Haidegg

cultivar:cultivar: Elstar Elanared

plot:plot: 1142/401 – 420

year of planting:year of planting: 2003

planting distanceplanting distance :: 3,4 m x 1,0 m (2.941 trees/ha)

rootstockrootstock :: M 9

plantingplanting systemsystem:: Single row, slender spindle

spray equipment:spray equipment: Experimental orchard sprayer, 1.000 l/ha

designdesign: 5 treatments, every treatment included 3 trees with 4 replications (12 trees)

2


Thinning trial Elstar Elanared 2009 –material and methods

1.1. UntreatedUntreated

2.2. Hand thinned Hand thinned (6 fruits/cm² TCSA)

3.3. MetamitronMetamitron 420ppm 420ppm (Goltix 700 SC 0,06% + TweenTween 2020 0,05%) at 6 at 6 –– 8 mm fruit diameter 8 mm fruit diameter (BBCH 70)




Meteorological conditions –2009

treatm. 3: 02.05.2009

Light: 27.628 W/m²

treatm. 4: 11.05.2009

Light: 22.950 W/m²

treatm. 5: 15.05.2009

Light: 33.373 W/m²

3


Meteorological conditions – 2009

3. 4. 5.

Application Date: 02.05.2009 11.05.2009 15.05.2009

Time of Day: 08:30 10:00 11:00

Application Method: SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY

Application Placement: FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR

Applied By: GS GS TR

Air Temperature, Unit: 13,9° C 20,9° C 13,4° C

Growing Degree hours (15°°°°C) 173,9 284,2 530,9

% Relative Humidity: 62 61 85

Wind Velocity, Unit: 0,7 KPH 0,6 KPH 1,1 KPH

Wind Direction: W NNW SE

Dew Presence (Y/N): N N N

% Cloud Cover: 324,8 431,1 165,1

Next Rain Occurred On: 03.05.2009 12.05.2009 16.05.2009


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –flowering index, junedrop

1-9

4


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –yield data

kg/treefruits/tree


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –yield capacity

fruits/cm² kg/cm²

5


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –fruit weight


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –size grading

% of fruits in each size-class

6


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –size grading (kg/tree)

kg/tree


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –russeting grade

% fruits in each russeting class

7


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –fruit colour

%


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –internal quality and ripeness

8


Thinning trial Elanared 2009 –internal quality and ripeness


Thinning trial Elstar Elanared 2009 – conclusion

Metamitron 420 ppm at 14 Metamitron 420 ppm at 14 –– 16 mm showed a 16 mm showed a strong thinning effect (similar to the results of hand strong thinning effect (similar to the results of hand thinning).thinning).

Application of Metamitron 420 ppm at fruitlet Application of Metamitron 420 ppm at fruitlet diameter 10 diameter 10 −−−−−−−− 12 mm reduced crop load 12 mm reduced crop load significantly too.significantly too.

Early application of Metamitron 420 ppm at fruitlet Early application of Metamitron 420 ppm at fruitlet diameter 6 diameter 6 –– 8 mm was not effective.8 mm was not effective.

Thinning efficacy of Metamitron was affected by the Thinning efficacy of Metamitron was affected by the temperature (GDH 15temperature (GDH 15°°C)C)

The higher the growing degree hours (15The higher the growing degree hours (15°°C) the C) the higher was the thinning efficacy (GDHhigher was the thinning efficacy (GDH1515°°CC = 500)= 500)

9


Thinning trial Elstar Elanared 2009 – conclusion

No influence of light intensity on thinning efficacy of No influence of light intensity on thinning efficacy of MetamitronMetamitron

No phytotoxic effects (leaf and fruit damages) were No phytotoxic effects (leaf and fruit damages) were observed.observed.

Fruit russeting did not increaseFruit russeting did not increase

Positive effects on fruit colouration caused by lower crop Positive effects on fruit colouration caused by lower crop loadsloads

Fruit ripening was not influenced by MetamitronFruit ripening was not influenced by Metamitron

Fruit quality (TSS, acidity etc.) increased according to the Fruit quality (TSS, acidity etc.) increased according to the reduction of crop loadreduction of crop load

Adaptation of dosage on temperature conditionsAdaptation of dosage on temperature conditions in the first in the first week after application seems to be necessary for optimising week after application seems to be necessary for optimising the thinning efficacy of Metamitron (further trials by Eufrin the thinning efficacy of Metamitron (further trials by Eufrin working group).working group).


Thinning trial on Golden Reinders 2009

subject:subject: Comparison of application time of BAComparison of application time of BA

aim:aim: Evaluation of the efficacy of BA applied at different fruitlet diameters (6 −−−− 16 mm)

site:site: Research Station Haidegg

cultivar:cultivar: Golden Reinders

plot:plot: 1145/501 – 620

year of planting:year of planting: 2004

planting distanceplanting distance :: 3,4 m x 1,0 m (2.941 trees/ha)

rootstockrootstock :: M 9

plantingplanting systemsystem:: Single row, slender spindle

spray equipment:spray equipment: Experimental orchard sprayer, 1.000 l/ha

designdesign: 9 treatments, every treatment included 3 trees with 4 replications (12 trees)

10


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – material and methods

1.1. UntreatedUntreated

2.2. NAAm 100ppm NAAm 100ppm (Dirigol 0,02% + ProNetAlfaProNetAlfa 0,1%) 12 days after full bloom12 days after full bloom

3.3. a) NAAm 100ppm a) NAAm 100ppm (Dirigol 0,02% + ProNetAlfaProNetAlfa 0,1%) 12 days after full bloom12 days after full bloom

b) BA 100ppm b) BA 100ppm (MaxCel 0,5%) at 6at 6--8 mm fruit diameter8 mm fruit diameter









8.8. NAA 15ppm NAA 15ppm (Luxan Late Val 0,015% + ProNetAlfaProNetAlfa 0,1%) 12 days after full 12 days after full bloombloom


Application description – Golden

treatments 2 3 + 8 4 5 6 7

Application Date: 02.05.2009 05.05.2009 08.05.2009 11.05.2009 13.05.2009 15.05.2009

Time of Day: 08:45 10:00 07:45 10:30 11:30 11:00

Application Method: SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY SPRAY

Application Placement: FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR FOLIAR

Applied by: GS GS GS GS TR TR

Air Temperature, Unit: 14.7°C 13.3°C 12.8°C 21.9°C 11.6°C 13.4°C

Growing Degree hours (15°°°°C)

177.0 437.6 402.2 285.9 326.5 539.6

% Relative Humidity: 43 43 83 52 81 85

Wind Velocity, Unit: 4,2 KPH 4 KPH 0 KPH 3 KPH 0,7 KPH 1,1 KPH

Wind Direction: NW NW E WSW NE SE

Dew Presence (Y/N): N N Y N Y N

Light intensity (W/m²): 27.796 32.828 26.153 22.927 25.019 33.655

% Cloud Cover: 363,1 530,3 203,1 546,3 247,9 165,1

Next Rain Occurred On: 03.05.2009 12.05.2009 12.05.2009 12.05.2009 13.05.2009 16.05.2009

11



treat. 2 - BA:

02.05.2009treat. 3, 8 –

12d after FB:

05.05.2009

treat. 4 - BA:

08.05.2009treat. 5 - BA:

11.05.2009

treat. 7 - BA: 15.05.2009treat. 6 - BA:

13.05.2009


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – flowering index, junedrop

7,0

8,8

8,3

8,2

7,8 8,0 8

,5

8,3

5,0

4,3

4,0

4,0

4,0 4,2 4,3

4,2

143,1

64,960,1 60,6

70,2

80,3

52,0

73,1

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

9,0

untreated NAAm 12d 2+BA 6-8 2+BA 8-10 2+BA 10-12 2+BA 12-14 2+BA 14-16 NAA 12d

flowering index june drop fruits/100 flowerclusters

1-9

12


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – yield data

257

243

244

212

176

187

173

251

32,433,8

32,6

28,5 29,0 29,3 29,2

34,3

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0

300,0


0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

fruits/tree kg/tree

kg/treefruits/tree

aa

aab

b b b

a


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – yield capacity

25,7

22,8

20,4

24,0

15,9

17,7

16,6

23,5

3,243,10

2,69

2,91

2,62

2,83 2,79

3,04

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0


0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

fruits/cm² trunk cross sectional area kg/cm² trunk cross sectional area

fruits/cm² kg/cm²

13


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – crop load

Multiple Regression Analysis

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dependent variable: yield rel

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standard T

Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONSTANT 114,762 44,0087 2,60772 0,2331

TEMP15 0,0983385 0,0762458 1,28976 0,4199

LIGHT -0,00046042 0,00181216 -0,254072 0,8416

stage -5,6899 2,7741 -2,05108 0,2888

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis of Variance

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Model 548,211 3 182,737 1,43 0,5278

Residual 128,041 1 128,041

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (Corr.) 676,252 4

R-squared = 81,0661 percent

R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 24,2643 percent

Standard Error of Est. = 11,3155

Mean absolute error = 4,04559

Durbin-Watson statistic = 3,43512


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – fruit weight

13

1,4

15

0,0

139

,6

14

8,5 17

2,8

17

1,1

175

,7

151

,3

68

,4

71

,6

69

,8

71

,7

75

,7

75

,5

76,1

71

,6

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


fruit weight (g) diameter (mm)

14


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – size grading

20,811,5

19,511,0

5,1 3,9 5,114,5

64,2

50,8

52,5

46,8

29,0 32,1 26,8

44,0

15,0

37,728,0

42,3

65,9 64,0 68,2

41,5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


< 65 mm 65 - 75 mm > 75 mm



Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – size grading (kg/tree)

18,5

10,714,0

8,14,4 3,6 4,1

10,4

13,9

23,118,6

20,424,6 26,5 25,1

22,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


kg <70 mm kg >70 mm

kg/tree

15


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – fruit size

BA on Golden Del. 2009

stage

kg

< 7

0 m

m

correlation stage vs. thinning efficacy

r² = 93,6 %

7 9 11 13 15

0

3

6

9

12

15




stage

fru

it w

eig

ht

(gra

m)

correlation stage vs. thinning efficacy

r² = 91,2 %

7 9 11 13 15

130

140

150

160

170

180

16




GDH 15°C

gra

m

correlation GDH 15°C vs. fruit weight

r² = 36,6 %

170 270 370 470 570

130

140

150

160

170

180


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – russeting grade

6,4 10,5 6,6 6,3 5,9 10,04,0

10,2

31,0

37,8

34,643,7 47,2 41,5

45,3 31,7

22,9

23,929,1

25,4 22,6 24,4 30,6

23,0

20,1

19,3 22,2 14,2 11,212,7

20,3

13,3

6,1 7,67,7 9,9 7,7 6,3

12,1

6,41 2,42 0,00 2,71 2,45 1,17

14,0

3,25 2,74

544,2

459,7479,1

463,0 463,6450,4 451,0

501,3

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


0% 1-5% 6-10% 11-20% 21-50% >50% Ru - Index


17


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – fruit colour

77,2 76,9 77,7 77,7 76,7 76,6 77,2 77,5

0,7

0,5

0,7

0,6

0,4

0,4

0,4

0,6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Intensity of background colour % red couloration on surface

%


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – internal quality and ripeness

3,3

2,5

2,3

2,8 2,9 3

,2

3,0

2,5

0,08

0,07

0,08 0,08

0,070,07

0,07

0,07

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4


Perlim Index Streif Index

18


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – internal quality and ripeness

10,1

9,7

9,3 9,6 10,2

10,4

10

,2

9,5

7,7

7,0 7,1 7,3

6,6 6,9

6,7 7,0

4,0

3,7 3,8 4,1 4,2

4,1

4,2

3,9

9,8

9,8

9,9

9,8

9,7 9,8

9,7 9,9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12


refractometric value (°Brix) Penetrometric value (kg/cm²) malic acid (g/l) starch degradation


Thinning trial Golden Reinders 2009 – conclusion

Application time had a strong influence on thinning efficacy Application time had a strong influence on thinning efficacy of BA. Yield in number of fruits per tree and yield capacity of BA. Yield in number of fruits per tree and yield capacity (fruits/cm² TCSA) were influenced by the different (fruits/cm² TCSA) were influenced by the different application times of BA.application times of BA.

The different combinations of NAAm followed by BA at The different combinations of NAAm followed by BA at 10/12, 12/14 and 14/16 mm were effective in fruit thinning 10/12, 12/14 and 14/16 mm were effective in fruit thinning and for improving fruit quality parameters.and for improving fruit quality parameters.

A significant thinning effect, expressed as final set (number A significant thinning effect, expressed as final set (number of fruits per tree and fruits per cm² TCSA) was obtained only of fruits per tree and fruits per cm² TCSA) was obtained only with BA 10/12, 12/14 and 14/16 mm fruitlet diameter.with BA 10/12, 12/14 and 14/16 mm fruitlet diameter.

NAAm and NAA alone12 days after full bloom and BA at 6/8 NAAm and NAA alone12 days after full bloom and BA at 6/8 mm followed by NAAm performed no thinning activities.mm followed by NAAm performed no thinning activities.

BA at 8/10 mm showed only a slight thinning activity, but BA at 8/10 mm showed only a slight thinning activity, but was insufficient too.was insufficient too.

19



NAAm applied 12 DAFB followed by BA at 10 NAAm applied 12 DAFB followed by BA at 10 −−−−−−−− 16 mm the 16 mm the showed best performance as a thinning agent (standard showed best performance as a thinning agent (standard recommendation for BA application).recommendation for BA application).

Single applications of NAAm and NAA 12 DAFB were not Single applications of NAAm and NAA 12 DAFB were not effective.effective.

Multiple regression analyses showed no significant effect of Multiple regression analyses showed no significant effect of different factors (light, temperature, stage) on thinning different factors (light, temperature, stage) on thinning efficacy of BA. Only size effects of BA application times were efficacy of BA. Only size effects of BA application times were observed.observed.

BA at 6/8 mm and 8BA at 6/8 mm and 8--10 mm did not improve fruit size.10 mm did not improve fruit size.

Unfavourable meteorological conditions after BA application Unfavourable meteorological conditions after BA application at 6/8 mm fruitlet diameter (GDH15at 6/8 mm fruitlet diameter (GDH15°°C = 177,0)C = 177,0)

Optimal temperatures only after BA treatments 4, 6 and 7 Optimal temperatures only after BA treatments 4, 6 and 7 (8/10, 12/14 and 14/16 mm)(8/10, 12/14 and 14/16 mm)



Russeting, fruit colour, internal quality and fruit Russeting, fruit colour, internal quality and fruit maturity were not affected by any treatment.maturity were not affected by any treatment.

Fruit quality (size, TSS, acidity etc.) was improved Fruit quality (size, TSS, acidity etc.) was improved according to the reduction of crop load.according to the reduction of crop load.

20


Thinning trial on Golden Klon B 2009

subject:subject: Comparison of different mixtures of BA + NAA

aim:aim: Evaluation of the efficacy of the tank mix BA and NAA applied with different concentrations(BA 75 – 150 ppm, NAA 5 – 15 ppm)

trial site:trial site: Research Centre Haideggcultivar:cultivar: Golden Klon Bplot:plot: 1145/701 – 820year of planting:year of planting: 2004planting distanceplanting distance :: 3,4 m x 1,0 m (2.941 trees/ha)rootstockrootstock :: M 9plantingplanting systemsystem:: Single row, slender spindlespray equipment:spray equipment: Experimental orchard sprayer, 1.000 l/hadesigndesign: 9 treatments, every treatment included 3

trees with 4 replications (12 trees)


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –material and methods

1.1. UntreatedUntreated2.2. BA 100ppm + NAA 5ppm BA 100ppm + NAA 5ppm (MaxCel 0,5% + Late Val 0,005%)

at 10at 10--14 mm fruit diameter14 mm fruit diameter3.3. BA 150ppm + NAA 5ppm BA 150ppm + NAA 5ppm (MaxCel 0,75% + Late Val 0,005%)







at 10at 10--14 mm fruit diameter14 mm fruit diameter

21



all treatments

11.05.2009


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –flowering index, junedrop

1-9

22


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 – yield data

21

4

20

4

18

6

20

0

16

2

16

3

23

1

22

9

14

6

31,0 30,4 30,131,8

19,0

28,8

22,6

38,7

26,8

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0

untreated 100+5 150+5 75+10 100+10 150+10 75+15 100+15 150+15

fruits/tree kg/tree

kg/treefruits/tree


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –yield capacity

fruits/cm² kg/cm²

23


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 – crop load

Multiple Regression Analysis

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dependent variable: crop load rel

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Standard T

Parameter Estimate Error Statistic P-Value

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONSTANT 102,73 4,29557 23,9154 0,0000

NAA_conc -0,0584074 0,363403 -0,160723 0,8776

BA_conc -0,185674 0,0395623 -4,69321 0,0033

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Analysis of Variance

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Model 666,142 2 333,071 13,90 0,0056

Residual 143,727 6 23,9545

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Total (Corr.) 809,869 8

R-squared = 82,253 percent

R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 76,3374 percent

Standard Error of Est. = 4,89434

Mean absolute error = 3,64231

Durbin-Watson statistic = 1,85853



Golden Del. - thinning study 2009

BA concentration

cro

p l

oa

d r

edu

ctio

n

correlation BA conc. vs. crop load

r² = 82,2 %

0 30 60 90 120 150

-33

-23

-13

-3

7

crop load reduction = 2,45111 - 0,1884 x BA-conc

24


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –fruit weight


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –size grading


25


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –size grading (kg/tree)

kg/tree



Golden Del. - thinning study 2009

BA concentration

gra

m

correlation BA conc. vs. fruit weight

r² = 51,5 %

0 30 60 90 120 150

140

150

160

170

180

190

26


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –russeting grade



Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –fruit colour

%

27


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –internal quality and ripeness


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –internal quality and ripeness

28


Thinning trial Golden Klon B 2009 –conclusion

Concentration of BAConcentration of BA (75 (75 −−−−−−−− 150 ppm) had a strong influence on thinning 150 ppm) had a strong influence on thinning efficacy of the different mixtures of BA and NAA.efficacy of the different mixtures of BA and NAA.

Thinning efficacy of the tank mix BA + NAA at 10 Thinning efficacy of the tank mix BA + NAA at 10 −−−−−−−− 14 mm was improved 14 mm was improved only by an only by an increasing dosage of BAincreasing dosage of BA..

Yield in number of fruits per tree and yield capacity (fruits/cm² TCSA) were Yield in number of fruits per tree and yield capacity (fruits/cm² TCSA) were reduced significantly by the higher concentrations of BA.reduced significantly by the higher concentrations of BA.

A A significant thinning effectsignificant thinning effect, expressed as final set (number of fruits per tree , expressed as final set (number of fruits per tree and fruits per cm² TCSA) was obtained only with and fruits per cm² TCSA) was obtained only with BA 150 ppmBA 150 ppm

No additional thinning effects of NAANo additional thinning effects of NAA (5 (5 −−−−−−−− 15 ppm) were observed.15 ppm) were observed.

BA at 100 ppm showed a slight but insufficient thinning activity.BA at 100 ppm showed a slight but insufficient thinning activity.

Multiple regression analyses indicates a Multiple regression analyses indicates a significant dosage effect only for BAsignificant dosage effect only for BA

The higher the dosage of BA (75 The higher the dosage of BA (75 ⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒⇒ 150 ppm), the stronger the crop load 150 ppm), the stronger the crop load reduction reduction (+ 25 % BA = (+ 25 % BA = -- 10 % fruit load10 % fruit load))

BA improved fruit size slightly BA improved fruit size slightly (+ 25 % BA = + 10 gram(+ 25 % BA = + 10 gram)) ..

Russeting, fruit colour, internal quality and fruit maturity were not affected Russeting, fruit colour, internal quality and fruit maturity were not affected by any treatment.by any treatment.

Fruit quality (size, TSS, acidity etc.) was improved according to the reduction Fruit quality (size, TSS, acidity etc.) was improved according to the reduction of crop load.of crop load.

european network chemical thinning fruit crops...designdesign: 5 treatments, every treatment...

Documents