european hare - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/25/2019 European Hare - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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European hare[1]

Conservation statu

Least Concern(IUCN 3.

Scientific classificatio

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Lagomorpha

Family: Leporidae

Genus: Lepus

Species: L. europaeu

Binomial name

Lepus europaeus

Pallas, 1778

European hare range

(dark red - native, red - introd

uropean harem Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

European hare(Lepus europaeus), also known as the brown hare,

species of hare native to Europe and parts of Western Asia and

tral Asia. It is a mammal adapted to temperate, open country. It is

ted to and looks very similar to the European rabbit, which is in the

e family but in a different genus. Haresare larger than the Europeanbit, have longer ears and hind legs and breed on the ground rather

n in a burrow. They rely on speed to escape from predators.

erally nocturnal and shy in nature, hares change their behaviour in

spring, when they can be seen in broad daylight chasing one another

und fields and meadows. During this spring frenzy, they can be seen

king one another with their paws ("boxing"). For a long time, this had

n thought to be competition between males, but closer observation

revealed it is usually a female hitting a male, either to show she is

yet ready to mate or as a test of his determination. This species has a

y long breeding season which lasts from January to August. Hares

herbivorous and feed on grasses, herbs, twigs, buds, barkand field

ps. Their natural predators include birds of prey, canids and felids.

European hare is listed as being of Least Concernby the IUCN.

wever it is declining in mainland Europe becauseof changesin

ming practices. The hare has been a traditional symbol of fertility and

oduction in some cultures, and its courtship behaviour in the spring

ired the English idiom mad as a March hare.

ontents

1 Taxonomy and genetics

2 Description

3 Range and habitat4 Behaviour and life history

4.1 Food and foraging

4.2 Mating and reproduction5 Status and human interactions

5.1 In culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Hare_area.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Hare_area.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Status_and_human_interactionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Food_and_foraginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Behaviour_and_life_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Range_and_habitathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Descriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Taxonomy_and_geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_as_a_March_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_preyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoroushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Status_and_human_interactionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#In_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Behaviour_and_life_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Mating_and_reproductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Food_and_foraginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Range_and_habitathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Descriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Taxonomy_and_geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_as_a_March_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_preyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivoroushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_rabbithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Hare_area.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporidaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorphahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_statushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lepus_europaeus_in_K%C3%B6yli%C3%B6.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-msw3-1


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European hare (top)

mpared with a mountain

e

6 References

7 External links

axonomy and genetics

The European hare was first described by German zoologist Peter Simon

in 1778. It shares the genusLepuswith other hares and jackrabbits. Thesanimals are distinguished from other leporids by their longer legs, wider

and precocial young. The former two are adaptations for long distance ru

Historically, up to 30 subspecies of European hare have been classified,

their status has been variable.[3]These subspecies have been distinguish

differences in pelage colouration, body size, external body measurement

skull and tooth shape.[4]The Corsican hare, Broom hare and Granada ha

at some points considered to be subspecies of the European hare, howev

sequencing and morphological analysis has supported them as separate

species.[5][6]

There is some debate as to whether the European hare and Cape hare are

same species. A 2005 nuclear gene pool study supported this position.[7]

However, a 2006 study of the mtDNA of these same animals concluded

erged enough to be considered separate species.[8]A 2008 study claims that in the case ofLepushare

r rapid evolution, species designation cannot be based solely on mtDNA but should also include an

mination of the nuclear gene pool.[9]It is possible that the genetic differences between the European

e hare is due to geographic distance rather than actual divergence. It has been speculated that in the N

t, hare populations are intergrading and experiencing gene flow.[9]Another 2008 study suggests that

arch is needed before a conclusion is reached as to whether there is a species complex.[10]As of 200

opean hare remains classified as a single species until further data shows otherwise.[2]

re appears to be genetic diversity in the European hare in the North Rhine-Westphalia region of

many.[11]However, it is possible that restricted gene flow could change this within populations that b

ated.[11]Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, the Cantabric population in Spain has unique mtD

tion to other European populations.

[12]

escription

European hare is one of the largest living members of Lagomorpha. Its head and body length can ra

m 48 to 75 cm (19 to 30 in) with a tail length of 7 to 13 cm (2.8 to 5.1 in). The body mass can range f

kg (5.5 to 15.4 lb).[13]As with all leporids, the hare has elongated ears which, in this species, range

to 11.0 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) from the notch. It also has long hind feet that have a length from 14 to 16 c

.3 in). The fur colour is grizzled yellow-brown on the back; rufous on the shoulders, legs, neck and t

te on the underside and black on the tail and ear tips. The European hares fur does not turn complete
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Burnie-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorphahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Fickel2005-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Fickel2005-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-iucn-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_complexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-BenSlimen2008-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-BenSlimen2008-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_divergencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_genehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-ChapmanIUCN-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precocialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leporidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_descriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_and_irish_hare.jpg


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Portrait of a European hare

re running in open field

te in the winter,[14]although the sides of the head and base of the ears do develop white areas.[3]The

culature of hares is adapted for high-speed endurance running in open areas. By contrast, cottontail

built for short bursts of speed in more covered habitats.[15]

ange and habitat

European hares are native to

much of continental Europe.

Their range extends fromnorthern Spain to southern

Scandinavia, eastern Europe and

northern parts of the Middle East

and Central Asia. They have

been extending their range into

Siberia.[3]They may have been

introduced to Britain by the

mans.[16]They have also been introduced, mostly as game animals, to

th America (in Ontario and New York State, and unsuccessfully in

nsylvania, Massachusetts, and Connecticut), Brazil, Chile,

entina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, the Falkland Islands, Australia, both islands of New Zeala

south Pacific coast of Russia.[3][14][17]

es primarily live in open fields with scattered brush for shelter. They are very adaptable and thrive in

mland.[3]According to a study done in the Czech Republic, the mean hare densities were highest at a

ow 200 metres (660 ft), 40 to 60 days of annual snow cover, 450 to 700 millimetres (18 to 28 in) of a

cipitation, and a mean annual air temperature of around 10 C (50 F). With regards to climate the stu

nd that hare densities were highest in: "A warm and dry district with mild winter and longer duration

shine; a warm and dry district with mild winter and shorter duration of sunshine; a warm and modera

rict with mild winter".[18]

he United Kingdom, hares are seen most frequently on arable farms, especially those with fallow lan

sugar beet crops. In mainly grass farms their numbers are raised when there are improved pastures,

ble crops and patches of woodland. They are seen less frequently where foxes are abundant or where

many buzzards. They also seem to be fewer in number in areas with high rabbit populations. Althoug

shot as game when they are plentiful, this is a self-limiting activity and is less likely to occur in local

re they are scarce.[19]

haviour and life history

es are primarily nocturnal and spend a third of their time foraging.[3]During daytime, a hare will hid

ression called a "form" where it is partially hidden. Hares can run at 70 km/h (43 mph) and when con

predators they rely on outrunning them in the open.[14]Hares may be preyed on by canids, felids and

y.[20]They are generally thought of as asocial but can be seen in both large and small groups. They d
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European hare displaying typi

hiding behaviour.

re pellets

res during "March madness"

Young European hare

ear to be territorial, living in shared home ranges of around 300 ha (740 acres). Hares communicate w

h other by a variety of visual signals. To show interest they raise their ears, while lowering the ears w

ers to keep away. When challenging a conspecific, a hare will thump its front feet; the hind feet are u

n others of a predator. A hare will squeal when hurt or scared and a female will make "guttural" calls

act her young.[14]

od and foraging

European hares are primarily

herbivorous. During the summer,

they eat grasses, herbs and field

crops.[14]Their preference is for

wild grasses and weeds but with

the intensification of agriculture,

they have taken to feeding on

crops.[2]During the winter, they

eat herbage, twigs, buds and the

bark of shrubs and young fruit trees.[14]They have been known ttheir own green, pellet feces to recover proteins and vitamins.[20

e adult hares can eat more food than a single sheep.[14]

opean hares forage in groups. Group feeding is beneficial as individuals can spend more time feeding

wing that other hares are being vigilant. Nevertheless, the distribution of food affects these benefits.

d is well-spaced, all hares are able to access it. When food is clumped together, only dominant hares

ess it. In small gatherings, dominants are more successful in defending food, but as more individuals

y must spend more time driving off others. The larger the group, the less time dominant individuals h

ch to eat. Meanwhile, the subordinates can access the food while the dominants are distracted. As su

n in groups, all individuals fare worse when food is clumped as opposed to when it is widely spaced

ating and reproduction

European hares have a prolonged

breeding season which lasts from

January to August.[22][23]Sexual

maturity occurs at seven or eight

months for females and six

months for males.[2]Females, or

does, can be found pregnant in

all breeding months and males,

or bucks, are fertile all year

round except during October and

November. After autumn, the resting period for breeding activity

and activity of the males' testes increase, signalling the start of a new reproductive cycle. This conti

ugh December, January and February and the reproductive tract gains back its functionality. Mating
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Young hare hiding

ore ovulation with the first pregnancies containing one foetus and pregnancy failures being common.

oductive activity begins in March and April, when all the females may become pregnant, the majori

e or more foetuses.[23]

males have six-weekly reproductive cycles and are receptive for only a few hours in one day. Thus

mpetition among local bucks is intense.[22]This phenomenon is known as "March madness"[23]as it

erved in March as the nights, the bucks' preferred time for activity, are shorter and thus forces them t

ve in the daytime. In addition to dominants subduing subordinates, the female will fight off her nume

ors if she is not ready to mate. Fights can be vicious and can leave numerous scars on the ears.[22]

Hd upright and attack each other with their paws, a practice known as "boxing", and this activity is us

ween a female and a male and not between males as previously believed.[14]When a doe is ready to m

will run across the countryside, starting a chase that will test the fitness of the following males. Whe

most dominant male remains, the female will stop and allow copulation.[22]

male fertility continues through May, June and July, however

osterone production decreases in males and sexual behaviour

omes less overt.[23]Litter sizes decrease as the breeding season

ws to a close with no pregnancies occurring after August. The testes

males begin to regress and sperm production ends in September.[23]

s give birth in hollow depression in the ground. An individual

ale may have three litters in a year with a 41 to 42 day gestation

od. The young weigh about 100 grams (3.5 oz) at birth.[2]The

rets (young hares) are fully furred and are precocial, being ready to

e the nest as soon as they are born,[14]an adaption to the lack of

sical protection relative to that afforded by a burrow. A mother will

t the nest to nurse the leverets for five minutes a day. Young can eat solid food after two weeks and aned when they are four weeks old.[14]Hares can live for as long as twelve years.[2]

atus and human interactions

European hare is listed as being of Least Concern by the IUCN[2]as it is considered to be wide-rang

derately abundant throughout its geographic distribution.[11]However, population declines have occu

e the 1960s and have possibly been caused by the intensification of agricultural practices.[24]In low

ulation densities, hare are vulnerable to local extinctions.[2]The Bern Convention lists the hare unde

pendix III as a protected species.[19]Several countries have placed the species on their Red List as "n

atened" or "threatened".[25]The hare is considered a pest in some areas and is known to damage cro

y are also hunted as game animals.[3]Additional threats to the hare are the diseases European brown

drome, pasteurellosis, yersiniosis (pseudo-tuberculosis), coccidiosis and tularaemia, which are the pr

rces of mortality.[26]

culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Lamarque1996-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularaemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidiosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersiniosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurellosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-ChapmanIUCN-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Vaughan2003-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitatshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-iucn-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinctionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Fickel2005-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-iucn-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concernhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-iucn-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Naughton-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Naughton-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-iucn-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Lincoln1974-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Lincoln1974-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteronehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Holly2001-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Naughton-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Holly2001-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Lincoln1974-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Holly2001-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-Lincoln1974-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young-hare-hiding_FI-EU_2007-Aug-09_RAM.jpg


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The March Hare with Alice, the Do

and the Hatter fromAlice's Adventu

Wonderland

Anglo-Saxon paganism, the hare is associated with reproduction

fertility and is a symbol for the spring goddess Eostre. Its

nection with Easter eggs was based on a misconception by the

opeans that lapwings laid their eggs in the homes of hares.

manic cultures noticed the high activity of hares during the

ng and it was believed that their "mating dance" helped the earth

w.[27]This observation would also lead to the popular English

m mad as a March hare.[28]The hare is a character in some

es, such as The Tortoise and the Hareof Aesop.[29]It alsoears inAlice in Wonderlandby Lewis Carroll, in which Alice

icipates in a crazy tea party with the March Hare and the Mad

ter.[30]

eferences

1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M.Mammal Species of th

A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 198199. ISBN 978-0-8

8221-0. OCLC 62265494.2. Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2008). "Lepus europaeus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1

International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-08-18.

3. Chapman, J. A.; Flux, J. E. C. (1991).Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. I

pp. 62, 7678. ISBN 2831700191.

4. Suchentrunk, F.; Mamuris, Z.; Sfougaris, A. I.; Stamatis, C. (2003). "Biochemical genetic variability in brown h

(Lepus europaeus) from Greece".Biochemical Genetics41(56): 12740. doi:10.1023/A:1023354709392.

PMID 12834043.

5. Palacios, F. (1989). "Biometric and morphologic features of the species of the genusLepusin Spain".Mammali

22764. doi:10.1515/mamm.1989.53.2.227.

6. Riga, F.; Trocchi, V.; Randi, E.; Toso, S. (2001). "Morphometric differentiation between the Italian hare (Lepuscorsicanus De Winton, 1898) and the European brown hare (Lepus europaeusPallas, 1778)".Journal of Zoolog

24152. doi:10.1017/S0952836901000218.

7. Ben Slimen, H.; Suchentrunk, F.; Memmi, A.; Ben Ammar Elgaaied, A. (2005). "Biochemical genetic relations

among Tunisian hares (Lepus sp.), South African Cape hares (L. capensis), and European brown hares (L. europ

Biochemical Genetics43(1112): 577596. doi:10.1007/s10528-005-9115-6. PMID 16382363.

8. Ben Slimen, H.; Suchentrunk, F.; Memmi, A.; Sert, H.; Kryger, U.; Alves, P. C.; Elgaaied, A. B. A. (2006).

"Evolutionary relationships among hares from North Africa (Lepussp. orLepusspp.), Cape Hares (L. capensis)

South Africa, and brown hares (L. europaeus), as inferred from mtDNA PCR-RFLP and allozyme data".Journa

Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research44(1): 8899. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00345.x.

9. Ben Slimen, H.; Suchentrunk, F.; Ben Ammar Elgaaied, A. (2008). "On shortcomings of using mtDNA sequenc

divergence for the systematics of hares (genusLepus): An example from Cape hares".Mammalian Biology73(32. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2007.02.003.

0. Ben Slimen, H.; Suchentrunk, F.; Stamatis, C.; Mamuris, Z.; Sert, H.; Alves, P. C.; Kryger, U.; Shahin, A. B.; B

Ammar Elgaaied, A. (2008). "Population genetics of Cape and brown hares (Lepus capensisandL. europaeus):

Petter's hypothesis of conspecificity".Biochemical Systematics and Ecology36(1): 2239.

doi:10.1016/j.bse.2007.06.014.

1. Fickel, J.; Schmidt, A.; Putze, M.; Spittler, H.; Ludwig, A.; Streich, W. J.; Pitra, C. (2005). McCorquodale, ed. "

structure of populations of European brown hare: Implications for management".Journal of Wildlife Manageme

760770. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0760:GSOPOE]2.0.CO;2.

2. Palacios, F.; Estonba, A.; Perez-Suarez, G.; Alonso-Campos, G.; Sanz, A.; Galan, L. (2004).Report on the resto

program of the Cantabrian population of brown hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) in the Basque Country, Sp

Vairao, Portugal: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources.
https://dx.doi.org/10.2193%2F0022-541X%282005%29069%5B0760%3AGSOPOE%5D2.0.CO%3B2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bse.2007.06.014https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2007.02.003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0469.2005.00345.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382363https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10528-005-9115-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952836901000218https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fmamm.1989.53.2.227https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834043https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023354709392https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2831700191https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Naturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_Listhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41280https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA198%E2%80%93199http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=13500001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Hatterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carrollhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortoise_and_the_Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapwinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hatterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormouse_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Harehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_25.png


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Wikimedia Commons

media related toLepu

europaeus.

Wikispecies has infor

related to:Lepus euro

3. Burnie, D.; Wilson, D. E., ed. (2005).Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult. p.

ISBN 0789477645.

4. Naughton, D. (2012). The Natural History of Canadian Mammals. University of Toronto Press. pp. 23538.

ISBN 1442644834.

5. Schnurr, D. L.; Thomas, V. G. (1984). "Histochemical properties of locomotory muscles of European hares and

rabbits". Canadian Journal of Zoology62(11): 21572163. doi:10.1139/z84-313.

6. Hutchings, M.R.; Harris, S (1996). "The current status of the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Britain" (PDF). Jo

Nature Conservation Committee. Retrieved 30 May 2015.

7. http://www.seb-ecologia.org.br/2009/resumos_ixceb/1789.pdf

8. Pikula, J.; Beklov, M.; Hole!ovsk, Z.; Treml, F. (2004). "Ecology of European brown hare and distribution of

foci of Tularaemia in the Czech Republic" (pdf).Acta Veterinaria Brno73(2): 267273. doi:10.2754/avb2004739. Vaughan, N.; Lucas, E.; Harris, S.; White, P. C. L. (2003). "Habitat associations of European haresLepus europ

England and Wales: Implications for farmland management".Journal of Applied Ecology40(1): 163175.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00784.x. JSTOR 827268.

0. "Lepus europaeusEuropean hare".Animal Diversity. University of Michigan.

1. Monaghan. P.; Metcalfe, N. B. (1985). "Group foraging in wild brown hares: Effects of resource distribution an

status".Animal Behaviour33(3): 993999. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80033-6.

2. Holly, T. (2001). "Mad World of the European Hare". In MacDonald, D. The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. O

Oxford University Press. pp. 710711. ISBN 0198508239.

3. Lincoln, G. (1974). "Reproduction and March madness in the brown hare,Lepus europaeus".Journal of Zoolog

(1): 114. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb03140.x. PMID 4468894.

4. Smith, R. K.; Jennings, N. V.; Harris, S. (2005). "A quantitative analysis of the abundance and demography of E

haresLepus europaeusin relation to habitat type, intensity of agriculture and climate".Mammal Review35(1):

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00057.x.

5. Reichlin, T.; Klansek, E.; Hacklnder, K. (2006). "Diet selection by hares (Lepus europaeus) in arable land and

implications for habitat management".European Journal of Wildlife Research52(2): 109118. doi:10.1007/s10

0013-3.

6. Lamarque, F.; Barrat, J.; Moutou, F. (1996). "Principal diagnoses for determining causes of mortality in the Eur

brown hare (Lepus europaeus) found dead in France between 1986 and 1994". Gibier Faune Sauvage13(1): 53

7. Skye, M. (2007). Goddess Alive!: Inviting Celtic & Norse Goddesses Into Your Life. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 5

ISBN 0738710806.

8. Carnwell, S. (2010).Hare. Reaktion Books. p. 181. ISBN 9781861894311.9. Aesop (2012).Aesop's Fables. Simon & Brown. ISBN 1613823584.

0. Carroll, Lewis (1993).Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486275434.

xternal links

ARKive(http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Lepus_europaeus/)Photographs Videos

BBC Wales Nature: Brown hare article

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/species/mammals/hares.shtml)BBC Wales Nature: Brown hare (http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/mediaexplorer/?theme_group=species&theme=mammals&set=hare)Lepus capensis in Sahara (http://saharanature.wordpress.com/hare/)

rieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_hare&oldid=698917146"
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_hare&oldid=698917146http://saharanature.wordpress.com/hare/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/mediaexplorer/?theme_group=species&theme=mammals&set=harehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/species/mammals/hares.shtmlhttp://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/mammals/Lepus_europaeus/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486275434https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1613823584https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861894311https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738710806https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-005-0013-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2907.2005.00057.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4468894https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1974.tb03140.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198508239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2885%2980033-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepus_europaeus.htmlhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/827268https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTORhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2664.2003.00784.xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.2754%2Favb200473020267https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://actavet.vfu.cz/pdf/200473020267.pdfhttp://www.seb-ecologia.org.br/2009/resumos_ixceb/1789.pdfhttp://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/pub96_brownhare_all_Reduced_PRINT.pdfhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fz84-313https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442644834https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789477645https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepus_europaeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecieshttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lepus_europaeus


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egories: IUCN Red List least concern species Lepus Mammals of Europe Mammals of Southwe

ammals of Uruguay Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Argentina Mammals of Chile Mammals

ammals of South America Mammals of Australia Mammals of New Zealand Fauna of Iran

una of the Falkland Islands Animals described in 1778 Endangered species of the British Isles

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