european economic forecast. autumn 2017 · pdf fileeuropean economic forecast, autumn 2017 160...

Statistical Annex European Economic Forecast – Autumn 2017

Contents

158

Output : GDP and its components 1. Gross domestic product 2160 2. Profiles (q-o-q) of quarterly GDP 2160 3. Profiles (y-o-y) of quarterly GDP 2161 4. GDP per capita 2161 5. Final domestic demand 2162 6. Final demand 2162 7. Private consumption expenditure 2163 8. Government consumption expenditure 3163 9. Total investment 3164 10. Investment in construction 3164 11. Investment in equipment 3165 12. Public investment 3165 13. Potential GDP 3166 14. Output gap relative to potential GDP 3166

Prices 15. Deflator of GDP 3167 16. Deflator of private consumption 3167 17. Harmonised consumer prices index 3168 18. Harmonised consumer prices quarterly profiles 3168 19. Deflator of exports of goods 3169 20. Deflator of imports of goods 3169 21. Terms of trade of goods 3170

Wages, population and labour market 22. Total population 3170 23. Total employment 3171 24. Unemployment rate 3171 25. Compensation of employees per head 3172 26. Real compensation of employees per head 3172 27. Labour productivity 3173 28. Unit labour costs, whole economy 3173 29. Real unit labour costs 3174

Exchange rates 30. Nominal bilateral exchange rates 3174 31. Nominal effective exchange rates 3175 32. Relative unit labour costs 3175 33. Real effective exchange rates 3176

Statistical Annex

159

General Government 34. Total expenditure 3176 35. Total revenue 3177 36. Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3177 37. Interest expenditure 3178 38. Primary balance 3178 39. Cyclically-adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3179 40. Cyclically-adjusted primary balance 3179 41. Structural budget balance 3180 42. Gross debt 3180

Saving 43. Gross national saving 3181 44. Gross saving of the private sector 3181 45. Saving rate of households 3182 46. Gross saving of general government 3182

Trade and international payments 47. Exports of goods and services 3183 48. Imports of goods and services 3183 49. Merchandise trade balance (% of GDP) 3184 50. Current-account balance (% of GDP) 3184 51. Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3185 52. Current-account balance (bn EUR) 3185 53. Export markets (goods and services) 3186 54. Export performance (goods and services) 3186

World economy 55. World GDP 3187 56. World exports of goods and services 3188 57. Export shares (goods) in EU trade 3188 58. World imports of goods and services 4189 59. Import shares (goods) in EU trade 4189 60. World merchandise trade balances (bn USD) 4190 61. World current-account balances (bn USD) 4190 62. Primary commodity prices 4190

European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017

160

Table 1: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.3 2.5 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.71.7 1.6 0.7 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.95.2 8.2 -1.5 1.9 2.9 1.7 2.1 4.4 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.88.1 5.3 -0.8 1.6 8.3 25.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 4.0 3.63.8 4.1 -5.4 -3.2 0.7 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.54.2 3.6 -1.3 -1.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.42.8 2.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.71.8 1.2 -1.5 -1.7 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.14.6 4.0 0.1 -5.9 -1.4 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.35.6 9.9 -2.6 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.1 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.54.6 8.6 -0.4 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.15.8 4.4 0.2 3.7 5.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 4.3 4.43.5 2.5 1.7 4.6 8.2 7.1 5.5 5.6 4.9 4.1 4.6 4.43.2 2.3 0.0 -0.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.82.7 2.6 0.6 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.73.0 1.1 -1.4 -1.1 0.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.63.9 4.7 -1.1 -1.1 3.0 2.3 3.1 4.7 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.12.6 7.3 1.9 1.5 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.63.9 3.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 0.0 1.9 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.3 1.72.6 2.2 -0.3 -0.2 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.82.2 6.6 1.1 0.9 1.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.82.0 5.5 0.2 -0.5 2.7 5.3 2.6 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.72.0 2.0 -0.4 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.82.7 4.7 -2.0 -1.1 -0.5 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.64.0 3.5 -1.1 2.1 4.2 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.53.4 5.1 3.5 1.4 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.22.1 6.6 0.3 3.5 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.73.4 3.5 0.5 1.2 2.6 4.5 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.22.6 2.4 -0.1 0.0 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.03.0 2.7 0.0 2.1 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.32.7 2.5 -0.1 0.3 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.93.2 2.9 0.6 1.7 2.6 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.30.4 1.7 -0.2 2.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Gross domestic product, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 2: 23.10.2017

2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/40.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51.2 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6

-3.5 1.4 : : : : : : : : : :0.5 0.5 : : : : : : : : : :0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.50.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.21.0 0.9 : : : : : : : : : :1.6 1.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.41.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

-0.4 0.6 : : : : : : : : : :0.7 1.2 : : : : : : : : : :0.6 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.51.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.40.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.41.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.60.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.01.2 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.70.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.01.5 2.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.40.5 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.71.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.71.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.71.8 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.90.6 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.50.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.30.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.60.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.2 -2.0

Romania

Slovakia

Netherlands

Sweden

Croatia

Austria

Estonia

United Kingdom

Bulgaria

Luxembourg

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Ireland

EU28

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Spain

JapanUSA

Profiles (qoq) of quarterly GDP, volume (percentage change from previous quarter, 2017-19)

EU27

Euro area

Lithuania

Germany

Hungary

Portugal

France

Greece

Denmark

Finland

Latvia

Belgium

Statistical Annex

161

Table 3: 23.10.2017

2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/41.6 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.81.9 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.04.3 5.2 4.6 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.55.6 5.8 : : : : : : : : : :0.4 0.8 : : : : : : : : : :3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.11.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.91.3 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.93.7 3.5 : : : : : : : : : :4.2 4.8 4.6 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.5 4.3 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.34.2 4.1 3.8 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.34.0 2.2 : : : : : : : : : :5.8 6.2 : : : : : : : : : :2.6 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.32.6 2.8 2.7 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.82.8 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.75.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.63.1 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.32.8 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.52.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.93.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.63.0 4.7 4.7 4.8 3.8 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.22.5 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.93.4 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.83.8 3.5 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.94.2 4.4 5.0 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.35.7 5.9 6.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.92.2 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.32.2 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.01.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.32.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.92.0 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.21.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.1 2.2 0.0

Romania

Slovakia

Netherlands

Sweden

Croatia

Austria

Estonia

United Kingdom

Bulgaria

Luxembourg

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Ireland

EU28

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Spain

JapanUSA

Profile (yoy) of quarterly GDP, volume (percentage change from corresponding quarter in previous year, 2017-19)

EU27

Euro area

Lithuania

Germany

Hungary

Portugal

France

Greece

Denmark

Finland

Latvia

Belgium

Table 4: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.0 1.9 -0.2 -0.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.21.7 1.8 0.8 0.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 0.8 1.45.5 8.9 -1.3 2.3 3.2 1.9 1.9 4.1 3.1 2.8 2.2 2.86.6 3.0 -1.6 1.4 8.0 24.8 4.2 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.9 2.63.3 3.8 -5.4 -2.5 1.4 0.4 0.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.53.5 1.8 -1.9 -1.3 1.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 2.7 2.32.2 1.3 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.31.7 0.6 -2.0 -2.2 -0.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.13.4 2.4 -2.2 -5.7 -0.3 2.6 2.6 3.5 2.2 2.1 2.4 1.76.7 10.9 -1.0 3.6 2.9 3.7 3.0 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.8 4.05.4 10.0 1.1 4.6 4.4 3.0 3.7 5.4 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.94.5 2.8 -1.8 1.0 3.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.9 2.1 2.22.8 2.0 1.0 3.6 7.1 5.9 4.2 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.6 3.42.5 2.0 -0.5 -0.5 1.0 1.8 1.6 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.5 1.32.4 2.1 0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.02.4 0.9 -1.3 -0.6 1.4 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.73.8 4.5 -1.5 -1.3 2.9 2.2 3.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.02.6 7.2 1.8 1.4 2.6 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 3.53.7 3.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -0.3 1.7 2.9 2.3 2.0 0.9 1.42.2 1.7 -0.6 -0.5 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.63.4 7.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.42.2 5.2 -0.2 -0.5 2.6 5.1 2.4 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.41.7 1.7 -0.9 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.13.9 4.7 -1.7 -0.8 -0.1 3.2 3.7 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.34.3 3.7 -0.8 2.4 4.5 3.7 2.5 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.63.4 5.1 3.2 1.5 3.3 3.9 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.22.9 7.4 1.1 3.9 3.5 4.5 5.2 6.8 5.0 4.7 5.2 4.43.2 3.0 -0.3 0.4 1.6 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.12.4 2.0 -0.4 -0.2 1.4 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.82.6 2.1 -0.8 1.4 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.52.5 2.1 -0.4 0.1 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.62.1 1.9 -0.2 1.0 1.8 2.1 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.50.2 1.5 -0.2 2.1 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Gross domestic product per capita (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


162

Table 5: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.5 0.9 -0.3 2.1 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.51.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.25.8 10.2 -3.2 1.3 3.6 1.0 3.2 4.8 3.3 2.6 3.3 2.47.5 6.0 -2.9 -1.7 8.3 9.2 21.3 3.0 4.0 3.2 4.3 3.74.5 4.6 -7.0 -4.3 0.9 -1.1 0.4 1.4 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.34.9 4.6 -3.0 -3.2 2.0 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.23.0 2.4 0.3 0.7 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.92.3 1.2 -2.0 -2.6 0.2 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.44.0 5.6 -0.6 -9.4 -1.2 2.9 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.36.1 12.7 -5.2 2.1 -0.9 2.3 2.4 6.7 4.0 3.5 4.7 4.94.4 10.9 -3.4 2.8 3.4 7.4 2.4 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.9 3.34.5 3.2 2.1 2.6 3.3 1.4 1.6 4.0 2.6 2.6 4.0 3.31.3 3.8 0.9 3.2 2.9 12.7 1.7 0.5 5.7 4.1 4.3 1.93.3 1.9 -0.4 -1.4 0.9 3.3 1.8 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.01.6 2.3 0.6 -0.1 0.4 1.1 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.43.5 1.1 -2.8 -2.0 2.2 2.7 1.6 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.73.7 5.0 -2.8 -2.0 1.7 1.8 2.9 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.5 3.52.1 5.6 -0.1 0.3 3.5 5.6 0.9 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.33.1 3.6 0.0 -1.1 -0.1 1.2 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.42.5 2.2 -0.8 -0.6 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.08.2 9.8 -1.1 -2.2 2.7 3.4 1.6 4.0 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.82.2 4.4 -0.8 -0.6 3.4 5.9 1.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.91.5 3.1 -0.8 0.8 1.5 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.02.0 5.4 -3.2 -1.1 -1.8 2.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.24.7 2.6 -2.7 2.2 5.5 1.2 1.6 4.9 4.5 3.0 5.2 3.93.0 5.5 2.6 -0.6 4.7 3.3 2.2 5.0 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.53.2 11.3 -1.1 -0.1 3.4 5.4 5.2 6.4 4.8 4.4 5.0 4.52.9 3.2 0.8 1.6 2.9 4.3 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.02.5 2.5 -0.7 -0.5 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.13.8 2.8 -0.5 1.9 3.1 2.3 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.72.8 2.5 -0.6 -0.1 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.93.8 2.9 0.2 1.3 2.7 3.5 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.70.2 1.0 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.5

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Domestic demand, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 6: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20183.1 3.4 1.2 0.3 3.5 2.2 4.5 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.62.4 3.0 1.1 1.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.84.8 11.5 0.3 2.0 3.1 0.3 3.6 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.0

11.7 5.5 -0.3 1.0 11.8 26.2 10.4 3.5 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.15.0 5.0 -6.1 -3.0 2.5 -0.1 -0.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.75.2 4.6 -2.2 -1.4 2.6 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.2 2.83.7 2.6 0.5 0.9 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.52.4 1.9 -1.8 -1.9 0.8 2.2 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.93.7 4.2 -0.3 -5.4 0.8 4.2 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.65.8 12.6 -2.4 1.7 1.6 2.6 3.0 5.6 4.1 3.7 4.2 4.45.4 10.6 1.0 6.0 3.3 3.9 2.9 6.8 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.57.7 6.5 2.0 4.5 11.2 5.5 2.5 4.8 4.3 3.7 5.3 5.42.8 4.9 4.4 1.9 3.6 7.3 2.8 2.0 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.54.3 3.5 0.7 0.3 2.6 4.8 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.93.3 3.6 0.8 0.2 1.3 1.8 2.0 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.03.8 2.0 -1.7 0.5 2.8 3.7 2.3 4.1 3.6 2.9 2.8 2.44.9 7.1 -1.4 0.2 3.5 3.3 4.5 6.3 5.8 4.5 4.6 4.43.5 10.3 1.8 3.4 3.7 6.0 3.5 3.9 5.1 5.4 4.7 5.24.6 4.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 1.1 2.2 4.2 2.9 2.5 1.4 1.93.5 3.2 -0.1 0.2 2.4 3.4 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.72.8 10.7 0.2 2.2 2.8 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.63.9 8.5 1.2 -0.3 5.8 5.9 2.9 5.1 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.83.2 3.6 -0.1 1.1 2.3 1.5 2.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.73.1 5.5 -2.7 0.2 0.6 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.77.7 7.2 -0.6 3.2 7.2 4.7 2.5 6.3 5.8 4.6 5.1 4.94.0 6.8 3.3 1.5 5.4 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.2 4.3 5.1 4.65.1 11.0 0.0 5.1 4.7 5.1 6.1 6.9 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.03.8 4.4 0.8 0.8 3.6 4.7 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.63.5 3.5 0.0 0.4 2.6 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.83.8 3.3 -0.2 1.6 3.0 2.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.23.6 3.5 0.0 0.6 2.7 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.63.6 3.3 0.6 1.6 2.8 3.1 1.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.80.5 2.0 -0.1 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.5 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Final demand, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

163

Table 7: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.41.3 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.75.8 9.5 -3.0 3.5 3.4 4.6 4.4 2.2 3.6 2.5 2.6 3.87.7 5.9 -1.2 -0.2 2.1 4.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.73.9 3.6 -4.6 -2.6 0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.44.1 3.5 -2.0 -3.1 1.5 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.6 2.5 2.03.2 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.61.8 1.1 -1.1 -2.5 0.3 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.04.5 5.6 0.5 -5.9 0.7 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.93.6 11.6 -3.3 5.1 1.4 2.5 3.3 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.95.4 11.1 -2.2 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.9 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.44.1 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.93.4 2.5 0.8 2.1 2.7 5.9 3.0 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.33.7 0.5 -0.4 -1.0 0.3 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.3 1.8 2.3 1.52.1 1.9 0.9 -0.1 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.23.2 1.6 -1.6 -1.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.33.0 3.2 0.4 -4.1 1.9 2.1 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.03.8 5.4 1.0 -0.8 1.4 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.93.1 3.7 1.1 -0.5 0.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.42.5 1.7 -0.2 -0.6 0.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.65.3 8.9 1.0 -2.5 2.7 4.5 3.6 4.6 3.8 3.5 2.7 2.72.0 3.9 0.5 0.5 1.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.60.9 2.9 -0.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.92.2 4.3 -2.1 -1.8 -1.6 1.1 3.3 3.6 2.8 2.3 3.2 2.85.4 3.2 -2.4 0.2 2.8 3.6 4.3 4.6 3.8 3.1 4.8 3.33.8 3.6 3.4 0.3 2.4 3.0 3.9 4.9 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.13.6 12.2 -0.2 0.7 4.7 5.9 7.4 8.6 4.8 4.6 6.9 4.73.2 2.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 3.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.42.5 2.0 -0.1 -0.5 1.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.84.2 2.8 -0.4 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.8 0.92.8 2.2 -0.1 -0.1 1.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.64.2 3.2 0.7 1.5 2.9 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.81.0 1.0 0.5 2.4 -0.9 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Private consumption expenditure, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 8: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.2 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.41.3 0.5 1.9 1.4 1.5 2.9 3.7 1.8 2.3 2.0 3.2 3.01.0 4.4 1.1 2.7 2.6 3.3 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.96.0 2.7 -2.6 -1.0 4.1 2.2 5.2 3.3 3.5 1.9 3.2 2.33.5 4.7 -3.6 -6.4 -1.4 1.2 -1.5 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.13.9 5.6 1.3 -2.1 -0.3 2.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.81.1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.22.2 0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 -0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.04.1 5.4 2.7 -8.1 -7.2 -2.8 -0.4 3.3 1.3 1.7 0.7 0.83.6 4.0 -2.8 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.7 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.50.8 3.0 -0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.35.2 3.2 2.1 3.8 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.9 3.40.9 1.4 3.8 -0.4 6.5 3.7 -1.8 6.8 10.0 6.2 11.8 4.13.6 3.3 1.5 -0.1 0.3 -0.2 1.2 1.0 2.9 2.8 0.8 1.01.4 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.5 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.94.1 1.5 -1.1 -2.0 -0.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.53.6 2.6 0.7 -2.1 -1.2 2.7 2.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.7 2.02.5 3.8 2.0 2.2 5.2 5.4 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.51.9 1.4 0.7 1.1 -0.5 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 -0.8 0.32.0 1.8 1.0 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.58.2 3.5 -0.4 0.6 0.1 1.4 2.2 2.7 3.9 2.8 2.0 2.22.0 1.3 -0.2 2.5 1.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.92.7 1.3 1.6 -0.1 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.60.8 4.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.8 -1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.3 1.42.4 0.9 0.6 4.1 5.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.03.8 3.8 1.7 2.5 4.1 2.4 1.7 2.5 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.8

-0.2 -0.1 1.2 -4.6 0.8 0.2 4.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.01.4 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.4 3.4 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.7 0.32.0 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.43.7 2.7 1.0 0.2 2.5 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.72.3 1.9 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.32.7 1.3 0.5 -2.4 -0.5 1.3 1.0 0.1 1.1 1.2 0.6 1.52.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.7 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Government consumption expenditure, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


164

Table 9: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.5 4.6 -0.3 -1.5 6.0 2.7 3.6 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.1 3.00.4 2.2 0.5 -1.3 3.7 1.5 3.1 3.8 3.6 2.9 1.9 2.7

10.7 14.2 -4.1 1.5 -8.7 -2.9 -1.2 16.6 4.4 3.6 9.3 0.18.7 8.2 -6.1 -4.0 18.2 28.2 60.8 3.5 5.6 4.6 6.7 5.67.3 7.6 -17.1 -8.4 -4.7 -0.3 1.6 5.1 11.5 12.1 6.3 10.87.5 6.3 -8.4 -3.4 4.7 6.5 3.3 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.94.4 3.5 -0.9 -0.8 0.0 1.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.6 3.74.4 1.6 -5.0 -6.6 -2.3 1.9 2.8 2.5 3.8 2.7 3.6 3.31.6 8.1 -8.6 -12.9 -17.5 13.6 35.0 7.8 7.3 6.4 3.4 4.9

16.1 19.2 -7.2 -6.0 0.1 -0.5 -15.0 17.8 5.5 4.0 14.2 7.35.9 16.6 -6.8 8.3 5.8 4.8 -0.5 6.4 5.1 4.6 6.0 4.56.2 4.2 4.1 1.2 4.3 -8.0 0.5 6.8 2.4 2.4 5.4 4.0

-2.1 11.1 -2.9 1.2 7.4 48.4 -0.4 -11.5 5.6 3.5 0.5 -3.02.7 3.0 -2.6 -4.3 2.3 11.0 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.4 3.5 4.21.3 2.2 -0.2 1.6 -0.7 1.2 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.13.8 -1.0 -7.7 -5.1 2.3 5.8 1.6 8.1 5.3 4.9 5.4 4.75.1 7.3 -8.9 3.2 1.1 -1.6 -3.6 9.1 9.8 7.4 6.3 6.4

-1.2 7.0 -1.9 -0.9 3.0 19.8 -8.3 1.0 5.9 4.5 0.9 5.83.9 4.4 -2.0 -4.9 -2.6 0.7 7.2 6.9 4.4 3.0 3.1 2.93.3 3.4 -2.9 -2.5 1.9 3.3 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.3 2.9 3.5

18.2 15.8 -4.3 0.3 3.4 2.7 -6.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.3 3.82.4 6.2 -1.8 -2.5 3.9 10.2 -2.3 4.9 5.5 5.0 3.5 4.22.3 5.0 -3.6 2.7 3.5 2.5 5.6 2.8 3.2 2.9 3.6 3.73.0 9.8 -5.7 1.4 -2.8 3.8 5.1 4.2 5.0 6.6 5.2 5.77.1 3.4 -4.3 9.8 12.3 1.9 -10.6 15.2 10.9 4.9 12.8 7.20.9 10.0 2.5 -1.1 10.0 6.1 -7.9 4.2 7.9 4.8 4.9 6.13.4 20.4 -5.6 -5.4 3.2 7.4 -3.5 1.6 6.5 5.5 1.3 5.24.2 6.1 -0.5 0.6 5.5 6.9 5.6 7.6 3.8 2.8 3.9 3.13.3 4.0 -2.8 -2.1 2.4 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.1 3.62.5 3.3 -2.3 3.4 7.1 2.8 1.3 1.9 0.7 1.1 0.2 0.33.1 3.9 -2.7 -1.5 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.7 3.24.2 3.2 -1.6 3.0 4.8 3.5 0.6 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.3

-2.3 0.2 -2.1 4.9 2.9 0.1 0.9 3.1 1.7 1.1 2.3 0.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Total investment, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 10: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-1.6 4.8 1.2 -2.1 2.5 -0.4 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5-2.6 -1.1 1.5 -1.1 2.3 -1.4 2.7 4.7 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.78.6 14.6 -5.5 1.2 -13.6 3.1 -7.6 15.1 3.9 0.4 6.2 4.17.1 7.0 -18.3 12.5 10.0 7.4 18.4 17.3 14.3 11.0 17.2 14.43.9 6.6 -16.1 -12.9 -25.4 -12.0 19.4 -6.1 8.9 11.0 2.2 8.68.0 5.7 -11.2 -8.6 4.2 3.8 2.4 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.93.7 4.0 -2.1 -0.8 -1.7 -1.2 1.1 3.2 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.74.0 1.6 -6.0 -8.0 -6.6 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.6 2.0 1.8 2.91.6 12.4 -10.7 -18.5 -12.8 -2.1 11.7 17.5 13.4 10.1 7.8 4.7

18.9 19.8 -6.8 -10.3 10.2 -0.2 -19.7 18.0 5.8 4.0 12.6 6.22.8 15.9 -8.4 8.0 8.4 0.1 -6.6 6.8 5.0 5.0 6.4 5.08.6 1.9 -0.2 5.4 3.6 -3.6 5.6 4.2 3.5 3.1 5.1 3.9

: 4.4 -4.6 -0.8 1.0 15.2 -6.5 : : : : :2.4 2.4 -5.5 -6.2 2.4 10.9 8.3 8.2 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.2

-0.9 1.4 -1.6 -1.6 -0.1 1.1 1.1 2.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.33.4 -3.4 -9.3 -12.1 -3.7 5.1 -0.4 8.2 4.7 3.0 6.2 3.62.9 5.7 -11.8 -4.6 9.8 -5.5 -14.0 5.6 7.5 5.1 4.1 4.4

-1.7 9.1 -5.6 4.7 -7.2 29.0 -18.2 -7.2 4.4 4.5 -1.0 5.84.7 4.9 -2.3 -3.8 -3.8 1.6 9.9 7.0 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.0

: 2.7 -4.3 -3.5 -0.4 0.5 2.5 4.1 3.8 3.2 2.8 3.5: 17.9 0.1 -0.5 -4.1 -3.8 -2.7 2.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.3

-1.9 4.8 -2.8 -4.9 1.0 9.7 -5.8 4.9 5.9 4.6 3.1 3.90.8 4.9 -5.8 -1.0 5.2 3.2 6.9 2.1 2.8 2.6 3.9 3.9

: : : : : : : : : : : :4.9 0.2 -6.8 11.2 10.5 5.8 -23.1 20.0 9.9 6.2 24.5 7.20.6 8.6 4.5 -4.8 8.9 2.2 -7.7 7.4 9.7 5.8 5.2 6.72.8 22.1 -3.5 -15.0 10.1 20.9 -2.8 1.4 9.7 3.5 1.4 3.25.0 6.6 -2.4 -1.3 9.4 8.6 9.1 11.1 5.1 2.3 5.7 2.92.0 3.2 -4.0 -3.5 0.6 1.3 1.9 4.5 4.2 3.3 3.2 3.61.9 3.6 -3.1 3.7 5.4 3.5 1.6 3.8 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.31.9 3.2 -3.9 -2.6 1.2 1.7 1.9 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.12.4 0.4 -5.6 3.4 5.2 4.1 0.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 4.1 3.5

-4.0 -4.3 -2.7 10.9 1.6 -0.5 : : : : : :

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Investment in construction, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

165

Table 11: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20183.8 4.4 -3.9 -1.6 7.9 1.6 13.1 5.2 4.0 3.5 2.1 3.43.3 6.2 -1.8 -2.3 5.9 3.9 2.2 2.6 3.7 3.0 1.4 2.8

13.0 13.8 -4.2 0.9 0.7 -13.7 6.2 21.0 5.8 7.3 13.8 -7.16.9 13.9 1.5 -6.0 21.6 -0.7 27.9 -2.7 5.7 4.5 7.5 6.5

14.5 9.5 -20.6 -4.5 29.3 7.9 -12.3 18.0 13.4 13.4 9.5 13.26.0 7.3 -5.8 5.0 5.9 11.5 5.0 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.76.0 2.7 -1.0 -3.5 2.1 4.2 6.2 1.1 3.3 2.6 3.2 4.14.6 2.4 -5.4 -8.2 1.9 3.8 7.1 4.5 5.3 2.8 6.4 3.72.6 -1.1 -6.0 -16.3 -34.8 70.6 113.0 0.7 2.5 3.3 0.0 5.1

14.2 22.0 -9.3 -5.4 -10.9 -1.3 -6.5 18.0 5.0 4.0 18.0 9.09.2 18.1 -7.0 12.3 -0.2 13.4 9.0 7.0 5.7 4.2 6.1 4.02.8 9.0 11.1 -4.7 5.3 -16.5 -7.0 12.1 1.0 1.5 6.1 4.0

: 26.8 -4.8 3.7 6.2 115.5 2.0 : : : : :2.1 3.9 -0.2 -6.1 -0.2 15.8 3.4 3.9 5.9 5.5 3.3 4.51.6 2.6 -0.6 1.7 -1.6 1.5 8.6 5.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 2.53.6 3.2 -9.4 8.1 13.3 10.4 5.2 12.5 7.7 9.0 6.0 7.78.2 10.3 -8.2 12.6 -8.5 3.8 7.5 15.6 15.2 11.5 10.6 10.50.2 4.3 2.9 -9.4 20.3 13.0 2.0 5.6 6.5 4.5 1.2 5.80.8 4.1 -0.5 -8.7 -1.6 4.4 10.1 9.5 3.5 4.9 2.6 3.2

: 4.9 -3.2 -2.9 4.6 5.3 5.5 3.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.8: 14.8 -9.7 1.2 13.9 9.8 -14.9 5.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 4.0

6.5 7.6 -1.6 0.3 6.4 9.3 -1.1 5.0 6.0 6.0 3.6 4.53.1 5.8 -5.0 10.6 2.7 -0.5 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.9 3.8

: : : : : : : : : : : :8.2 7.0 -2.7 2.6 21.5 0.8 1.1 12.8 11.7 4.0 4.0 7.01.1 12.0 -0.4 4.6 11.2 12.1 -10.3 2.1 6.4 4.0 4.3 5.54.2 19.7 -5.8 4.8 -5.1 -3.8 -4.0 2.5 3.0 6.5 1.0 6.93.7 8.1 0.9 0.1 -1.1 5.1 4.8 6.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.24.4 5.6 -3.0 -1.9 4.6 5.3 4.2 4.0 4.6 3.8 3.5 4.02.7 1.7 -2.4 2.7 17.7 6.4 1.7 -0.4 1.3 1.0 -0.8 0.34.1 5.1 -2.9 -1.5 5.9 5.5 3.9 3.5 4.3 3.5 3.1 3.65.1 6.5 1.0 3.2 5.6 3.2 -2.9 3.8 4.5 3.8 1.7 3.1

-2.5 5.2 -2.0 -1.0 4.5 -2.8 : : : : : :

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Investment in equipment, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 12: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.3 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.52.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.35.0 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.8 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.43.5 3.8 3.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.05.3 5.3 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.13.8 4.2 4.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.23.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.52.8 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.23.0 3.4 3.4 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.31.8 4.1 4.9 : 4.4 4.5 4.8 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.8 4.02.6 4.0 4.7 : 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.14.4 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.8 3.74.1 4.1 2.6 2.9 3.6 4.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.83.8 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.32.7 2.7 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.94.9 3.9 3.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.13.8 4.1 4.6 4.3 5.1 4.7 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.34.0 3.3 3.6 3.3 4.0 6.3 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.33.7 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.93.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.73.8 4.0 4.4 4.0 5.2 6.6 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.24.2 5.6 5.0 3.7 4.1 5.1 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.02.8 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6

6.3 4.5 3.7 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.53.9 4.2 3.5 4.4 5.3 6.6 3.1 4.2 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.62.8 3.5 5.2 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.0 4.02.6 4.1 5.7 4.5 4.3 5.1 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.94.2 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.53.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.91.8 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

3.1 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.83.6 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.15.0 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Public investment (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


166

Table 13: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.4 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.31.5 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.54.5 5.7 0.8 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.37.9 4.8 0.7 2.3 3.6 24.3 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.63.9 3.1 -1.1 -2.7 -2.2 -1.8 -1.5 -0.9 -0.5 0.0 -0.4 -0.13.2 3.6 0.9 -0.7 -0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.92.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.21.6 0.9 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3

3.4 1.9 -1.8 -2.3 -1.4 0.4 1.1 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.15.8 7.6 -0.2 : 0.7 1.4 2.1 1.7 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 3.76.1 6.1 1.7 : 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.74.8 3.9 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.7 3.73.1 2.5 2.4 3.8 4.7 6.6 6.6 5.6 5.2 4.7 5.6 4.83.2 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.42.5 2.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.43.0 1.0 -0.3 -0.9 -0.2 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.0

3.5 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.2 2.0 2.4 2.7 1.6 1.94.0 5.2 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 2.5 2.94.0 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.8

1.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.22.8 5.9 1.9 1.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.81.8 4.3 1.7 0.9 2.0 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.32.0 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

3.2 0.0 -0.2 0.1 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.5 1.23.6 3.0 0.2 1.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.44.9 3.6 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.01.9 5.4 2.6 1.8 2.3 3.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.63.2 2.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.5

: : : : : : : : :3.1 2.4 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5

2.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.43.4 2.3 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2

: : : : : : : : :

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Potential GDP, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 14: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.5 0.9 -0.1 -1.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.4 0.00.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.1

-1.5 7.4 -2.0 1.3 1.9 1.0 0.5 1.8 2.2 2.2 0.1 0.62.5 2.3 -2.8 -3.6 0.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 0.6 -0.9 1.1 0.11.6 3.7 -4.7 -15.0 -12.5 -11.1 -10.0 -7.7 -5.0 -2.5 -7.6 -5.22.2 2.6 -4.0 -8.8 -7.5 -4.6 -2.2 -0.1 1.4 2.3 0.2 1.61.2 1.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -0.2 0.1 -1.1 -0.61.0 1.2 -1.9 -4.5 -4.2 -3.0 -1.9 -0.6 0.3 0.8 -0.8 0.00.5 3.1 0.3 -7.7 -6.9 -3.6 -1.1 1.3 2.7 3.7 0.8 2.0

-0.5 5.3 -5.8 : -0.2 0.3 1.0 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.6-2.0 3.8 -4.2 : -0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.3 1.82.8 1.0 -2.9 -4.1 -1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.4 0.1 0.2 -0.3 0.30.5 0.5 -1.1 -1.7 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.21.1 -0.8 -1.4 -3.4 -2.8 -1.8 -1.2 0.2 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.50.7 0.0 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.2 0.1 0.4 -0.4 -0.22.1 -0.5 -1.2 -4.2 -3.2 -1.7 -0.9 0.4 1.1 1.4 0.4 1.0

-0.1 2.8 -1.3 -6.1 -4.0 -2.7 -0.8 1.8 3.3 3.9 1.4 2.5-1.6 1.2 0.2 -2.7 -2.1 -1.2 -0.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.81.5 0.8 -1.2 -2.4 -3.1 -3.5 -2.4 -0.7 0.4 1.1 -1.4 -0.51.1 0.9 -1.5 -3.1 -2.6 -1.8 -1.2 -0.4 0.3 0.6 -0.6 0.0

-1.1 1.2 0.1 -1.0 -2.0 -1.4 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 -0.1 -0.1-1.0 2.8 -0.2 -3.1 -2.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.91.8 2.9 -1.8 -2.7 -2.1 -1.7 -1.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.4 -1.4 -1.3

2.6 -0.4 -4.2 -4.8 -3.2 -1.5 0.6 2.0 2.8 1.0 2.5-0.5 2.4 -2.5 -2.9 -0.8 0.3 0.4 1.5 2.1 2.4 1.4 2.5-0.7 -1.4 1.5 -1.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.5-3.4 4.7 -1.5 -3.6 -2.9 -2.1 -1.2 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.80.1 1.0 -1.7 -2.6 -2.2 -0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 -0.2

: : : : : : : : :1.1 1.5 -3.0 -2.2 -0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4

1.0 -1.6 -2.9 -2.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.1 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.10.4 0.9 -1.6 -0.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2

: : : : : : : : :

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Output gap relative to potential GDP ¹ (deviation of actual output from potential output as % of potential GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

¹ When comparing output gaps between the successive forecasts it has to be taken into account that the overall revisions to the forecast may have led to changes in the estimates for potential output.

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

167

Table 15: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.6 2.1 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.60.6 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.66.1 7.1 3.6 3.6 1.5 1.2 1.6 4.3 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.35.8 2.3 -1.5 1.0 -0.4 7.3 0.0 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.33.4 3.1 1.6 -2.4 -1.8 -1.0 -1.0 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.2 1.23.3 3.9 0.5 0.4 -0.2 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.41.4 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.9 1.32.5 2.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.22.6 3.9 2.1 -1.1 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 1.2 1.1 1.6 0.8 0.93.5 11.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 0.0 0.3 2.2 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.70.7 4.8 3.3 1.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 3.5 3.9 3.0 2.9 2.51.6 3.7 3.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 -1.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.32.3 2.4 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.83.0 2.0 1.1 1.4 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.4 2.1 0.9 1.21.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.53.7 3.1 0.6 2.3 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.47.1 3.4 1.7 1.6 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.86.1 3.5 1.0 0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 2.0 1.5 1.9 0.8 1.52.0 1.1 2.2 2.6 1.7 2.0 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.7 0.5 1.21.8 2.1 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.4

10.0 6.4 4.1 -0.7 0.5 2.2 2.2 0.6 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.54.4 1.9 0.9 1.4 2.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.72.2 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.74.8 3.9 2.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 -0.1 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.6

10.2 4.4 3.4 2.9 3.4 1.9 1.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.35.6 2.7 3.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.4 2.0

39.9 14.8 7.0 3.4 1.7 2.6 2.2 2.0 3.2 3.3 1.5 2.81.5 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.8 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.02.2 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.51.4 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 0.5 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.92.0 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.61.7 2.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.2

-1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -0.3 1.7 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Deflator of gross domestic product (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 16: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.5 1.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.30.9 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.34.9 4.8 4.2 3.0 0.5 -0.2 0.9 3.7 3.1 2.8 3.4 2.93.7 2.1 -1.2 1.7 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.23.2 3.1 2.3 -1.8 -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.12.8 3.4 1.9 1.0 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.41.0 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.32.5 2.5 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.32.3 3.1 2.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.8 -1.3 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.23.7 8.7 3.1 0.2 1.7 -1.0 1.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.00.9 2.2 4.7 1.0 0.1 -0.9 0.9 3.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.01.9 2.5 1.8 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.7 2.4 1.9 2.3 1.82.0 2.2 2.4 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.82.7 2.0 1.1 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.51.2 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.63.2 3.3 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.57.1 3.4 2.3 2.1 -0.1 -0.6 -0.3 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.76.5 4.8 2.6 1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.42.1 1.1 2.5 2.5 1.3 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.21.8 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.37.1 4.3 3.3 -2.6 0.0 1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.03.8 1.8 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.02.1 1.6 2.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.64.5 2.8 3.2 1.9 -0.5 -0.5 -1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5

10.0 4.6 4.7 1.8 0.9 -0.2 -0.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.06.6 2.2 3.5 0.4 -0.1 -1.1 -0.4 1.5 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.9

36.3 8.7 6.1 2.6 1.2 0.9 -0.5 1.3 2.9 3.0 1.4 2.51.3 1.2 1.8 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.52.2 2.2 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.40.7 1.9 2.5 2.4 1.9 0.6 1.4 2.5 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.61.9 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.61.6 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.2

-0.8 -0.5 -0.8 -0.1 2.0 0.4 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Price deflator of private consumption (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


168

Table 17: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.0 2.6 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.51.2 1.8 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.45.0 3.9 4.6 3.2 0.5 0.1 0.8 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.93.7 2.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.3 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.23.4 3.3 2.9 -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 0.0 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.12.8 3.2 2.3 1.5 -0.2 -0.6 -0.3 2.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.41.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.32.2 2.3 2.4 1.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.32.6 2.5 2.7 0.4 -0.3 -1.5 -1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.12.7 6.5 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.02.0 2.5 4.7 1.2 0.2 -0.7 0.7 3.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.02.0 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.82.8 2.1 2.9 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.83.0 1.7 1.9 2.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.31.5 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.8 1.0 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.63.1 2.7 1.9 0.4 -0.2 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.57.8 3.6 2.7 1.9 0.4 -0.8 -0.2 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.88.0 5.0 2.7 1.5 -0.1 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.62.1 1.0 2.7 2.2 1.2 -0.2 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.21.9 2.2 2.1 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.38.9 5.9 4.6 0.4 -1.6 -1.1 -1.3 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.54.3 1.8 2.8 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.02.2 1.6 2.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7

2.7 2.9 2.3 0.2 -0.3 -0.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.59.7 5.4 4.9 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.27.3 2.1 3.7 0.8 0.1 -0.7 -0.2 1.6 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.1

41.5 9.5 5.8 3.2 1.4 -0.4 -1.1 1.0 2.9 3.0 1.1 3.01.5 1.5 1.9 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.43.1 2.4 2.4 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.51.2 1.9 3.3 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.7 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.6

EU28 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.72.3 2.9 2.1 1.5 1.6 0.1 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3

Japan -0.4 0.0 -0.2 0.3 2.8 0.8 -0.1 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.4 1.0

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Cyprus

Harmonised index of consumer prices (national index if not available), (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Hungary

Portugal

forecastforecast

Luxembourg

Estonia

Bulgaria

Italy

Slovenia

Malta

Ireland

Spring 2017Autumn 2017

EU27

Euro area

Lithuania

France

Poland

Belgium

averages

Croatia

Austria

Spain

Germany

Romania

Denmark

Netherlands

Greece

USA

Sweden

Finland

Latvia

United Kingdom

Table 18: 23.10.2017

2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/43.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.61.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.63.1 3.4 4.0 4.1 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.60.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.31.5 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.92.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.61.5 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.61.3 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.61.2 1.3 0.2 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.53.1 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.03.0 3.4 4.5 4.4 4.0 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.32.6 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.01.3 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.91.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.32.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.81.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.42.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.71.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.01.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.81.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.70.8 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.52.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.80.8 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.71.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.62.6 2.1 2.5 2.2 1.3 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.51.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.90.4 0.6 1.0 1.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.11.6 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.71.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.72.2 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.01.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.82.6 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.10.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 2.0

Romania

Slovakia

Netherlands

Sweden

Croatia

Austria

Estonia

United Kingdom

Bulgaria

Luxembourg

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Ireland

EU28

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Spain

JapanUSA

Harmonised index of consumer prices (national index if not available), (percentage change on preceding year, 2017-19)

EU27

Euro area

Lithuania

Germany

Hungary

Portugal

France

Greece

Denmark

Finland

Latvia

Belgium

Statistical Annex

169

Table 19: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.7 1.8 1.7 -0.7 -2.7 -3.7 -2.5 1.9 0.2 2.0 2.9 1.40.1 0.2 1.1 -0.7 -0.6 0.9 -1.0 1.7 0.4 0.8 2.3 1.12.5 3.2 2.6 -0.7 -1.7 -1.9 -0.1 3.5 1.1 1.6 4.3 1.71.1 -1.0 0.5 -2.7 -0.3 9.9 -4.0 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.23.1 2.1 4.1 -1.9 -3.1 -11.5 -5.5 4.2 -0.7 2.4 6.8 1.31.2 2.1 1.8 -1.2 -2.0 0.6 -1.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.0 1.2

-0.9 0.8 1.1 -0.5 -1.0 0.7 -2.2 1.4 -0.6 -0.2 2.7 0.11.9 1.4 1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -1.1 1.5 0.4 1.1 3.2 1.31.5 3.5 1.8 2.1 1.3 0.8 -0.9 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.4 1.10.1 11.0 4.3 1.8 -1.4 0.2 -2.7 5.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.5

-1.1 5.3 4.5 -2.1 -2.8 -5.3 -3.1 5.0 2.5 2.0 6.0 2.0-0.2 4.0 2.9 -2.1 -0.5 -2.2 -1.7 3.1 0.8 1.0 3.9 1.13.0 1.3 1.8 -4.0 1.1 -0.3 -3.5 2.8 0.0 1.3 6.5 1.5

-0.3 1.6 2.2 -1.4 -2.6 -2.9 -3.3 3.8 1.0 1.3 3.8 2.00.3 1.4 1.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.01.1 1.3 1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -2.6 -3.5 2.6 1.3 1.4 2.6 1.45.2 2.4 1.2 -1.2 -0.4 -0.6 -2.1 2.8 0.8 0.9 3.0 1.23.1 1.6 0.6 -2.2 -3.6 -1.3 -1.7 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.3

-2.0 0.2 -0.1 -1.8 -0.9 -1.8 -2.8 4.5 1.5 1.5 5.3 1.50.3 0.9 1.4 -0.9 -1.2 0.0 -1.9 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.7 1.24.5 12.0 3.8 -3.6 -2.2 -2.3 -2.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 2.00.1 -0.2 -0.4 1.6 3.8 -1.4 -2.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.00.9 2.2 2.5 -0.5 0.1 1.5 -0.4 1.8 0.1 1.3 3.2 1.25.2 3.4 3.1 -2.0 -1.7 -2.3 -3.1 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 2.94.6 -0.2 2.2 -0.1 1.2 -0.1 -1.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.85.2 3.4 4.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.4 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.9

33.2 6.6 8.5 -5.8 -1.1 -0.3 -0.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 4.1 2.9-0.4 0.8 0.2 -3.2 2.1 1.6 -1.8 2.6 0.1 1.2 4.7 1.50.6 1.0 1.6 -0.9 -0.9 0.1 -1.8 1.9 0.6 1.1 2.7 1.2

-1.7 1.0 5.0 1.2 -4.8 -8.2 5.5 5.9 1.7 1.5 4.0 2.90.3 1.0 1.9 -0.7 -1.2 -0.6 -1.2 2.3 0.7 1.1 2.8 1.4

-0.8 3.2 2.1 -0.7 -1.0 -7.1 -3.7 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.4 0.6-2.6 0.2 -4.4 10.4 2.8 0.7 -8.9 4.6 1.8 1.2 6.5 1.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Price deflator of exports of goods in national currency (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 20: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.1 2.4 2.7 -0.7 -2.9 -5.4 -3.2 1.8 0.1 1.7 3.1 1.4

-0.2 0.6 1.4 -2.5 -2.2 -2.2 -3.2 3.3 -0.1 0.9 3.8 1.01.2 1.5 3.2 -0.7 -1.7 -2.1 -1.1 3.3 0.8 1.7 4.1 1.7

-1.5 0.5 0.3 -3.4 5.2 1.8 -6.2 0.5 -0.3 1.0 1.3 1.33.5 2.5 4.4 -3.6 -4.2 -12.0 -3.3 3.5 -0.9 1.2 6.6 1.20.9 2.0 3.0 -1.9 -1.5 -1.8 -1.6 4.1 0.5 1.7 4.1 1.6

-1.0 1.1 1.7 -1.8 -2.7 -3.4 -3.4 2.1 -1.5 -0.8 3.1 -0.61.7 2.8 2.7 -2.3 -3.7 -4.3 -4.3 3.0 -0.4 1.0 5.7 1.21.8 2.9 2.1 1.9 -5.4 -2.4 -0.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.61.4 8.5 4.7 0.5 -0.5 -2.1 -6.0 5.5 0.5 0.5 6.0 2.5

-2.5 3.8 4.9 -1.7 -3.6 -8.3 -5.3 5.3 1.2 1.5 6.0 2.01.0 2.5 2.1 -2.2 -1.2 0.0 -2.1 4.2 0.4 0.8 3.9 1.22.7 0.8 1.8 -5.4 -5.1 0.6 -2.2 2.8 -0.5 1.0 5.3 1.2

-1.0 1.5 2.9 -1.9 -2.7 -5.4 -4.4 4.7 1.3 1.4 5.5 2.50.1 1.7 2.2 -0.8 -1.9 -2.4 -1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.30.8 1.6 1.6 -3.2 -3.0 -5.2 -3.7 3.0 1.3 1.4 3.0 1.44.9 3.1 2.4 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.9 3.1 1.1 1.2 3.5 1.23.6 2.2 1.9 -1.7 -3.8 -1.1 -1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.3

-1.8 2.9 1.3 -2.6 -2.5 -6.4 -4.2 6.0 0.9 1.3 7.7 1.40.1 1.5 2.1 -2.0 -2.4 -3.4 -3.4 3.1 0.0 0.9 4.0 1.16.2 6.8 3.5 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -6.0 3.0 1.3 1.4 2.5 1.8

-0.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 2.0 -1.9 -3.9 2.2 0.5 1.1 2.8 1.00.1 1.4 2.2 -1.8 -0.9 -0.2 -3.3 1.9 -0.1 1.1 3.1 1.23.9 1.6 2.5 -0.4 -0.9 -1.2 -2.4 2.9 1.6 1.6 2.9 2.45.2 0.8 2.8 -0.9 0.1 -1.1 -2.4 2.3 1.2 1.4 3.0 2.25.7 2.6 5.1 -1.2 -2.2 -1.3 -0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0

29.4 1.9 7.6 -6.5 -1.9 -1.3 -1.5 4.2 3.3 2.5 4.8 2.11.4 1.4 0.3 -3.7 1.2 -0.1 -2.3 3.6 -0.2 1.2 4.5 1.60.6 1.5 2.3 -2.0 -2.1 -3.0 -3.2 2.9 0.2 1.0 3.9 1.2

-1.8 0.7 5.1 0.2 -4.6 -6.8 2.6 5.1 1.2 1.0 6.0 3.70.2 1.4 2.6 -1.8 -2.4 -3.5 -2.4 3.2 0.3 1.0 4.1 1.5

-1.1 4.5 2.7 -1.3 -0.7 -9.1 -3.7 2.7 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.0-2.3 5.9 -1.3 11.9 3.6 -9.5 -14.0 7.5 1.0 1.5 7.5 1.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Price deflator of imports of goods in national currency (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


170

Table 21: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.5 -0.6 -1.0 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.00.3 -0.4 -0.3 1.8 1.7 3.1 2.3 -1.5 0.5 -0.1 -1.4 0.11.2 1.6 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.02.7 -1.5 0.2 0.7 -5.2 8.0 2.3 0.0 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.7 1.1 0.6 -2.3 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.10.3 0.1 -1.2 0.6 -0.5 2.4 0.1 -2.4 0.7 -0.7 -2.0 -0.40.0 -0.3 -0.6 1.3 1.7 4.3 1.2 -0.7 0.9 0.6 -0.4 0.70.2 -1.4 -0.9 1.8 3.5 4.1 3.3 -1.5 0.8 0.1 -2.4 0.1

-0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.2 7.1 3.2 -0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.5 0.2 -0.5-1.3 2.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.9 2.4 3.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.9 -1.01.5 1.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 3.2 2.4 -0.2 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.0

-1.2 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 -2.2 0.3 -1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.10.2 0.5 0.0 1.6 6.5 -0.8 -1.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.30.8 0.1 -0.6 0.5 0.1 2.6 1.2 -0.9 -0.3 -0.1 -1.6 -0.50.2 -0.3 -0.8 -0.1 1.0 1.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.7 -0.30.3 -0.3 -0.1 1.7 1.2 2.7 0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.00.2 -0.7 -1.1 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.8 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 0.0

-0.5 -0.6 -1.3 -0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.8 0.0-0.2 -2.6 -1.3 0.8 1.7 4.9 1.5 -1.4 0.6 0.2 -2.2 0.10.2 -0.6 -0.7 1.1 1.2 3.4 1.5 -1.1 0.5 0.0 -1.3 0.1

-1.7 4.9 0.3 -0.8 0.7 0.6 3.9 -1.5 0.5 0.4 -1.0 0.20.7 -0.5 -0.9 1.5 1.8 0.5 1.0 -1.2 0.5 0.1 -0.6 0.00.8 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.0 1.7 3.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.01.2 1.8 0.6 -1.6 -0.9 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.5

-0.6 -1.0 -0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.4 -0.7 0.2 0.2 -1.0 -0.4-0.5 0.8 -0.4 1.7 2.2 2.9 1.0 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.9 -0.12.9 4.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.5 -1.3 -0.3 0.5 -0.7 0.8

-1.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 0.9 1.7 0.5 -1.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 -0.10.1 -0.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 3.1 1.5 -1.0 0.4 0.0 -1.2 0.00.0 0.3 -0.1 1.1 -0.2 -1.6 2.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 -1.9 -0.80.1 -0.3 -0.6 1.2 1.0 2.4 1.8 -0.7 0.4 0.1 -1.1 -0.10.3 -1.2 -0.6 0.7 -0.2 2.2 0.0 -0.8 0.1 0.0 -0.6 -0.4

-0.3 -5.4 -3.2 -1.4 -0.7 11.2 5.9 -2.7 0.8 -0.3 -0.9 0.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Terms of trade of goods (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 22: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.3 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.50.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5

-0.3 -0.6 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.01.4 2.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.00.4 0.3 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.00.7 1.8 0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.10.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.40.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.01.1 1.6 2.4 -0.2 -1.1 -0.6 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6

-1.0 -1.0 -1.6 : -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5-0.8 -1.3 -1.6 : -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -1.71.2 1.5 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.20.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.00.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.50.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.70.6 0.2 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.10.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3

-1.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.7 -0.6-0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.30.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

-1.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6-0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.10.0 -0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0

-0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -0.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.60.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.10.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.20.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.70.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.31.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.80.2 0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Total population (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

171

Table 23: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.3 1.0 0.8 -0.3 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.90.9 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0

-1.0 1.8 -1.4 1.2 0.8 2.9 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.24.8 3.8 -2.7 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.11.5 1.6 -3.0 -2.6 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.73.9 3.2 -3.2 -3.4 1.0 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.6 2.3 2.11.8 0.7 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.01.1 0.8 -1.0 -2.4 0.2 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.81.9 3.5 0.2 -5.9 -1.8 1.5 3.1 2.9 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.9

-0.5 2.3 -3.8 : 2.3 -1.4 1.4 -0.3 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.5-1.5 0.7 -2.4 : 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.6 0.54.6 3.0 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.10.3 1.0 2.0 3.7 5.1 3.9 3.7 4.7 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.81.6 0.7 0.0 -1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.30.8 1.2 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.91.7 -0.3 -2.0 -2.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.9 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.91.0 0.9 -0.8 -1.1 0.4 1.2 1.9 2.3 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.6

-0.9 1.3 0.3 -0.8 1.4 2.0 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.31.8 1.2 0.3 -0.7 -0.5 -0.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.71.5 1.0 -0.5 -0.8 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1

-1.7 3.0 -1.6 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6-0.9 0.9 -0.1 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.00.8 0.9 -1.0 0.0 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.1 0.91.7 2.1 -2.0 -2.6 2.7 1.2 0.3 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.51.0 -0.1 -1.1 1.1 4.8 2.4 2.6 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.3

-1.9 2.0 0.4 -0.1 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0-3.2 -0.4 -1.6 -0.9 0.8 -1.3 -0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.41.7 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.20.8 1.0 -0.5 -0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 0.2 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.40.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.91.0 1.3 -0.5 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.7

-0.9 0.6 -0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Total employment (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 24: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20187.7 8.2 7.6 8.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.6 7.48.5 10.0 6.6 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.2 4.0 3.9

11.9 7.8 11.6 8.6 7.4 6.2 6.8 6.9 7.7 8.5 7.7 8.65.2 4.5 12.3 13.1 11.3 9.4 7.9 6.1 5.5 5.3 6.4 5.9

11.1 9.5 14.5 27.5 26.5 24.9 23.6 21.8 20.4 18.7 22.8 21.612.8 9.7 19.1 26.1 24.5 22.1 19.6 17.4 15.6 14.3 17.6 15.98.9 8.6 9.0 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.1 9.5 9.3 8.9 9.9 9.69.9 7.4 8.4 12.1 12.7 11.9 11.7 11.3 10.9 10.5 11.5 11.34.5 4.5 7.0 15.9 16.1 15.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 9.3 11.7 10.6

13.7 9.3 15.2 : 11.9 10.8 9.9 9.6 8.4 7.9 7.3 9.2 8.715.1 8.3 13.2 : 11.8 10.7 9.1 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 7.6 7.22.4 4.4 4.9 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.06.8 7.0 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.9 4.94.0 5.1 4.8 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.0 4.8 4.0 3.5 4.9 4.44.2 5.2 4.7 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.9 5.95.6 8.4 12.0 16.4 14.1 12.6 11.2 9.2 8.3 7.6 9.9 9.26.8 6.1 6.9 10.1 9.7 9.0 8.0 6.8 5.9 5.2 7.2 6.3

17.3 15.4 12.8 14.2 13.2 11.5 9.7 8.3 7.4 6.6 8.6 7.69.9 8.2 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.0 8.6 8.29.2 8.7 9.8 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.5 7.9 9.4 8.9

15.5 10.4 9.3 13.0 11.4 9.2 7.6 6.4 6.0 5.7 7.0 6.47.9 7.3 6.4 7.0 6.1 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.54.7 4.7 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.7

12.5 11.8 17.4 17.2 16.1 13.4 11.1 9.2 7.5 11.6 9.76.6 6.8 10.2 10.2 7.7 6.8 5.1 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9

15.6 16.1 8.9 10.3 9.0 7.5 6.2 5.0 4.2 4.0 5.2 4.47.3 7.3 6.6 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.9 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.36.5 7.0 7.8 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.6

9.1 9.4 11.4 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.2 7.7 7.2 : :5.5 5.0 7.4 7.5 6.1 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.4

8.6 9.2 10.9 10.2 9.4 8.6 7.8 7.3 7.0 8.0 7.74.6 5.2 8.3 7.4 6.2 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.6 4.54.8 4.5 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Unemployment rate ¹ (number of unemployed as a percentage of total labour force, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

¹ Series following Eurostat definition, based on the Labour Force Survey.

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


172

Table 25: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.71.3 0.8 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.6

10.8 14.7 3.7 4.8 6.5 3.3 5.9 6.4 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.66.0 5.4 0.0 0.2 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.56.8 5.6 -0.5 -7.5 -2.0 -2.3 -0.9 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.12.8 3.8 2.5 1.4 0.1 1.6 -0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.32.3 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.82.1 3.2 2.0 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.64.4 4.5 2.7 -5.4 -3.6 -1.2 -0.8 1.7 1.5 1.8 0.7 1.17.1 21.9 1.5 5.5 8.6 7.7 6.8 9.5 8.8 8.1 6.0 6.85.8 13.9 2.8 5.4 4.7 5.8 6.2 8.4 6.7 6.0 5.1 5.63.6 3.5 2.0 2.3 2.2 3.0 0.7 2.9 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.94.4 3.7 3.2 2.0 1.6 3.2 2.7 2.0 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.14.4 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.6 -0.3 1.2 1.7 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.82.1 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.94.9 3.3 0.4 3.6 -1.8 0.4 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.59.4 6.6 2.7 0.5 1.3 1.4 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.48.8 8.4 3.8 2.6 1.8 3.5 2.3 4.1 4.8 4.9 4.0 4.73.5 3.2 3.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 -1.1 1.3 1.7 -0.8 1.52.4 2.5 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.1

17.5 7.7 9.8 8.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 7.8 8.3 6.9 4.9 4.57.6 6.3 2.3 -0.3 2.6 3.0 4.6 7.1 6.6 5.6 4.6 4.63.8 3.5 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.76.6 5.3 2.3 -0.7 -5.4 -0.2 -0.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

12.6 8.2 2.4 1.8 0.8 -1.5 4.0 7.6 7.2 5.8 7.1 6.310.1 2.8 5.9 1.7 2.2 1.7 4.4 4.8 5.7 7.1 4.3 5.151.3 19.5 6.7 3.8 6.7 1.9 10.9 13.2 10.9 7.8 9.5 6.5

3.2 3.9 3.0 1.9 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.63.4 2.6 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.1 2.45.1 4.9 1.8 2.8 0.5 1.1 3.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.43.7 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.4

: 3.7 2.2 1.4 2.9 3.2 1.0 1.9 3.4 4.2 3.5 4.0-1.2 -0.6 -0.8 -0.1 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Compensation of employees per head (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 26: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.2 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 -0.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.40.4 -0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8 2.0 1.6 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.8 1.35.7 9.4 -0.5 1.8 5.9 3.5 4.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.62.2 3.3 1.2 -1.5 0.6 1.7 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.33.5 2.4 -2.7 -5.8 0.5 -0.8 0.1 -0.2 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.00.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.1 1.7 -0.3 -1.1 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.11.3 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5

-0.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 -0.3 0.9 0.5 -0.9 0.3 -0.2 -0.7 0.32.0 1.4 0.1 -5.3 -3.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 -0.4 -0.13.2 12.1 -1.6 5.2 6.8 8.9 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.1 2.7 3.74.8 11.4 -1.9 4.3 4.6 6.7 5.2 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.2 3.51.7 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.7 2.9 0.7 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.12.4 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 2.5 1.9 1.2 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.31.7 0.7 1.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.5 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.4 1.3 1.30.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.31.7 -0.1 -0.8 2.8 -2.1 -0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.02.2 3.1 0.4 -1.6 1.4 2.0 3.1 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.72.2 3.4 1.2 1.2 1.9 3.6 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.31.3 2.1 0.4 -1.1 -0.4 1.2 0.1 -2.1 -0.1 0.1 -1.7 0.30.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.79.7 3.2 6.3 11.7 5.6 4.4 5.9 6.7 6.7 5.2 3.6 3.53.7 4.5 0.3 -1.1 2.0 2.9 4.0 4.1 4.5 3.5 2.0 2.61.7 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.12.0 2.4 -0.9 -2.5 -4.9 0.3 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.02.4 3.4 -2.1 0.0 -0.1 -1.3 4.1 5.2 4.5 2.7 4.1 3.23.3 0.6 2.3 1.3 2.3 2.9 4.9 3.2 3.7 4.3 2.5 3.1

11.0 9.9 0.5 1.1 5.4 0.9 11.4 11.7 7.8 4.7 7.9 3.91.9 2.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.2 1.11.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.04.3 2.9 -0.7 0.4 -1.4 0.5 1.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.7 -0.2 -0.21.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.8

: 1.2 0.4 0.1 1.4 2.9 -0.2 0.2 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.7-0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 0.5 0.1

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Real compensation of employees per head ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus


Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

173

Table 27: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.1 1.5 -0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.80.8 1.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.96.2 6.3 0.1 0.7 2.1 -1.2 1.8 3.6 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.73.2 1.4 2.0 -0.9 6.5 22.5 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.52.3 2.4 -2.4 -0.6 -0.2 -1.0 -0.7 -0.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.70.2 0.4 2.0 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.31.0 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.70.6 0.5 -0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.3 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.32.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 -0.1 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.1 0.36.2 7.4 1.5 0.3 3.3 1.4 2.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 2.8 3.06.3 7.9 2.1 2.1 1.5 0.7 0.4 4.1 3.2 3.0 2.2 2.61.1 1.3 -2.3 1.8 3.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.33.2 1.5 -0.3 0.8 2.9 3.0 1.8 0.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.61.5 1.6 0.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.51.8 1.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.81.3 1.5 0.6 1.8 -0.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.72.8 3.8 -0.3 0.0 2.6 1.0 1.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.53.5 5.9 1.6 2.3 1.3 1.8 0.9 2.0 2.6 2.8 1.6 2.32.1 2.3 -1.0 0.0 -0.2 0.1 1.4 2.8 2.0 1.7 0.8 1.11.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.73.9 3.5 2.7 1.3 1.0 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.22.9 4.6 0.3 -0.8 2.2 3.8 1.3 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.71.2 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.91.0 2.6 0.0 1.6 -3.1 1.0 2.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.13.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 -0.6 0.9 -0.4 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.15.4 3.1 3.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.25.6 7.1 2.0 4.4 2.3 5.3 5.5 4.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 3.31.7 2.9 0.0 0.3 1.2 3.0 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.01.8 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.01.9 1.7 -0.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.81.8 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.02.1 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.61.3 1.1 0.2 1.4 -0.3 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Labour productivity (real GDP per occupied person) (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Note : See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 28: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.8 1.1 2.6 2.0 0.0 -0.5 -0.1 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.90.5 -0.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.74.3 7.9 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.7 3.4 2.82.8 3.9 -1.9 1.1 -4.4 -16.6 -0.2 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.94.4 3.1 2.0 -6.9 -1.8 -1.3 -0.2 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.32.6 3.4 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 1.4 -0.6 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.01.4 1.7 2.1 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.11.4 2.7 2.4 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.31.7 4.0 2.7 -5.3 -4.0 -1.7 -0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.80.9 13.4 0.1 5.2 5.1 6.2 4.3 5.3 4.9 4.6 3.1 3.7

-0.4 5.5 0.6 3.2 3.2 5.0 5.9 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.92.5 2.2 4.4 0.5 -0.9 2.8 0.7 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.8 0.61.2 2.2 3.5 1.2 -1.2 0.2 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.52.9 1.1 2.4 1.2 0.1 -1.5 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.30.2 1.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.13.6 1.8 -0.2 1.8 -1.3 0.0 2.2 1.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.96.4 2.7 3.0 0.5 -1.2 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.95.2 2.3 2.2 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.41.4 0.9 4.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 -0.4 -3.8 -0.7 0.1 -1.5 0.51.4 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4

13.1 4.0 6.9 7.4 4.6 2.3 2.3 4.6 4.8 3.5 2.6 2.34.6 1.7 2.0 0.5 0.4 -0.8 3.3 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.2 1.92.5 2.3 2.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.85.5 2.6 2.2 -2.2 -2.4 -1.2 -2.8 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.49.4 4.4 2.4 0.8 1.4 -2.4 4.4 4.9 4.1 2.7 4.0 3.14.5 -0.3 2.8 0.2 0.6 -0.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.8 1.1 1.8

43.3 11.6 4.6 -0.6 4.3 -3.3 5.0 7.9 6.6 3.7 5.0 3.11.5 0.9 3.0 1.7 1.0 -0.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.51.9 1.5 2.1 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 : :3.1 3.1 2.0 1.9 -0.1 0.4 2.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.52.1 1.8 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5

: 2.1 1.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.3-2.5 -1.6 -1.0 -1.5 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.1

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Unit labour costs, whole economy ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus


Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


174

Table 29: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.1 -1.0 0.9 1.0 -0.7 -1.6 -1.7 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7

-0.2 -1.5 1.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1-1.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 2.7 3.3 2.4 -1.5 -1.0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5-2.9 1.6 -0.4 0.0 -4.1 -22.3 -0.2 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.31.0 0.0 0.4 -4.6 0.0 -0.3 0.8 0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 0.2

-0.7 -0.4 -0.1 -0.7 0.0 0.7 -0.9 -0.7 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.40.0 -0.4 1.0 0.3 0.3 -1.1 -0.1 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 -0.2

-1.0 0.3 0.9 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 0.1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.2 0.0-0.8 0.1 0.7 -4.3 -2.4 -0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -1.1 -0.2 -0.1-2.5 2.2 -1.9 3.4 3.3 6.2 4.0 3.0 1.5 1.4 0.0 1.0-1.1 0.7 -2.5 1.8 2.1 4.7 4.9 0.6 -0.5 0.0 -0.1 0.40.9 -1.4 1.1 -1.2 -2.5 1.4 2.0 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.6 -1.7

-1.1 -0.2 0.7 -0.8 -3.4 -2.2 -0.7 -0.9 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.3-0.1 -0.9 1.4 -0.2 -0.1 -2.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.0-0.8 -1.0 0.8 0.9 0.0 -0.7 1.0 -0.6 -0.3 -0.6 -0.2 -0.3-0.1 -1.3 -0.8 -0.5 -2.0 -2.0 0.7 0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.6-0.7 -0.7 1.3 -1.1 -2.0 -0.6 0.7 -1.3 -0.8 -0.7 -0.2 0.1-0.9 -1.1 1.2 -0.2 0.7 1.7 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.9-0.6 -0.2 1.8 -1.1 -0.6 -0.7 -1.3 -4.3 -2.4 -1.6 -2.0 -0.8-0.4 -0.7 0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -1.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.02.8 -2.3 2.6 8.2 4.1 0.1 0.1 3.9 2.7 1.4 1.6 0.80.2 -0.2 1.0 -0.9 -2.0 -2.0 2.0 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.20.4 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.10.7 -1.2 -0.3 -3.0 -2.4 -1.2 -2.7 0.0 -0.7 -0.8 0.2 -0.3

-0.7 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -1.9 -4.2 3.4 2.0 1.2 -0.4 1.1 -0.2-1.1 -2.9 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -1.3 1.7 0.0 0.6 1.3 -0.2 -0.22.4 -2.7 -2.2 -3.9 2.6 -5.7 2.8 5.8 3.2 0.4 3.4 0.20.0 -0.6 1.2 0.6 -0.7 -2.3 -0.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -0.4

-0.6 -0.9 0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 -0.11.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 -1.8 0.0 0.7 -0.7 -0.7 0.1 -0.4 -0.3

-0.2 -0.7 0.6 -0.2 -0.6 -1.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 -0.1: -0.6 -0.5 -0.9 0.1 0.9 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1

-1.5 -0.6 0.2 -1.2 -0.4 -2.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Real unit labour costs ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus


Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 30:5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :

15.6669 15.6466 : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :

0.5767 0.5802 : : : : : : : : : :0.5972 0.6797 0.7041 0.7015 : : : : : : : :3.8971 3.4528 3.4528 3.4528 3.4528 : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : :0.4154 0.4285 : : : : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :

206.1982 238.3482 : : : : : : : : : :42.4519 38.2238 : : : : : : : : : :

: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :

1.9549 1.9539 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.955834.6809 29.9252 25.2808 25.9797 27.5359 27.2792 27.0343 26.3705 25.8237 25.8237 26.7858 26.70187.4542 7.4464 7.4488 7.4579 7.4548 7.4587 7.4452 7.4388 7.4433 7.4433 7.4369 7.43747.4493 7.4257 7.3627 7.5786 7.6344 7.6137 7.5333 7.4573 7.5065 7.5065 7.4440 7.4362

250.5868 253.7888 275.1883 296.8730 308.7061 309.9956 311.4379 308.7887 309.6650 309.6650 311.3709 312.18603.9363 4.1258 4.0279 4.1975 4.1843 4.1841 4.3632 4.2668 4.2714 4.2714 4.2609 4.24102.0705 3.6576 4.1666 4.4190 4.4437 4.4454 4.4904 4.5595 4.5819 4.5819 4.5214 4.52108.9170 9.2071 9.5011 8.6515 9.0985 9.3535 9.4689 9.5780 9.5612 9.5612 9.5710 9.5930

: : : : : : : : :0.6391 0.6841 0.8448 0.8493 0.8061 0.7258 0.8195 0.8779 0.8934 0.8934 0.8505 0.8471

: : : : : : : : :0.9903 1.2490 1.3736 1.3281 1.3285 1.1095 1.1069 1.1295 1.1780 1.1780 1.0648 1.0647

118.7904 141.9066 122.4959 129.6627 140.3061 134.3140 120.1967 126.5368 132.4070 132.4070 117.8240 116.7300

Autumn 2017

Greece

Finland

Belgium

Austria

France

Cyprus

Slovenia

USA

EU27

Italy

Poland

SwedenRomania

Denmark

Hungary

forecast

Japan

Portugal

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

averages

Spain

Germany

Nominal bilateral exchange rates against Ecu/euro (1998-2019)

Malta

23.10.2017

EU28

forecast

Latvia

Croatia

Estonia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Spring 2017

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Euro area

Statistical Annex

175

Table 31: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.1 1.4 -0.2 2.4 0.6 -3.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.10.0 1.8 -0.6 3.2 1.0 -3.9 1.4 1.8 1.4 0.0 -0.2 -0.10.1 1.1 -0.3 1.5 1.5 -0.8 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0

-1.9 2.5 -0.4 3.1 0.0 -6.2 2.0 2.1 1.7 0.0 -0.4 -0.1-0.1 1.3 0.1 3.1 2.1 -2.1 2.1 3.4 1.5 0.0 1.7 -0.10.0 1.3 -0.1 2.3 0.7 -3.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 0.0 0.1 -0.1

-0.1 1.7 -0.5 3.1 0.8 -3.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.10.2 1.7 -0.4 2.9 1.1 -3.7 1.2 1.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 -0.10.9 1.2 0.0 2.8 0.3 -4.0 2.1 2.2 1.3 0.0 0.2 -0.12.2 -2.9 0.1 1.1 0.9 -1.2 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.2 -0.16.2 1.3 0.0 1.8 0.9 -1.9 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.1 -0.1

-0.1 0.8 0.0 1.8 0.6 -2.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 -0.10.3 1.7 -0.8 2.6 0.7 -2.6 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1

-0.1 1.1 -0.1 2.0 0.5 -2.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.0 0.1 -0.10.2 1.0 -0.3 2.0 0.8 -2.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.0 -0.2 -0.1

-0.5 1.1 -0.1 1.7 0.4 -2.6 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 -0.1-3.9 -0.6 0.1 1.4 0.8 -1.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.1-2.2 5.3 2.5 1.2 0.7 -1.3 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 -0.1-0.3 1.7 -0.6 3.1 1.6 -2.9 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.1-0.1 3.5 -0.8 5.9 2.1 -6.8 2.3 3.5 2.7 0.0 -0.1 -0.23.6 1.2 0.5 2.2 1.7 -1.5 1.4 2.4 1.1 0.0 1.2 -0.13.5 2.7 2.0 -1.8 -5.2 -0.8 2.1 3.5 2.8 0.0 1.0 0.2

-0.2 1.4 -0.5 2.6 1.4 -2.8 1.6 1.6 1.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1-0.7 1.0 -0.6 1.0 0.2 -1.5 1.9 2.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0-2.3 0.0 -2.7 -1.1 -3.1 -2.0 0.5 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.2 -0.3-0.6 1.0 -2.1 1.4 1.1 -1.7 -3.0 3.6 0.5 0.0 2.8 0.4

-22.3 -0.3 -5.4 2.8 0.6 -1.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 -0.1-1.4 1.6 0.7 3.6 -3.8 -5.2 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.0 -1.5 -0.3

: : : : : : : : : : : :1.7 0.3 -4.3 -1.7 6.7 6.6 -11.1 -5.7 -0.2 0.0 -4.6 0.30.7 5.3 -3.2 8.0 4.6 -7.3 -1.3 3.5 3.9 0.0 -1.2 -0.13.1 -4.7 -0.5 2.8 3.6 17.2 3.0 -0.3 -2.3 0.0 2.8 -0.41.5 -2.6 8.4 -18.4 -6.7 -3.3 13.2 -3.7 -2.1 0.0 0.1 0.9

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Nominal effective exchange rates to rest of a group ¹ of industrialised countries (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 32: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.3 -0.4 0.6 0.8 -1.1 -1.2 -1.5 -0.6 -0.6 : -0.3 -0.8-2.2 -2.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 : 0.3 0.12.0 5.6 1.1 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.3 1.5 0.8 : 1.9 1.00.7 2.2 -3.7 -0.1 -5.4 -17.3 -1.5 -0.4 -0.7 : 0.1 -0.70.2 0.8 -0.7 -8.2 -3.8 -2.9 -3.4 -1.3 -1.8 : -1.7 -1.00.1 1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.3 0.6 -2.3 -1.3 -0.9 : -1.1 -0.6

-1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -1.1 -0.1 -0.4 : -0.6 -0.6-1.3 0.9 0.3 -0.5 -1.2 -0.2 -0.8 -1.4 -0.6 : -1.1 -0.4-2.2 1.8 0.6 -4.9 -4.5 -2.1 -2.1 -0.3 -1.0 : -0.9 -0.9-1.5 11.2 -2.2 3.6 3.6 5.0 2.1 3.6 2.9 : 1.3 1.8-3.3 3.0 -1.6 1.5 1.6 3.8 3.8 2.4 1.3 : 1.0 1.00.6 0.6 2.1 -0.8 -2.0 2.1 -0.7 1.2 0.3 : 0.2 -1.0

-0.6 0.7 1.7 0.0 -2.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 0.0 : -0.1 -0.10.8 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 -1.0 -2.2 -1.2 -0.7 0.2 : 0.8 0.7

-2.1 -0.4 0.3 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.5 -0.3 -0.6 : -0.5 -0.61.6 -0.2 -1.9 0.9 -2.1 -0.8 1.1 0.8 -0.7 : -0.4 -0.73.8 1.1 0.6 -0.6 -2.3 -0.4 0.0 -1.2 -1.0 : -0.4 0.12.5 1.0 -0.1 -1.0 -0.7 0.9 -0.5 0.3 0.1 : 0.6 0.6

-1.0 -0.8 1.8 0.1 -0.2 0.4 -1.9 -5.2 -2.3 : -3.1 -1.3-2.3 -1.0 0.0 0.2 -1.0 -0.9 -1.6 -0.9 -0.6 : -0.5 -0.56.7 1.5 4.1 6.6 2.8 1.3 -0.5 2.2 2.3 : 0.2 0.12.3 0.4 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -1.7 1.5 1.9 1.8 : 0.4 0.20.6 0.8 -0.2 -0.8 -0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 : 0.2 0.22.8 0.8 -0.2 -3.4 -3.6 -2.1 -4.6 -0.4 -0.5 : -0.2 -0.46.8 2.9 0.1 -0.4 0.1 -3.2 2.5 3.0 1.9 : 2.1 1.32.2 -1.8 0.5 -1.2 -0.6 -1.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 : -0.7 0.0

38.2 9.5 2.0 -2.0 2.9 -4.4 2.8 6.0 4.6 : 3.0 1.1-0.9 -0.9 0.6 0.2 -0.2 -1.1 -0.1 0.3 -0.1 : 0.0 -0.1

: : : : : : : : : : : :0.9 1.5 0.2 0.8 -1.1 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.1 : -0.3 0.0

-2.0 -0.4 0.2 0.2 -1.8 -1.9 -1.4 -0.4 -0.3 : -0.8 -0.6-0.5 0.4 -1.0 -0.3 0.5 0.8 -0.1 0.2 1.1 : 1.0 0.7-4.7 -3.6 -2.8 -2.7 0.1 -1.2 -1.3 -1.4 -1.9 : -1.9 -1.7

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Relative unit labour costs, to rest of a group¹ of industrialised countries (nat. curr) (percentage change over preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus


Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


176

Table 33: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.5 0.9 0.3 3.2 -0.5 -4.2 -0.3 0.9 0.5 : -0.3 -0.8-2.3 -0.7 -0.4 4.1 1.7 -2.6 1.4 2.1 1.4 : 0.2 -0.12.1 6.8 0.8 3.9 4.2 2.4 3.5 2.6 1.4 : 2.2 1.0

-1.2 4.7 -4.1 3.0 -5.3 -22.4 0.5 1.7 1.0 : -0.3 -0.80.1 2.2 -0.6 -5.4 -1.8 -5.0 -1.3 2.1 -0.4 : 0.0 -1.10.1 3.0 -1.7 0.6 -0.6 -2.3 -0.8 0.4 0.2 : -0.9 -0.7

-1.1 1.6 -0.3 3.1 0.7 -4.5 -0.1 1.6 0.9 : -0.8 -0.7-1.2 2.7 -0.1 2.3 -0.1 -3.9 0.4 0.4 0.8 : -1.2 -0.6-1.3 2.9 0.7 -2.3 -4.2 -6.1 0.0 1.9 0.4 : -0.6 -1.00.7 8.0 -2.1 4.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 4.7 3.6 : 1.5 1.72.7 4.3 -1.6 3.3 2.6 1.8 5.2 3.6 2.1 : 1.1 0.90.5 1.4 2.1 1.0 -1.4 0.0 0.3 2.4 1.1 : 0.3 -1.1

-0.3 2.5 0.9 2.7 -1.4 -3.0 0.5 1.3 1.0 : 0.0 -0.20.7 0.7 0.2 1.9 -0.5 -4.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 : 0.9 0.6

-1.9 0.6 0.0 3.3 1.7 -1.7 1.4 0.7 0.3 : -0.7 -0.71.0 0.9 -2.1 2.6 -1.7 -3.4 2.3 2.0 0.2 : -0.4 -0.7

-0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 -1.5 -1.8 0.8 -0.4 -0.4 : -0.4 0.10.3 6.4 2.4 0.2 0.0 -0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 : 0.7 0.6

-1.3 0.8 1.2 3.2 1.4 -2.5 -0.9 -3.7 -1.1 : -3.3 -1.3-2.5 2.5 -0.8 6.1 1.1 -7.6 0.7 2.6 2.0 : -0.6 -0.710.5 2.7 4.6 9.0 4.6 -0.3 0.9 4.7 3.4 : 1.4 0.0

6.0 3.1 1.8 -2.6 -5.9 -2.5 3.7 5.5 4.7 : 1.5 0.40.4 2.2 -0.8 1.8 1.1 -2.4 1.6 1.9 1.2 : 0.1 0.12.0 1.8 -0.8 -2.5 -3.3 -3.6 -2.8 1.9 -0.4 : 1.3 -0.44.3 2.9 -2.6 -1.5 -3.0 -5.1 3.1 5.0 2.3 : 2.3 0.91.6 -0.8 -1.6 0.2 0.5 -3.2 -2.8 4.1 1.3 : 2.1 0.47.4 9.1 -3.6 0.8 3.5 -6.0 3.1 6.2 5.0 : 3.0 1.1

-2.3 0.7 1.3 3.8 -4.0 -6.3 0.1 0.4 1.2 : -1.5 -0.4: : : : : : : : : : : :

2.6 1.8 -4.2 -0.9 5.5 6.7 -9.7 -5.3 -0.2 : -4.9 0.4-1.3 5.0 -3.1 8.3 2.8 -9.0 -2.7 3.1 3.5 : -2.0 -0.82.6 -4.3 -1.5 2.5 4.2 18.2 2.8 0.0 -1.2 : 3.8 0.3

-3.3 -6.1 5.4 -20.6 -6.6 -4.5 11.8 -5.1 -4.0 : -1.8 -0.8

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Real effective exchange rate : ulc relative to rest of a group ¹ of industrialised countries (USD) (% change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus


Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 34: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201849.7 49.6 53.6 55.8 55.2 53.8 53.2 52.4 51.8 51.4 52.7 52.146.9 45.6 45.5 44.7 44.3 43.9 44.2 44.2 44.0 43.9 44.6 44.737.5 34.2 40.6 38.5 38.4 40.2 40.6 40.3 40.7 40.3 41.1 42.033.0 33.8 48.4 40.2 37.5 28.8 27.1 26.4 26.0 25.9 27.4 26.845.9 46.4 53.4 62.2 50.2 53.8 49.7 50.4 47.4 46.4 49.6 47.339.4 38.5 45.3 45.6 44.8 43.8 42.2 41.1 40.4 39.9 41.5 40.951.8 52.6 55.8 57.0 57.1 56.7 56.4 56.0 55.9 55.7 56.0 55.947.1 47.1 49.8 51.1 50.9 50.2 49.4 49.1 48.5 48.1 49.5 49.234.8 38.7 41.1 41.6 48.2 40.2 38.3 38.5 38.2 37.9 37.9 37.537.2 34.5 41.2 : 37.7 38.3 38.5 37.4 38.3 37.8 37.3 37.3 37.538.7 34.3 40.8 : 35.5 34.6 34.9 34.2 34.4 34.0 34.1 34.3 34.039.7 41.7 43.1 43.3 41.8 41.5 42.1 42.8 42.6 42.4 40.9 40.241.3 42.6 41.9 42.0 41.3 41.2 38.0 38.1 37.6 37.3 37.9 37.343.3 43.2 46.8 46.3 46.2 44.9 43.4 43.2 43.3 42.9 43.9 43.451.5 51.2 51.8 51.6 52.3 51.0 50.7 49.8 49.2 48.7 50.7 50.443.1 45.6 49.2 49.9 51.8 48.2 45.0 44.8 44.6 44.4 45.0 44.646.0 44.5 48.0 59.5 49.6 47.7 45.1 43.6 42.5 41.8 44.8 44.047.0 38.5 40.9 41.4 42.0 45.2 41.5 40.6 39.2 38.7 41.6 41.349.4 48.6 53.7 57.5 58.1 56.9 55.8 53.9 52.3 51.0 55.5 54.646.9 46.4 49.3 49.8 49.2 48.3 47.6 47.2 46.8 46.5 47.6 47.339.1 37.1 36.2 37.6 42.1 40.7 35.0 36.2 36.4 36.1 36.8 36.942.5 43.2 43.2 42.6 42.2 41.7 39.4 39.2 39.5 39.5 40.2 40.553.7 51.5 55.6 55.8 55.3 54.8 53.5 53.0 52.4 51.9 53.3 52.3

46.0 47.1 47.7 48.0 47.6 47.2 46.3 45.8 45.2 48.6 48.448.9 49.7 49.2 49.3 49.5 50.2 46.7 47.5 47.2 46.6 47.9 47.844.2 44.3 44.4 42.6 42.3 41.6 41.2 41.3 41.6 41.9 42.0 42.136.8 34.6 39.1 35.4 34.9 35.7 34.0 33.8 35.5 36.2 34.1 35.254.7 51.8 51.1 52.0 51.1 49.6 49.5 48.8 48.2 47.9 50.0 49.447.1 46.5 49.1 49.4 48.9 48.0 47.2 46.8 46.5 46.2 47.3 47.036.1 40.4 46.4 44.2 43.2 42.4 41.5 41.0 40.3 39.9 41.8 41.3

45.5 48.7 48.6 48.0 47.0 46.3 46.0 45.5 45.2 46.4 46.134.7 36.5 41.4 38.7 38.0 37.6 37.9 38.1 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.937.7 35.5 39.6 40.8 40.2 39.4 39.5 39.7 39.4 38.8 39.5 39.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Total expenditure, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

177

Table 35: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201849.4 48.7 49.9 52.7 52.1 51.3 50.7 50.9 50.3 50.0 50.8 50.244.8 43.0 43.8 44.5 44.6 44.5 45.0 45.1 45.0 45.0 45.1 45.036.8 36.4 39.9 38.3 39.1 40.3 40.3 40.1 40.2 39.8 40.8 41.535.0 35.1 33.7 34.1 33.9 26.9 26.4 26.0 25.9 25.7 26.9 26.640.4 39.3 42.2 49.0 46.6 48.1 50.2 49.2 48.3 47.2 48.4 47.938.2 39.5 36.3 38.6 38.9 38.5 37.7 37.9 38.0 38.2 38.3 38.349.8 49.5 50.4 52.9 53.1 53.1 53.0 53.1 53.0 52.7 53.0 52.744.6 43.9 46.0 48.1 47.9 47.7 46.9 47.0 46.7 46.1 47.2 46.931.6 36.8 37.0 36.4 39.5 39.0 38.8 39.6 39.6 39.7 38.1 38.135.1 33.7 35.6 : 36.8 37.1 37.3 37.4 37.4 36.8 36.3 36.5 35.835.8 33.4 34.5 : 32.9 34.0 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.843.9 42.7 43.6 44.3 43.1 42.8 43.8 43.3 43.0 42.9 41.1 40.434.7 38.5 38.8 39.5 39.6 40.1 39.2 39.0 38.1 37.8 38.3 38.143.0 42.3 43.1 43.9 43.9 42.8 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.8 44.4 44.249.6 48.6 48.6 49.7 49.6 49.9 49.1 48.8 48.3 48.0 49.4 49.439.4 40.7 41.6 45.1 44.6 43.8 43.0 43.4 43.2 43.2 43.2 42.742.9 43.1 43.3 44.8 44.3 44.9 43.3 42.8 42.5 42.2 43.4 42.939.2 35.8 35.7 38.7 39.3 42.5 39.3 38.9 38.2 38.5 40.3 40.853.3 51.9 52.8 54.9 54.9 54.2 54.0 52.5 51.1 50.3 53.3 52.945.1 44.3 44.8 46.7 46.7 46.2 46.1 46.1 45.9 45.7 46.2 46.039.2 38.2 34.6 37.2 36.6 39.1 34.9 36.2 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.637.9 40.2 39.5 41.4 40.3 41.1 40.1 40.4 40.4 40.1 40.5 40.654.4 54.8 54.0 54.6 56.4 53.1 52.9 52.0 51.5 51.0 52.0 51.4

42.1 41.4 42.4 42.9 44.3 46.3 45.4 44.9 44.6 47.5 47.443.2 42.5 45.1 46.6 46.8 48.2 44.8 45.5 44.6 44.3 45.6 45.340.4 40.2 39.0 38.5 38.7 38.9 38.7 39.5 39.9 40.0 39.1 39.333.2 32.9 32.9 33.3 33.5 34.9 31.0 30.8 31.7 32.0 30.6 31.555.6 53.1 51.1 50.6 49.6 49.8 50.6 49.7 48.9 48.5 50.4 50.145.4 44.5 44.8 46.5 46.4 46.0 45.8 45.8 45.5 45.3 45.9 45.736.1 37.5 38.3 38.8 37.7 38.1 38.6 38.9 38.4 38.4 38.8 39.0

43.3 43.8 45.3 45.0 44.6 44.7 44.7 44.5 44.3 44.8 44.733.5 32.1 31.2 33.4 33.2 33.4 33.0 33.1 33.0 33.0 33.1 32.730.2 30.8 31.5 33.1 34.8 35.9 35.5 35.4 35.5 35.7 35.3 35.4

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Total revenue, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 36: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.3 -0.9 -3.8 -3.1 -3.1 -2.5 -2.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5 -1.9 -2.0-2.1 -2.6 -1.7 -0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.3-0.7 2.2 -0.8 -0.2 0.7 0.1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.52.0 1.3 -14.7 -6.1 -3.6 -1.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.3

-5.5 -7.1 -11.1 -13.2 -3.6 -5.7 0.5 -1.2 0.9 0.8 -1.2 0.6-1.3 1.0 -9.0 -7.0 -6.0 -5.3 -4.5 -3.1 -2.4 -1.7 -3.2 -2.6-2.0 -3.1 -5.4 -4.1 -3.9 -3.6 -3.4 -2.9 -2.9 -3.0 -3.0 -3.2-2.5 -3.3 -3.8 -2.9 -3.0 -2.6 -2.5 -2.1 -1.8 -2.0 -2.2 -2.3-3.2 -1.9 -4.1 -5.1 -8.8 -1.2 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.2 0.7-2.1 -0.7 -5.5 : -1.0 -1.2 -1.2 0.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -0.8 -1.8-2.9 -0.8 -6.2 : -2.6 -0.6 -0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.24.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3

-6.6 -4.1 -3.1 -2.4 -1.8 -1.1 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8-0.2 -0.9 -3.7 -2.4 -2.3 -2.1 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.8-1.9 -2.6 -3.2 -2.0 -2.7 -1.0 -1.6 -1.0 -0.9 -0.6 -1.3 -1.0-3.8 -4.8 -7.6 -4.8 -7.2 -4.4 -2.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.8 -1.9-3.0 -1.4 -4.7 -14.7 -5.3 -2.9 -1.9 -0.8 0.0 0.4 -1.4 -1.2-7.8 -2.7 -5.3 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.2 -1.6 -1.0 -0.2 -1.3 -0.63.8 3.3 -0.8 -2.6 -3.2 -2.7 -1.7 -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -2.2 -1.8

-1.8 -2.2 -4.5 -3.0 -2.6 -2.1 -1.5 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.4 -1.30.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.4 -5.5 -1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.4 -0.3

-4.5 -3.0 -3.7 -1.2 -1.9 -0.6 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.10.7 3.4 -1.6 -1.2 1.1 -1.8 -0.6 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.3 -0.9

-3.9 -5.7 -5.3 -5.1 -3.3 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7 -1.1 -0.9-5.7 -7.1 -4.1 -2.6 -2.7 -2.0 -1.9 -2.1 -2.6 -2.3 -2.3 -2.4-3.8 -4.1 -5.3 -4.1 -3.6 -2.6 -2.5 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9 -2.9 -2.9-3.5 -1.7 -6.2 -2.1 -1.4 -0.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.9 -4.1 -3.5 -3.71.0 1.3 0.0 -1.4 -1.6 0.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7

-1.8 -2.0 -4.3 -2.9 -2.5 -2.0 -1.4 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.4 -1.30.0 -3.0 -8.1 -5.4 -5.5 -4.3 -2.9 -2.1 -1.9 -1.5 -3.0 -2.3

-2.2 -4.9 -3.3 -3.0 -2.4 -1.7 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -1.6 -1.5-1.1 -4.4 -10.2 -5.4 -4.8 -4.2 -5.0 -5.0 -4.9 -5.1 -4.7 -5.2-7.5 -4.7 -8.1 -7.6 -5.4 -3.5 -4.1 -4.3 -3.8 -3.1 -4.2 -3.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-), general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


178

Table 37: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.7 4.5 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.43.1 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.10.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.12.1 1.1 2.7 4.3 3.9 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.06.8 4.7 5.6 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.33.2 1.8 2.1 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.52.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.86.4 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.83.0 3.0 2.5 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.40.8 0.5 1.5 : 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.01.4 0.9 1.5 : 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.20.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.33.7 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.93.4 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.93.5 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.93.0 2.7 3.6 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 4.2 4.12.3 1.5 1.6 2.6 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.8 3.0 2.83.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.32.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.03.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.03.6 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.81.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.83.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

1.9 2.5 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 3.0 2.85.5 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.73.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.63.8 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.63.4 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.63.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.92.4 1.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.03.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.12.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Interest expenditure, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 38: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.4 3.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.51.0 0.2 0.8 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.4

-0.4 2.4 -0.6 -0.1 0.8 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.44.0 2.3 -12.0 -1.8 0.3 0.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.81.3 -2.4 -5.5 -9.1 0.4 -2.1 3.7 2.0 3.9 3.7 2.0 3.92.0 2.8 -6.9 -3.5 -2.5 -2.2 -1.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 -0.6 -0.11.0 -0.4 -2.9 -1.9 -1.8 -1.6 -1.5 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.43.9 1.4 0.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.5

-0.3 1.1 -1.6 -1.8 -5.9 1.7 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.9 2.6 3.0-1.4 -0.2 -4.1 : 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.8-1.5 0.0 -4.7 : -0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.04.6 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6

-2.9 -0.5 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.3 3.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.73.2 1.2 -1.8 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.71.6 0.5 -0.3 0.7 -0.2 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9

-0.8 -2.1 -3.9 0.0 -2.3 0.2 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2-0.8 0.1 -3.1 -12.1 -2.1 0.3 1.1 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.6-4.3 -0.9 -3.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.5 -0.3 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.86.6 4.9 0.5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 -1.1 -0.82.0 0.8 -1.6 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.73.7 2.7 -0.8 0.4 -4.6 -0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.5

-3.6 -2.0 -2.4 0.1 -0.6 0.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.94.5 5.5 0.2 0.4 2.5 -0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.3 0.0

-2.0 -3.1 -2.1 -1.7 0.2 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8-0.2 -3.1 0.2 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2-0.6 -1.6 -2.9 -1.6 -1.6 -0.9 -0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -1.3 -1.20.2 -0.5 -4.8 -0.4 0.3 0.9 -1.5 -1.6 -2.3 -2.5 -2.0 -2.04.4 3.1 1.2 -0.6 -0.9 0.6 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.32.0 0.8 -1.5 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.62.4 -1.0 -5.5 -2.6 -2.8 -1.9 -0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 -0.5 0.12.1 0.5 -2.1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.1 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.52.8 -1.0 -6.5 -1.7 -1.3 -0.8 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.3 -1.0 -1.1

-4.6 -2.8 -6.1 -5.7 -3.5 -1.7 -2.2 -2.5 -2.1 -1.4 -2.2 -1.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Primary balance, general government ¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

¹ Net lending/borrowing excluding interest expenditure.

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

179

Table 39: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.6 -1.4 -3.7 -2.4 -2.6 -2.1 -2.2 -1.4 -1.5 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9-2.5 -2.2 -1.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.3-0.1 -1.1 0.1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -1.1 -1.4 -1.5 -0.3 -0.70.6 0.0 -13.2 -4.2 -4.1 -2.9 -1.7 -1.3 -0.5 0.3 -1.1 -0.3

-6.3 -8.9 -8.9 -5.9 2.5 -0.3 5.3 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.1-2.4 -0.4 -6.8 -2.2 -1.9 -2.8 -3.3 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.3 -3.4-2.7 -4.2 -5.0 -3.2 -3.0 -2.7 -2.7 -2.4 -2.8 -3.0 -2.4 -2.8-3.1 -3.9 -2.8 -0.5 -0.8 -0.9 -1.5 -1.8 -2.0 -2.4 -1.8 -2.3-3.5 -3.5 -4.3 -1.1 -5.2 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4-2.0 -2.8 -3.3 -0.9 -1.3 -1.6 -0.5 -1.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -2.4-2.1 -2.4 -4.5 -2.3 -0.9 -0.5 -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.93.0 0.6 1.9 2.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1

-6.8 -4.4 -2.7 -1.6 -2.5 -2.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.7-0.9 -0.4 -2.8 -0.2 -0.5 -0.9 1.1 0.6 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.5-2.3 -2.6 -3.0 -1.5 -2.2 -0.6 -1.1 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 -1.1 -0.9-4.8 -4.6 -7.0 -2.7 -5.5 -3.5 -1.5 -1.7 -2.0 -1.9 -2.0 -2.4-3.0 -2.8 -4.1 -11.8 -3.4 -1.6 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.4-7.2 -3.2 -5.4 -1.7 -1.9 -2.3 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 -0.93.0 2.8 -0.2 -1.2 -1.4 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.5

-2.4 -2.6 -3.7 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.30.5 0.7 -1.6 0.0 -4.9 -1.2 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3

-4.1 -4.2 -3.6 0.1 -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 -0.2-0.4 1.6 -0.5 0.5 2.3 -0.7 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1

-5.1 -5.5 -3.3 -2.9 -1.8 -0.2 -1.1 -1.9 -2.0 -1.6 -2.1-5.4 -8.3 -2.9 -1.2 -2.4 -2.1 -2.1 -2.8 -3.6 -3.5 -3.0 -3.7-3.5 -3.4 -6.2 -3.4 -3.0 -2.4 -2.2 -2.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.1 -3.1-2.4 -3.3 -5.7 -0.9 -0.4 -0.1 -2.6 -3.3 -4.3 -4.6 -3.8 -3.90.9 0.7 1.0 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.8

-2.3 -2.5 -3.6 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.3-0.6 -3.8 -6.3 -4.1 -5.1 -4.4 -3.3 -2.5 -2.2 -1.6 -3.4 -2.6

EU28 -2.8 -4.0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Cyprus

¹ Cyclically-adjusted variables for Croatia are based on provisional values for fiscal semi-elasticities and subject to further revisions

United KingdomEU27

Croatia

Austria

Sweden

Cyclically-adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-), general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)

Hungary

Portugal

forecastforecast

Luxembourg

Estonia

Bulgaria

Ireland


Euro area

Lithuania

Belgium

averages

Spain

Germany

Romania

Denmark

Netherlands

Greece

Finland

Latvia

France

Table 40: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.1 3.1 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.50.6 0.6 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.30.3 -0.9 0.3 -0.6 -0.1 -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -0.2 -0.72.7 1.1 -10.5 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 1.1 1.70.5 -4.2 -3.2 -1.9 6.4 3.2 8.5 5.7 6.3 5.0 5.7 6.40.8 1.4 -4.7 1.2 1.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -1.00.3 -1.5 -2.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 -1.0 -1.3 -0.6 -1.03.3 0.8 1.9 4.3 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.5

-0.5 -0.5 -1.8 2.2 -2.4 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0-1.2 -2.2 -1.9 0.6 0.1 -0.3 0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.9 -0.4 -1.4-0.6 -1.5 -3.0 -0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.33.4 0.8 2.3 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4

-3.2 -0.7 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.4 2.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.62.4 1.8 -0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4 2.2 1.6 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.41.2 0.5 -0.1 1.1 0.2 1.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0

-1.8 -1.9 -3.3 2.2 -0.6 1.0 2.7 2.3 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.7-0.7 -1.2 -2.5 -9.2 -0.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.4-3.7 -1.3 -3.9 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.45.7 4.4 1.2 0.0 -0.2 0.4 0.7 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.51.4 0.3 -0.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.64.0 2.3 -0.8 0.7 -4.0 -0.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5

-3.1 -3.2 -2.3 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.63.4 3.7 1.3 2.1 3.8 0.9 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.8

-3.3 -2.9 -0.1 0.6 1.7 3.0 1.7 0.8 0.5 1.4 0.70.1 -4.2 1.4 3.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.2 -1.0

-0.3 -0.8 -3.7 -0.9 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -1.0 -1.5 -1.51.4 -2.1 -4.3 0.8 1.3 1.6 -1.1 -1.8 -2.7 -2.9 -2.2 -2.34.3 2.5 2.1 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.41.5 0.3 -0.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.51.8 -1.9 -3.7 -1.3 -2.5 -2.1 -0.8 0.2 0.3 0.9 -0.9 -0.1

EU28 1.5 -0.1 -1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Cyprus


United KingdomEU27

Croatia

Austria

Sweden

Cyclically-adjusted primary balance, general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)

Hungary

Portugal

forecastforecast

Luxembourg

Estonia

Bulgaria

Ireland


Euro area

Lithuania

Belgium

averages

Spain

Germany

Romania

Denmark

Netherlands

Greece

Finland

Latvia

France


180

Table 41: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018: -3.0 -2.9 -2.2 -2.1 -1.5 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -2.0: 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.3: -0.6 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 -1.1 -1.4 -1.5 -0.3 -0.7: -4.6 -4.0 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -0.5 0.3 -1.1 -0.3: 2.6 2.5 2.1 5.3 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.1: -1.8 -1.6 -2.5 -3.3 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.4 -3.4: -3.4 -3.0 -2.7 -2.6 -2.4 -2.7 -3.0 -2.3 -2.8

-3.9 : -3.1 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -1.7 -2.1 -2.0 -2.4 -2.0 -2.2: -0.8 3.3 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4: -0.9 -1.0 -1.6 -0.6 -1.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -2.4: -1.9 -1.3 -0.6 -0.2 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1: 2.8 2.0 1.7 2.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1: -1.8 -3.0 -2.1 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7: -0.8 -0.4 -0.9 0.9 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 0.4: -1.7 -0.8 -0.3 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 -1.1 -0.9: -6.3 -3.0 -1.7 -2.3 -2.0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.9 -2.2 -2.4: -1.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.4 -1.8 -2.3: -1.7 -2.2 -2.3 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 -0.9: -1.2 -1.5 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4: -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3: 0.0 -1.6 -1.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3: 0.2 -0.6 -0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 -0.2: -1.0 -0.8 -2.1 0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1: -3.1 -3.1 -1.8 -0.3 -0.9 -1.9 -2.0 -1.7 -2.1: -1.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -3.2 -3.6 -3.5 -3.4 -3.7: -3.4 -2.8 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.2 -3.1: -0.9 -0.4 -0.3 -2.2 -3.3 -4.3 -4.6 -3.9 -4.0: 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.8: -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3: -4.2 -5.0 -4.4 -3.3 -2.5 -2.2 -1.6 -3.4 -2.6

EU28 : -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.3 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Cyprus


United KingdomEU27

Croatia

Austria

Sweden

Structural budget balance, general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)

Hungary

Portugal

forecastforecast

Luxembourg

Estonia

Bulgaria

Ireland


Euro area

Lithuania

Belgium

averages

Spain

Germany

Romania

Denmark

Netherlands

Greece

Finland

Latvia

France

Table 42: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018110.7 94.1 99.7 105.5 106.8 106.0 105.7 103.8 102.5 101.2 105.6 105.159.1 65.0 75.4 77.4 74.6 70.9 68.1 64.8 61.2 57.9 65.8 63.3

5.6 4.7 6.8 10.2 10.7 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.639.6 26.3 84.0 119.4 104.5 76.9 72.8 69.9 69.1 67.2 73.5 72.7

102.6 103.7 142.8 177.4 179.0 176.8 180.8 179.6 177.8 170.1 178.8 174.657.4 41.9 61.5 95.5 100.4 99.4 99.0 98.4 96.9 95.5 99.2 98.559.6 65.1 80.7 92.4 95.0 95.8 96.5 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.4 96.7

106.4 101.0 114.0 129.0 131.8 131.5 132.0 132.1 130.8 130.0 133.1 132.556.1 60.4 60.1 102.6 107.5 107.5 107.1 103.0 98.3 93.9 103.4 99.812.0 11.4 36.9 39.0 40.9 36.9 40.6 39.1 35.6 35.8 38.5 36.021.6 18.0 31.1 38.8 40.5 42.6 40.1 41.5 37.9 38.9 42.4 38.9

6.9 7.4 18.2 23.7 22.7 22.0 20.8 23.7 23.0 22.9 22.0 22.360.6 67.6 67.1 68.4 63.8 60.3 57.6 54.9 51.6 48.8 55.8 52.554.1 47.2 59.7 67.8 68.0 64.6 61.8 57.7 54.9 51.5 59.8 57.265.6 66.1 78.8 81.0 83.8 84.3 83.6 78.6 76.2 73.4 82.8 81.252.6 65.1 97.8 129.0 130.6 128.8 130.1 126.4 124.1 121.1 128.5 126.225.1 25.7 39.0 70.4 80.3 82.6 78.5 76.4 74.1 72.0 77.8 75.544.3 35.5 40.4 54.7 53.5 52.3 51.8 50.6 49.9 47.2 51.5 49.842.9 39.5 44.8 56.5 60.2 63.6 63.1 62.7 62.1 61.6 65.5 66.268.9 67.6 81.8 93.7 94.2 92.1 91.1 89.3 87.2 85.2 90.3 89.066.6 28.8 14.8 17.0 27.0 26.0 29.0 25.7 24.3 22.8 26.8 26.019.0 28.0 36.7 44.9 42.2 40.0 36.8 34.6 33.3 32.5 36.2 35.6

37.3 41.4 44.0 44.0 39.5 37.7 36.1 35.5 34.6 36.7 36.039.3 56.5 81.7 85.8 85.4 82.9 80.3 77.4 74.5 81.9 79.4

56.1 60.8 77.1 76.0 75.2 74.7 73.9 72.6 71.5 69.4 72.6 71.238.6 45.8 51.3 55.7 50.2 51.1 54.1 53.2 53.0 53.0 54.6 55.422.2 16.1 27.5 37.8 39.4 37.9 37.6 37.9 39.1 40.5 39.3 40.956.3 46.2 38.8 40.8 45.5 44.2 42.2 39.0 36.6 34.4 39.1 37.065.9 64.6 76.7 87.3 87.8 85.9 84.8 83.0 81.0 79.1 84.0 82.837.4 39.4 71.1 85.6 87.4 88.2 88.3 86.6 85.3 84.2 88.6 87.9

EU28 60.0 75.7 87.3 88.2 86.1 84.8 83.5 81.6 79.8 84.8 83.6

Italy

Poland

Slovenia

Malta

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Cyprus

United KingdomEU27

Croatia

Austria

Sweden

Gross debt, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Hungary

Portugal

forecastforecast

Luxembourg

Estonia

Bulgaria

Ireland


Euro area

Lithuania

Belgium

averages

Spain

Germany

Romania

Denmark

Netherlands

Greece

Finland

Latvia

France

Statistical Annex

181

Table 43: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201827.1 27.3 25.0 23.3 23.1 23.1 24.0 23.2 23.5 23.9 23.9 24.522.1 24.3 25.9 26.2 27.2 27.8 27.7 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.3 27.122.5 24.0 24.5 27.4 26.9 25.8 24.6 26.8 26.9 27.1 24.2 23.624.1 24.9 16.0 21.6 24.9 32.1 36.0 35.1 35.3 35.5 35.3 36.117.0 14.2 6.7 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.6 12.3 14.2 10.7 12.022.6 22.7 19.7 20.2 20.4 21.4 22.4 22.6 23.1 23.6 22.3 22.623.4 22.4 20.7 19.5 19.7 20.5 20.4 20.9 21.4 21.8 20.6 20.920.8 20.5 17.7 17.9 18.9 18.8 19.6 19.7 20.2 20.2 19.5 19.818.7 7.1 13.3 8.3 7.9 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.9 10.0 10.117.8 20.5 23.7 : 22.0 21.4 22.2 21.0 20.4 20.3 20.5 20.2 19.213.2 16.2 16.6 : 20.9 23.0 18.6 16.6 16.9 17.6 17.8 14.5 15.031.5 29.6 25.3 24.5 24.0 23.2 22.8 23.1 22.9 22.6 22.7 23.016.4 15.8 18.5 21.7 27.9 29.8 30.7 29.6 29.7 30.0 28.4 29.327.6 28.5 28.3 28.5 27.4 28.3 28.8 29.6 29.5 29.5 27.5 27.624.7 26.5 26.3 25.5 26.0 25.8 26.2 26.4 27.1 27.9 25.5 25.818.7 14.1 11.9 15.4 15.0 14.9 15.6 16.5 17.1 17.5 16.0 16.424.8 26.6 22.6 22.7 25.4 23.9 24.0 25.4 25.9 26.4 26.5 26.724.7 20.9 20.0 22.5 23.0 23.2 23.0 23.5 23.7 24.2 22.2 22.729.6 28.4 23.3 19.5 19.6 19.9 20.7 21.8 23.0 23.9 20.4 20.922.8 23.1 21.8 22.0 22.6 23.3 23.7 23.8 24.2 24.5 23.4 23.717.5 15.1 20.2 23.4 21.6 21.8 24.4 22.2 21.5 21.4 23.0 22.627.3 26.0 23.4 23.6 24.6 26.4 26.2 26.3 26.6 26.6 26.3 26.324.4 26.2 25.1 27.4 28.9 28.9 28.3 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.3 28.618.7 22.7 20.6 20.1 20.6 24.4 22.1 23.2 22.4 23.1 22.3 21.320.5 17.2 20.2 24.8 24.8 25.2 25.9 25.0 25.0 25.0 23.7 24.419.1 16.8 17.4 18.5 19.0 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.2 21.1 19.4 19.415.5 16.7 22.5 24.9 24.5 24.6 22.8 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.6 21.626.9 30.0 29.3 27.6 28.2 29.1 29.9 30.7 31.0 31.1 30.2 30.622.9 23.1 22.0 22.3 22.9 23.6 24.0 24.1 24.4 24.7 23.7 23.916.1 14.8 11.9 10.8 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 13.7 14.321.7 21.7 20.5 20.6 21.1 21.5 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 22.1 22.420.0 17.8 15.6 18.3 19.3 19.4 18.0 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.0 16.829.4 28.4 24.9 24.1 24.7 27.1 27.2 27.5 27.9 27.9 27.7 27.8

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Gross national saving (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 44: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201824.5 25.2 25.4 23.2 23.0 22.9 24.1 22.5 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.921.3 23.8 24.2 23.5 24.0 24.5 24.2 23.6 23.6 23.5 24.0 23.918.0 17.0 20.6 22.9 21.4 20.8 20.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 19.6 19.018.7 20.3 21.4 25.5 26.1 31.3 34.8 33.5 33.2 33.1 33.7 34.117.3 16.8 14.0 9.6 10.8 10.1 7.4 9.0 9.1 10.5 8.8 9.119.3 16.8 22.7 24.2 24.0 24.1 24.6 23.4 23.2 23.0 23.4 23.020.8 21.0 21.0 18.6 19.0 19.9 19.6 19.6 20.0 20.3 19.5 19.919.7 19.6 17.7 17.8 18.6 17.6 19.0 18.7 18.9 19.1 18.7 18.718.3 5.9 13.4 10.8 5.6 9.7 8.3 7.5 7.0 6.5 7.4 7.116.4 17.0 24.7 : 19.7 19.5 20.1 18.1 17.8 18.3 18.8 18.2 18.312.1 13.3 18.9 : 20.8 21.6 16.3 13.7 13.7 14.4 14.6 11.9 12.422.4 23.1 19.5 19.2 18.4 17.6 16.4 17.4 17.2 16.8 18.1 18.419.3 16.7 19.7 22.0 27.5 28.5 27.0 25.9 26.3 26.6 25.4 26.024.1 25.7 27.6 27.5 26.1 26.7 25.0 25.2 25.2 25.0 23.3 23.322.4 24.5 25.1 23.3 23.4 22.8 24.2 23.8 24.5 25.0 23.4 23.518.1 15.5 15.9 18.2 17.0 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.7 16.0 16.322.7 23.4 22.4 22.9 25.0 22.7 22.7 22.9 22.6 22.6 24.8 24.924.1 19.8 21.6 22.6 22.7 21.2 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.5 20.6 21.121.9 21.6 20.4 18.1 18.6 18.7 18.5 19.5 20.5 20.9 18.8 18.920.9 21.4 22.0 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.1 21.8 21.9 22.0 21.7 21.813.2 9.8 18.4 21.6 20.8 20.5 21.2 19.0 18.1 17.8 19.9 19.523.8 21.8 21.8 21.2 22.6 23.0 22.2 21.6 21.8 21.8 22.4 22.320.9 20.2 22.8 24.3 22.8 25.9 24.9 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.3 25.4

18.8 20.3 20.9 21.1 24.1 19.8 20.7 19.7 20.0 20.1 18.819.5 19.0 20.7 24.1 23.0 21.6 22.6 22.2 22.1 21.7 21.1 21.219.6 17.0 17.9 19.1 18.9 19.6 20.2 19.3 19.0 19.0 18.5 18.615.2 13.0 22.9 22.9 22.5 21.6 22.1 22.0 22.3 22.4 22.2 22.521.9 24.6 24.9 24.7 25.3 24.6 24.3 25.2 25.6 25.9 25.2 25.320.8 21.2 21.9 21.5 21.7 22.1 22.2 21.9 22.0 22.1 21.8 21.913.9 14.9 16.0 13.3 14.2 12.9 11.6 11.2 11.3 11.1 13.7 13.7

20.1 21.1 20.3 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.617.8 18.4 21.5 20.3 20.9 20.6 20.0 19.2 19.2 19.4 18.7 19.029.3 28.9 28.5 27.1 25.9 27.3 27.9 28.1 28.0 27.6 28.3 28.1

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Gross saving, private sector (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


182

Table 45: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201816.5 15.4 15.1 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.4 10.0 9.6 9.6 11.2 11.515.6 16.3 16.7 16.2 16.8 17.0 17.1 16.6 16.6 16.5 17.2 17.1

4.6 -2.2 9.8 9.1 10.7 11.7 11.3 12.4 12.7 13.1 9.9 10.67.7 10.1 8.5 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.4 10.4 10.3

7.3 : : : : : : : : : : :10.6 9.1 10.2 9.6 9.3 8.6 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.415.0 14.8 15.2 14.0 14.4 13.9 13.5 13.7 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.114.3 14.5 11.8 11.0 11.2 10.5 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.8 10.4 10.4

6.0 8.2 6.1 -3.3 -7.9 -5.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.8 -4.9 -2.6 -1.2-0.7 1.2 4.4 : -4.5 -3.5 -2.2 2.7 3.7 5.9 6.4 0.2 0.15.2 3.0 3.7 : 2.4 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -1.9 -2.6 -3.1 -4.8 -4.7

: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :

12.6 11.2 13.1 14.1 14.5 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.2 12.2 12.115.4 15.8 15.2 12.7 12.4 12.5 13.4 12.7 12.5 12.4 13.2 12.711.2 8.8 8.3 7.8 5.2 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.2 6.3 4.2 4.612.6 14.6 13.1 12.7 12.5 12.7 12.8 11.3 10.1 10.0 14.0 13.510.5 6.5 6.7 5.9 7.2 8.9 9.5 8.8 9.2 9.6 8.7 9.0

9.3 8.0 8.7 8.6 7.2 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.613.4 13.1 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.2

: : : : : : : : : : : :11.3 11.3 12.0 10.9 11.8 12.0 11.2 10.6 10.4 10.1 11.7 11.5

5.1 6.1 7.1 8.8 5.2 10.5 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.0 11.5 11.3: : : : : : : : : : : :

11.7 9.0 8.6 9.8 10.9 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 8.9 9.2 7.013.7 6.4 3.4 2.6 2.1 2.2 3.9 2.5 2.1 1.7 2.8 2.6-2.5 -11.1 -6.5 13.3 14.5 15.5 14.5 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.3 14.97.8 9.9 15.1 17.5 18.9 17.6 18.2 18.2 18.1 17.3 18.5 18.0

12.2 12.5 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.3 10.6 10.5 10.5 : :9.0 8.0 9.6 8.7 8.4 9.2 7.1 4.8 4.2 4.5 4.2 3.8

11.5 11.6 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.710.0 9.5 11.7 10.6 11.2 11.4 10.2 9.5 9.4 9.3 11.8 12.015.3 10.5 10.2 7.1 6.6 7.5 8.9 8.8 8.3 7.4 8.8 8.6

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Saving rate of households (1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 46: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.6 2.1 -0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.60.9 0.5 1.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.34.5 7.0 4.0 4.5 5.6 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55.4 4.7 -5.4 -3.9 -1.2 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 1.6 2.0

-0.3 -2.6 -7.2 -0.3 -1.3 -0.3 2.7 1.6 3.2 3.7 1.8 2.93.3 5.9 -3.0 -4.0 -3.5 -2.6 -2.2 -0.9 -0.1 0.6 -1.0 -0.42.5 1.4 -0.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.91.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.10.4 1.1 -0.1 -2.6 2.3 2.0 3.1 4.1 4.8 5.3 2.6 3.01.4 3.6 -1.0 : 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.0 0.91.1 2.9 -2.3 : 0.0 1.4 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.6 2.69.0 6.6 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.6 6.4 5.7 5.7 5.9 4.6 4.6

-2.8 -0.9 -1.2 -0.3 0.4 1.2 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.43.5 2.7 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.6 3.8 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.32.2 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.40.7 -1.3 -4.0 -2.8 -2.0 -0.9 -0.5 0.2 0.5 0.7 -0.1 0.22.1 3.2 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.2 1.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 1.7 1.80.7 1.2 -1.6 -0.1 0.3 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.77.7 6.8 3.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 2.1 2.4 2.5 3.0 1.6 2.02.0 1.7 -0.2 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.94.4 5.4 1.8 1.8 0.8 1.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.23.5 4.2 1.6 2.4 2.1 3.4 4.0 4.7 4.8 4.9 3.9 4.03.5 6.0 2.3 3.1 6.1 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.1

3.8 0.3 -0.7 -0.5 0.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 2.2 2.51.0 -1.8 -0.6 0.7 1.8 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.6 3.2

-0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.6 0.1 1.0 0.7 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.0 0.80.3 3.7 -0.4 2.0 2.1 2.9 0.7 -0.5 -1.2 -1.5 -0.6 -0.95.0 5.4 4.4 2.9 2.9 4.4 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.0 5.32.0 1.9 0.1 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.02.3 0.0 -4.1 -2.5 -2.4 -1.2 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.6

1.6 -0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.82.2 -0.6 -5.9 -2.1 -1.6 -1.2 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9 -2.1 -1.7 -2.20.0 -0.5 -3.6 -3.0 -1.2 -0.2 -0.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.3 -0.6 -0.3

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Gross saving, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Statistical Annex

183

Table 47: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20185.1 4.7 1.7 0.9 5.2 3.3 7.5 4.6 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.77.3 8.3 2.2 1.7 4.6 5.2 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.93.0 13.8 5.4 2.8 2.5 -0.7 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.7

15.9 5.0 2.2 3.0 14.4 38.4 4.6 3.9 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.38.1 7.2 -2.2 1.5 7.7 3.1 -1.8 6.8 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.26.3 4.5 0.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.8 6.0 4.8 4.5 5.7 4.86.1 3.2 1.2 1.9 3.3 4.3 1.8 3.1 4.0 4.2 3.2 4.22.6 4.5 -0.9 0.7 2.7 4.4 2.4 4.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.63.1 1.8 0.5 2.1 4.2 6.3 3.9 2.8 2.2 2.0 3.3 3.25.1 12.3 4.5 1.1 6.0 3.0 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.67.5 9.8 8.8 9.9 3.3 -0.4 3.5 10.4 5.3 4.4 3.5 3.79.6 8.0 1.9 5.3 14.0 6.9 2.7 5.0 4.8 4.0 5.6 5.94.8 5.8 6.7 1.2 3.9 4.2 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.6 4.56.0 5.7 2.1 2.1 4.5 6.5 4.3 5.4 4.7 4.4 3.6 3.87.5 6.2 1.2 0.6 3.0 3.1 1.9 5.3 4.5 4.3 3.2 3.15.0 5.5 1.6 7.0 4.3 6.1 4.1 8.0 7.3 4.9 4.4 4.27.4 11.0 0.6 3.1 5.7 5.0 6.4 8.9 7.4 5.5 5.8 5.46.4 17.9 4.0 6.7 3.9 6.4 6.2 4.6 6.7 7.6 6.5 7.08.1 6.6 -1.4 1.1 -2.7 0.8 1.3 9.0 5.7 5.2 2.3 3.36.4 5.9 1.5 2.1 4.7 6.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.1

-9.1 13.2 2.9 9.6 3.1 5.7 8.1 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.87.9 16.2 4.2 0.2 8.7 6.0 4.5 6.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.87.1 4.6 1.0 1.6 3.6 1.8 2.5 4.8 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.96.7 6.1 -1.3 3.1 6.0 9.4 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.0 5.2 4.6

13.2 14.4 2.0 4.2 9.1 8.5 3.4 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.0 5.88.3 10.8 5.1 6.1 6.7 7.7 8.8 6.4 6.8 5.8 7.7 6.6

12.3 9.8 3.6 19.7 8.0 4.6 8.3 8.3 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.25.9 6.9 0.9 -0.8 5.3 5.7 3.3 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.86.5 6.4 1.6 2.3 4.9 6.3 3.6 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.24.0 5.3 0.7 0.8 2.7 5.0 1.1 4.7 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.06.1 6.3 1.5 2.2 4.7 6.1 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.11.1 7.2 3.6 3.5 4.3 0.4 -0.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.52.4 10.0 -0.6 0.8 9.3 2.9 1.2 5.0 2.0 1.9 2.8 1.1

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Exports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania

Table 48: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.2 4.9 2.1 0.3 6.2 3.3 8.4 4.8 4.6 4.3 3.6 3.65.3 7.3 2.2 3.0 3.6 5.6 3.9 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.8 5.05.1 16.1 2.0 2.0 3.6 -1.8 5.3 4.4 4.4 4.0 5.4 3.5

15.8 6.0 0.2 0.9 14.9 26.0 16.4 2.2 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.69.7 8.2 -8.5 -2.4 7.7 0.4 0.3 6.0 3.8 4.2 3.0 3.88.8 7.9 -5.2 -0.5 6.6 5.9 2.7 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.8 4.47.6 4.9 1.3 2.1 4.8 5.7 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.3 4.75.2 4.4 -2.7 -2.4 3.2 6.7 3.1 5.9 4.7 3.8 4.5 4.72.3 4.7 -0.9 -4.8 4.6 8.1 6.6 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.26.2 17.6 -2.5 0.4 1.2 2.1 4.5 7.9 5.1 4.5 6.1 6.16.9 14.0 3.3 9.1 3.1 6.2 3.5 10.8 6.0 5.2 4.9 4.09.5 8.2 3.1 5.1 14.6 7.1 2.1 5.5 4.7 4.0 5.7 5.82.8 7.0 6.3 0.3 0.5 7.6 0.8 -0.8 4.0 3.6 3.4 2.86.4 5.5 1.9 1.0 4.2 8.4 4.1 5.0 5.2 4.8 3.8 4.25.1 5.7 1.3 0.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 4.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.75.9 4.4 -2.6 4.7 7.8 8.5 4.1 8.0 7.2 5.2 5.2 4.56.8 11.3 -1.9 2.1 4.1 4.7 6.6 8.7 8.4 6.2 6.4 6.15.0 14.6 1.6 5.6 4.8 8.4 3.7 4.6 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.86.6 7.5 0.6 0.5 -1.3 3.2 4.4 6.6 4.1 3.4 1.6 2.46.5 6.3 0.3 1.3 4.9 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.64.2 18.8 -1.1 4.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.98.1 14.2 2.9 0.1 10.1 6.8 3.4 6.2 5.5 5.2 4.5 5.26.4 7.3 0.5 1.5 3.6 1.3 3.5 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.44.1 7.3 -4.3 3.1 3.1 9.2 5.8 6.9 6.3 5.8 6.6 5.7

14.5 12.7 0.1 4.5 11.0 6.4 2.9 9.6 8.4 6.3 6.8 6.56.1 11.5 3.0 1.7 10.0 6.6 7.9 8.2 7.9 5.9 8.5 7.4

13.5 21.1 -0.7 8.8 8.7 8.0 9.8 9.9 8.1 7.3 8.6 7.94.9 6.6 1.6 -0.1 6.3 5.2 3.4 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.46.6 6.9 0.5 1.4 5.4 6.5 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.77.3 5.0 0.0 3.1 4.5 5.1 4.3 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.26.7 6.6 0.4 1.6 5.2 6.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.37.0 6.2 0.4 1.1 4.5 5.0 1.3 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 6.11.4 4.9 1.0 3.3 8.3 0.8 -2.3 3.4 2.0 2.5 1.3 0.7

Spain

Denmark

Germany

USA

Lithuania

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Poland

Sweden

Hungary

Imports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

Spring 2017

ItalyFrance

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Belgium

Luxembourg

averages

Cyprus

Slovenia

Malta

EU28

Croatia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Euro area

Austria

EU27

Japan

United Kingdom

Romania


184

Table 49: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.9 2.9 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.5 1.64.2 6.8 6.5 7.4 7.8 8.6 8.7 8.0 7.8 7.7 8.3 8.0

-17.4 -16.7 -6.0 -4.9 -5.5 -4.2 -3.7 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -5.6 -5.325.0 18.6 22.0 19.1 20.9 43.3 38.4 34.3 33.2 32.7 38.0 37.3

-14.8 -16.3 -13.9 -9.8 -10.8 -9.1 -9.5 -10.0 -9.7 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7-7.3 -4.6 -1.4 -2.1 -2.1 -1.6 -1.9 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -1.9

0.8 -0.7 -2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.3 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.3 -1.31.5 0.1 -0.3 2.2 2.9 3.1 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8

-24.7 -24.6 -22.6 -16.2 -16.0 -16.7 -21.3 -23.7 -24.6 -25.2 -22.2 -22.9-16.7 -22.0 -11.8 -11.5 -10.0 -9.0 -7.7 -10.3 -10.4 -10.4 -8.9 -10.5-11.8 -12.3 -6.7 -2.6 -2.6 -5.3 -4.6 -6.1 -6.0 -6.3 -5.6 -5.9

-7.5 -2.4 0.3 1.6 -0.5 -1.4 -2.6 -2.2 -2.1 3.7 3.6-14.7 -15.7 -17.6 -13.8 -13.4 -20.1 -18.8 -14.9 -15.3 -15.0 -19.1 -18.5

7.3 9.4 9.8 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.9 12.0 11.8 11.7 10.7 10.4-1.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 0.2 0.3

-11.6 -10.7 -9.3 -4.0 -4.7 -4.5 -4.4 -5.0 -5.1 -5.4 -4.5 -4.7-4.5 -3.5 -2.1 0.8 2.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0-9.8 -4.5 -0.1 3.7 3.4 1.3 2.9 3.3 3.5 4.3 2.5 2.79.3 5.4 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.6 -0.1 0.21.7 1.3 1.1 2.7 2.9 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7

0.5 0.4 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0-11.1 -22.1 -12.4 -7.0 -6.5 -5.8 -2.0 -3.1 -2.9 -2.8 -4.2 -4.2

-7.0 -1.2 1.6 4.1 5.1 4.1 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.83.5 2.2 3.1 3.7 3.5 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.2 5.2

-21.5 -16.1 -15.1 -15.1 -15.8 -16.0 -17.4 -18.0 -18.5 -16.5 -17.1-7.0 -3.1 2.0 3.3 2.0 4.0 4.1 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.0-5.9 -3.2 -3.5 -0.1 -0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.5 -1.0-5.6 -10.4 -8.4 -4.0 -4.3 -4.9 -5.5 -6.5 -7.1 -7.4 -6.7 -7.37.7 7.1 4.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8

-3.2 -5.0 -6.0 -6.8 -6.7 -6.3 -6.9 -6.3 -5.8 -5.7 -7.4 -7.30.7 0.1 -0.1 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6

-0.8 -0.9 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.7-5.7 -4.7 -4.4 -4.5 -4.4 -4.2 -4.4 -4.6 -4.7 -4.5 -4.8

2.4 2.4 0.6 -1.7 -2.0 -0.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9

Merchandise trade balance¹ (fob-fob, as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

USA

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

averages

Cyprus

Poland

Spain

Czech Republic

Germany

Spring 2017

France

Ireland

Austria

Sweden

Italy

Hungary

¹ See note 7 on concepts and sources.

Netherlands

EU, adjusted²

Lithuania

Romania

Croatia

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Denmark

Euro area, adjusted²Euro area

Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Japan

Slovenia

Malta

EU

Belgium

Table 50: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.7 4.2 1.5 1.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.1 -1.0 -1.1 -0.9 1.5 1.7

-0.4 4.6 6.1 6.7 7.6 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.5 7.2 8.0 7.6-7.9 -12.6 -0.9 0.5 0.3 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.1 1.20.3 -3.0 -3.3 2.1 1.6 10.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.3 4.8 5.0

-8.1 -11.4 -10.8 -2.3 -2.4 0.0 -0.6 -0.2 0.4 1.0 -0.5 -0.3-3.3 -7.2 -4.2 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.61.9 -0.1 -2.0 -2.9 -3.0 -2.2 -2.6 -3.0 -2.8 -2.6 -2.4 -2.50.4 -1.0 -2.3 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.7

-1.6 -15.8 -8.9 -4.9 -4.4 -2.5 -4.9 -5.4 -6.2 -6.8 -5.9 -6.3-8.1 -15.3 -1.9 -2.4 -1.5 -0.2 1.4 -1.4 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 -2.6-7.6 -9.3 -3.2 1.4 4.0 -2.0 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.4 -2.0 -1.99.4 9.8 6.6 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.0

-4.5 -4.6 -2.2 2.7 10.1 5.2 7.0 9.6 9.4 9.8 6.5 9.04.8 7.2 7.6 10.2 8.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 8.7 8.4 7.4 7.1

-0.8 2.3 2.8 1.9 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.9 3.7 2.0 2.2-9.3 -9.4 -8.1 0.7 -0.3 -0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5-2.4 -2.7 -1.2 3.2 5.8 4.5 5.3 5.9 5.4 4.9 6.2 5.8-6.1 -7.1 -3.9 1.5 1.0 -1.0 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.47.1 4.4 0.6 -1.9 -1.3 -1.0 -1.4 -1.1 -0.3 0.4 -1.8 -1.60.2 0.4 0.5 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9

0.2 -0.1 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8-2.3 -12.8 -6.1 2.0 0.2 0.6 5.3 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8-3.2 -3.9 -4.2 -1.1 -1.2 -1.6 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.6 0.0 -0.22.6 3.4 5.2 7.8 8.9 9.2 7.9 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.8 7.7

-3.5 -5.9 -2.9 1.0 2.0 4.6 2.3 3.1 1.9 1.9 2.9 1.3-6.9 -8.2 -0.9 3.7 1.5 3.4 6.1 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.5 2.8-3.7 -4.3 -4.6 -0.5 -1.4 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 -0.6 -1.2-4.4 -9.2 -5.9 -0.6 -0.1 -0.6 -2.3 -3.1 -3.2 -3.4 -2.8 -2.94.9 7.5 6.3 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4

-2.0 -2.7 -3.8 -5.5 -5.3 -5.2 -5.9 -5.1 -4.6 -4.4 -3.9 -3.2-0.2 -0.2 -0.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9

-0.7 -0.7 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5-3.4 -5.2 -3.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.4 -2.4 -2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -2.8 -3.32.5 3.8 2.5 0.9 0.8 3.2 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2

Current-account balance¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

USA

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

averages

Cyprus

Poland

Spain

Czech Republic

Germany

Spring 2017

France

Ireland

Austria

Sweden

Italy

Hungary


Netherlands

EU, adjusted²

Lithuania

Romania

Croatia

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Denmark


Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Japan

Slovenia

Malta

EU

Belgium

Statistical Annex

185

Table 51: 23.10.2017

5-year

1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.6 4.2 1.5 1.1 -0.5 -0.4 0.2 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 1.7 1.8

-0.5 4.6 6.0 6.6 7.6 8.6 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.2 8.0 7.5-7.5 -11.5 2.1 3.1 1.3 4.0 3.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.1 3.31.1 -2.8 -3.2 1.6 -1.8 10.4 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.7 4.6 4.8

-6.5 -9.7 -9.2 0.1 -0.4 3.0 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.8 1.4 1.5-2.3 -6.4 -3.8 2.1 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.91.9 -0.2 -2.0 -2.8 -3.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.1 -2.8 -2.7 -2.4 -2.40.5 -0.9 -2.2 0.9 2.0 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.6

-1.4 -15.2 -8.7 -3.5 -4.4 -2.2 -4.8 -5.1 -6.2 -6.8 -5.3 -5.8-7.8 -14.1 0.3 0.1 1.7 2.7 2.4 -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.9 -0.7-7.5 -8.1 0.0 4.5 6.6 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 -1.4 -1.09.0 9.7 5.9 4.3 3.8 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.5

-4.1 -2.8 -0.8 4.4 11.8 7.0 7.8 10.3 10.1 10.5 8.1 10.54.7 6.9 7.3 10.0 8.8 3.3 8.5 8.5 8.2 7.9 6.7 6.6

-0.9 2.2 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.6 3.3 2.0 2.2-7.5 -7.9 -6.7 2.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.5-2.5 -2.9 -0.6 3.6 6.0 5.6 4.5 5.5 5.2 4.8 6.4 6.3-6.6 -7.0 -2.7 3.1 1.9 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 1.9 1.0 1.97.1 4.5 0.7 -1.8 -1.2 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.3 0.5 -1.7 -1.60.4 0.6 0.6 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9

0.3 0.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9-2.3 -12.7 -4.9 3.9 2.4 3.9 7.8 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.1 3.4-3.0 -3.8 -2.6 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.4 0.5 0.32.7 3.4 5.2 7.7 8.7 8.8 7.9 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.4 7.4

-3.5 -5.9 -2.9 1.2 2.2 5.3 3.3 3.8 2.7 2.7 4.2 2.5-6.7 -7.8 1.0 7.3 5.2 8.0 6.0 6.5 5.5 5.0 5.9 5.4-3.7 -3.9 -3.1 1.5 0.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.0 0.6-4.1 -8.6 -5.3 1.5 2.5 1.8 -1.3 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -0.84.6 7.3 6.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.3

-2.0 -2.7 -3.8 -5.6 -5.4 -5.3 -6.0 -5.2 -4.7 -4.4 -3.9 -3.20.0 -0.1 0.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0

-0.6 -0.5 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7-3.4 -5.2 -3.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.4 -2.4 -2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -2.8 -3.32.3 3.7 2.5 0.7 0.7 3.1 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2

Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of the nation¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)

Finland

forecast

Portugal

USA

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

averages

Cyprus

Poland

Spain

Czech Republic

Germany

Spring 2017

France

Ireland

Austria

Sweden

Italy

Hungary


Netherlands

EU, adjusted²

Lithuania

Romania

Croatia

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Denmark


Autumn 2017

Greece

forecast

Latvia

Estonia

Japan

Slovenia

Malta

EU

Belgium

Table 52: 23.10.2017

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201813.5 0.9 5.9 4.6 -1.0 -1.8 0.4 -4.2 -4.8 -4.0 6.6 7.8

148.2 167.3 197.0 189.7 224.2 261.9 267.9 255.2 253.6 252.6 259.2 252.90.3 0.2 -0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3

-2.0 -2.8 -4.6 3.9 3.2 28.6 9.2 8.4 7.7 7.3 13.4 14.8-25.6 -21.3 -8.0 -4.1 -4.3 0.0 -1.0 -0.4 0.8 1.9 -0.9 -0.6-42.0 -35.3 -4.6 15.0 10.3 11.0 21.1 20.3 23.2 24.3 19.0 18.8-34.9 -46.0 -61.2 -60.4 -65.0 -49.1 -57.8 -68.4 -64.9 -63.7 -55.5 -57.6-54.8 -49.3 -5.8 15.3 30.4 24.7 44.2 42.0 44.6 41.3 32.2 29.9

-2.2 -0.8 -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 -1.20.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.7

-0.1 -1.2 -0.3 0.5 1.5 -0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.8 -0.82.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.6 3.1

-0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.048.3 56.9 65.6 66.7 59.1 57.0 61.2 66.9 66.5 67.3 52.8 52.5

9.9 6.7 6.1 6.1 8.2 7.1 8.0 8.1 11.0 14.6 7.3 8.3-18.5 -9.6 -3.4 1.3 -0.4 -1.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.0-0.3 -0.1 0.6 1.2 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.5-3.2 -3.9 0.3 1.1 0.7 -0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.32.7 -2.9 -3.8 -3.8 -2.7 -2.0 -3.0 -2.5 -0.7 1.0 -3.8 -3.6

42.0 60.7 184.0 238.4 268.7 339.1 355.9 331.2 343.1 349.5 335.1 328.6-5.8 -8.9 135.4 220.7 245.8 335.0 360.2 335.5 347.4 353.8 330.5 324.0-0.2 0.2 -0.1 0.9 0.1 0.3 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.9-7.9 -7.6 -3.6 -1.7 -1.9 -2.6 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -1.2 0.0 -0.516.0 16.3 16.0 20.1 23.6 24.9 22.0 24.4 24.8 25.5 22.3 22.9-0.4 -0.3 0.2 0.5 0.9 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.60.3 0.9 1.8 3.8 1.6 3.8 6.9 5.2 4.3 4.5 4.2 3.6

-17.5 -18.1 -12.8 -2.0 -5.6 0.6 5.0 4.6 1.7 0.3 -2.9 -5.8-5.7 -5.8 -5.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.0 -3.8 -5.5 -6.2 -7.0 -5.0 -5.523.9 20.7 23.5 22.2 20.9 21.4 23.9 23.6 25.6 27.2 25.0 27.0

-69.6 -44.8 -88.3 -114.3 -121.6 -135.2 -140.9 -119.0 -109.5 -105.9 -91.4 -77.0-19.3 22.3 115.1 167.0 186.4 253.2 272.3 267.1 285.4 295.1 289.8 295.0-64.2 -44.3 66.5 123.1 109.0 158.6 214.4 209.2 227.5 237.3 236.2 241.3

-324.9 -319.4 -331.7 -263.2 -281.4 -391.7 -408.1 -459.9 -476.1 -526.4 -516.8 -624.6166.8 93.7 46.5 34.4 28.6 124.5 171.8 168.7 172.8 172.9 191.6 199.2

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Poland

Spain

Czech Republic

Germany


Slovakia

Euro area

Japan

Slovenia

EU, adjusted²USA

Luxembourg

forecast

Austria

Sweden

Italy

Hungary

Greece

France

Croatia

Ireland

Bulgaria

Current-account balance¹ (in billions of euro, 2010-19)

Malta

Autumn 2017

EU

Latvia

Denmark

forecast

Estonia

Euro area, adjusted²

Netherlands

Lithuania

Romania

Spring 2017

Finland

Portugal

Belgium


186

Table 53:

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201810.3 5.0 1.1 1.3 3.8 4.6 3.2 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.310.5 5.2 1.2 1.7 3.1 3.1 3.4 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.8 4.2

9.6 7.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 0.2 3.0 5.8 4.5 4.1 3.4 3.710.7 4.6 1.3 1.9 3.2 3.8 3.0 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.110.4 4.9 1.1 2.1 2.8 2.5 3.0 4.2 4.5 4.3 3.6 4.1

9.8 4.2 0.5 1.9 3.3 4.0 2.9 4.4 4.5 4.2 3.6 4.110.3 4.9 1.0 1.9 3.8 3.8 2.8 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.7 4.1

9.9 5.4 1.6 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.28.1 7.4 1.3 3.5 0.8 -6.3 -2.2 5.0 4.4 4.4 3.2 3.6

12.5 10.4 3.9 2.7 1.6 -0.5 2.8 6.1 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.811.2 9.8 3.5 1.6 0.6 -2.3 2.9 5.8 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.310.1 4.2 0.4 1.6 5.3 5.8 4.2 3.2 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.110.3 4.4 0.8 2.2 6.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 4.0 3.8 2.5 3.310.4 5.2 0.9 1.5 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.211.3 5.9 1.1 1.7 3.3 4.1 3.5 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.7

9.7 3.9 -0.3 1.8 4.1 4.7 2.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.29.8 5.5 0.4 1.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.8

11.7 6.2 0.8 1.3 4.7 4.5 4.0 5.8 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.811.9 7.7 2.7 2.2 2.7 0.4 2.7 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.7 4.010.4 5.1 1.1 1.7 3.5 3.6 3.3 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.2

9.4 5.6 0.0 1.6 3.4 1.7 3.4 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.2 4.611.2 5.9 1.3 1.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.811.4 5.4 1.5 1.7 4.0 3.7 3.0 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.7 4.110.4 5.3 -0.4 1.4 3.2 3.6 3.8 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.511.0 6.1 1.3 1.4 3.7 4.0 4.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.811.4 6.2 1.7 1.4 3.0 3.2 3.5 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.410.2 5.4 0.7 1.5 3.2 3.5 3.3 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.5

9.7 5.0 1.7 2.0 3.1 2.6 3.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.910.5 5.0 1.4 1.9 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.7 4.410.5 5.2 1.2 1.7 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.213.1 6.6 3.3 3.3 3.4 2.2 2.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 3.314.8 7.0 3.4 3.3 3.3 1.5 3.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 3.5 4.1

23.10.2017

Belgium

forecast

Austria

United Kingdom

Italy

Poland

Greece

Spring 2017

Finland

Portugal

Luxembourg

Cyprus

Romania

Spain

Export markets (a) (percentage change on preceding year, 2010-19)

Lithuania

Sweden

France

Hungary

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Denmark

Germany

Autumn 2017forecast

Estonia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Japan

EU (b)

(a) Imports of goods and services to the various markets (incl. EU-markets) weighted according to their share in country's exports of goods and services. (b) Intra- and extra-EU trade.

Euro area (b)

Slovenia

Malta

USA

Latvia

Croatia

Table 54:

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.0 1.6 -0.8 -0.4 1.3 -1.3 4.2 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.63.7 2.9 1.6 0.0 1.5 2.1 -0.8 -1.2 -0.6 -0.4 -0.1 -0.3

13.2 15.6 3.3 1.5 1.1 -0.8 1.0 -2.0 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0-4.5 -1.4 0.2 1.1 10.9 33.4 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2-5.0 -4.6 0.0 -0.6 4.8 0.6 -4.6 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1-0.3 3.1 0.5 2.3 1.0 0.2 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.3 2.1 0.7-1.2 1.9 1.6 0.0 -0.4 0.4 -0.9 -1.3 -0.4 0.0 -0.5 0.11.7 -0.2 0.8 -1.3 -0.3 1.2 -0.7 0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6

-3.4 -1.6 -4.0 -1.4 3.5 13.4 6.2 -2.1 -2.1 -2.3 0.1 -0.40.8 1.5 5.6 -1.6 4.4 3.5 1.2 -2.2 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.27.0 5.1 8.6 8.1 2.6 1.9 0.5 4.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.9 -0.60.2 -0.1 2.3 3.6 8.3 1.0 -1.4 1.7 0.6 0.0 2.0 1.7

-3.1 -2.6 6.4 -1.0 -2.1 0.4 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.1 1.20.1 -0.8 2.9 0.6 0.3 1.8 -0.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 -0.3 -0.41.6 0.0 0.3 -1.0 -0.4 -0.9 -1.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.4 -1.1 -1.5

-0.2 3.0 3.7 5.1 0.2 1.4 2.0 3.8 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.00.3 1.3 0.2 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.5 3.2 2.1 0.7 1.2 0.63.6 5.5 8.4 5.3 -0.8 1.8 2.2 -1.1 1.4 2.8 1.8 2.1

-5.1 -5.3 -1.4 -1.1 -5.3 0.4 -1.4 3.9 1.2 0.9 -1.4 -0.60.8 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.2 2.6 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.11.5 6.6 2.1 7.9 -0.3 3.9 4.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.4 0.23.1 3.1 2.9 -1.3 5.0 2.1 0.7 1.6 -0.3 0.0 -0.1 0.0

-7.6 1.7 -0.3 -0.1 -0.4 -1.8 -0.5 0.4 -0.3 -0.6 -0.3 -0.2-3.8 -2.9 0.3 1.7 2.8 5.6 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.00.3 0.4 -3.1 2.7 5.2 4.3 -0.5 2.3 1.9 1.4 0.4 1.01.5 1.6 2.9 4.6 3.6 4.4 5.1 1.2 1.9 1.2 3.4 2.14.6 6.2 0.3 17.9 4.7 1.0 4.9 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.7 1.62.0 1.0 -0.7 -2.7 2.1 3.0 -0.1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 0.5 -0.1

-4.1 1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -0.8 1.4 -2.1 0.6 -1.3 -1.4 -0.3 -1.30.2 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 -0.1

-1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 -1.7 -2.3 -0.6 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.28.8 -6.8 -3.4 -2.4 5.8 1.4 -1.8 0.6 -2.4 -2.4 -0.7 -2.9

23.10.2017

Belgium

forecast

Austria

United Kingdom

Italy

Poland

Greece

Spring 2017

Finland

Portugal

Luxembourg

Cyprus

Romania

Spain

Export performance (a) (percentage change on preceding year, 2010-19)

Lithuania

Sweden

France

Hungary

Ireland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Denmark

Germany

Autumn 2017forecast

Estonia

Bulgaria

Netherlands

Japan

EU (b)

(a) Index for exports of goods and services divided by an index for growth of markets. (b) Intra- and extra-EU trade.

Euro area (b)

Slovenia

Malta

USA

Latvia

Croatia

Statistical Annex

187

Table 55: 23.10.2017

( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201816.7 -0.4 0.3 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.911.7 -0.9 -0.2 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.80.4 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.70.1 0.0 0.9 1.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.80.3 -0.8 -0.5 2.7 5.3 2.6 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.70.2 0.2 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.83.3 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.90.0 4.3 1.9 2.9 1.7 2.1 4.4 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.80.3 0.0 1.6 8.3 25.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 4.0 3.60.2 -7.3 -3.2 0.7 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.51.4 -2.9 -1.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.42.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.70.1 -2.2 -1.1 -0.5 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.61.9 -2.8 -1.7 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.10.0 -3.1 -5.9 -1.4 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.30.0 4.0 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.1 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.50.1 3.8 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.10.1 -0.4 3.7 5.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 4.3 4.40.2 -1.6 2.1 4.2 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.50.0 2.6 4.6 8.2 7.1 5.5 5.6 4.9 4.1 4.6 4.40.7 -1.1 -0.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.80.3 0.7 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.70.9 1.6 1.4 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.20.2 -4.0 -1.1 0.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.60.4 0.6 3.5 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.70.1 -2.7 -1.1 3.0 2.3 3.1 4.7 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.10.1 1.7 1.5 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.60.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.6 0.0 1.9 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.3 1.70.4 -0.3 1.2 2.6 4.5 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.22.3 1.5 2.1 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.31.8 4.3 7.9 4.7 5.7 3.2 5.1 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.31.7 4.8 8.5 5.2 6.1 3.2 5.3 4.0 4.1 3.0 3.30.0 -0.5 2.9 3.6 3.9 2.9 1.7 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.20.0 -2.7 3.5 1.8 3.4 2.9 3.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.50.1 -1.0 2.6 -1.8 0.8 2.8 2.0 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.60.0 1.3 1.0 1.8 2.2 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.7 3.90.1 0.9 2.2 0.4 3.8 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.0

15.5 2.2 1.7 2.6 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.31.4 1.7 2.5 2.6 0.9 1.5 3.0 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.14.4 1.5 2.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.61.6 2.3 2.9 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.60.3 2.7 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.60.4 1.0 1.9 2.4 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.70.0 1.2 4.4 1.9 4.1 7.2 4.6 3.1 2.3 4.4 2.81.0 3.6 2.1 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.70.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.8

44.9 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.04.5 3.5 2.1 1.0 -2.3 0.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.6 2.03.2 3.5 1.3 0.7 -2.8 -0.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.41.3 3.5 4.1 1.7 -0.9 1.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 2.5 3.36.9 3.6 2.2 2.2 2.3 4.9 2.2 2.8 3.3 2.3 2.9

32.4 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.317.7 7.9 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.37.2 5.3 6.1 7.0 7.5 7.9 6.6 7.5 7.6 7.2 7.52.5 6.0 5.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.17.8 3.0 2.9 1.1 -0.1 -1.1 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.2 2.12.6 1.9 3.0 0.5 -3.8 -3.6 0.7 1.8 2.0 0.5 1.81.9 4.0 1.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.13.2 4.0 5.1 4.9 3.4 1.1 2.5 3.3 3.9 2.6 3.4

55.1 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.8100.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6

83.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.988.3 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.8

World excluding EU

Euro area

(a) Relative weights in %, based on GDP (at constant prices and PPS) in 2016.

Spring 2017

Hungary

- Mexico

Emerging and developing Asia

- India

Potential Candidates

Latvia

France

MENA

United Kingdom

Ireland

CIS

Iceland

forecast

Cyprus

- Other CIS

Sweden

Estonia

Advanced economies

Slovenia

Czech Republic

Japan

Poland

Lithuania

Korea

Slovakia

Denmark

EU

- Albania

Emerging and developing economies

Australia

Portugal

World excluding euro area

Norway

Latin America

- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

- Serbia

- China

- Russia

- Turkey

Finland

World

New Zealand

Romania

World GDP, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)

Croatia

Autumn 2017

Candidate Countries

Greece

forecast

Belgium

Netherlands

Italy

Spain

Germany

Bulgaria

Austria

Luxembourg

Malta

Sub-Saharan Africa

- Indonesia

USA

- Montenegro

Switzerland

Canada

- Brazil


188

Table 56: 23.10.2017

( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201835.6 2.2 2.2 4.7 6.1 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.126.8 2.5 2.1 4.7 6.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.1

1.1 13.1 2.5 8.0 4.8 -0.3 7.7 5.8 4.8 4.6 4.60.9 14.9 1.1 8.2 4.3 -1.9 7.4 5.4 4.3 4.1 4.20.0 2.0 6.1 16.5 6.7 11.5 8.8 8.4 8.4 10.2 8.70.0 -0.3 -1.3 -0.7 5.7 6.2 6.8 4.5 2.4 2.9 3.00.1 0.8 21.3 5.7 10.2 12.0 10.3 8.5 8.0 7.9 7.30.0 0.3 0.9 1.8 1.0 13.1 10.3 8.6 8.3 5.6 6.4

10.9 3.4 3.5 4.3 0.4 -0.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.52.3 2.6 2.7 5.8 3.4 1.0 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.63.9 -0.1 0.8 9.3 2.9 1.2 5.0 2.0 1.9 2.8 1.13.0 5.1 4.3 2.0 -0.1 2.1 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.50.6 1.6 -1.7 3.1 4.7 -1.8 1.4 2.4 2.7 1.3 2.02.2 1.1 15.2 -6.2 2.4 6.5 2.8 4.0 3.8 2.4 3.40.0 3.6 6.7 3.2 9.2 11.1 7.4 4.0 3.8 5.7 4.41.2 5.7 5.9 6.9 6.0 7.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.40.2 1.9 0.8 3.1 6.9 1.9 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6

68.2 2.6 3.2 4.4 3.9 2.3 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.62.5 2.5 1.1 -0.6 -1.5 0.6 6.2 4.7 4.5 5.1 4.01.6 1.4 4.6 0.5 3.7 3.1 5.1 4.3 4.2 3.3 3.60.9 4.6 -5.5 -2.8 -11.7 -4.3 8.1 5.6 5.0 8.3 4.85.4 6.3 3.4 2.7 6.6 5.0 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.4 3.0

17.5 4.5 7.2 4.3 -1.1 2.4 4.9 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.710.8 5.9 8.8 4.3 -2.2 1.1 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.4

2.1 0.3 5.0 3.9 -4.5 6.6 4.6 5.1 5.3 3.3 3.90.8 1.8 3.1 1.6 0.2 -0.7 3.7 4.5 5.0 2.9 3.95.1 2.8 1.7 1.6 4.9 1.7 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.2 3.61.1 1.1 2.7 -0.3 8.1 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.8 2.6 3.42.0 5.8 2.4 7.0 10.3 1.2 5.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 3.81.4 -1.0 4.8 0.9 3.0 -0.3 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.9

31.8 4.0 4.7 2.8 1.5 2.5 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.3 3.6100.0 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.1 2.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.664.4 3.5 4.5 3.4 1.5 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.373.2 3.3 4.3 3.5 2.0 2.0 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.4

Sub-Saharan Africa

USA

Latin America

- Montenegro

(a) Relative weights in %, based on exports of goods and services (at current prices and current exchange rates) in 2016.

World


- Brazil

World excluding EU

Korea

Euro area (b)

forecast

Iceland


- Mexico

- Albania

- Indonesia

- Serbia

- India

New Zealand

MENA

Advanced economies

EU (b)

- Russia

Spring 2017

CIS


Australia

World exports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)

Norway

Autumn 2017

Canada

- China

forecast

Candidate Countries

- Other CIS

Switzerland


Japan

- Turkey

23.10.2017

EU Euro AreaCandidate

Countries USA Japan

Other Advanced Economies China Rest of Asia CIS MENA

Latin America

Sub-Saharan

AfricaEU 63.9 46.4 2.0 7.7 1.2 7.5 3.8 3.1 2.2 4.8 2.4 1.5Euro area 63.8 45.7 1.9 7.7 1.2 7.0 3.9 3.2 2.0 5.0 2.6 1.6Belgium 74.1 58.7 1.2 5.6 0.7 3.9 2.0 3.8 1.0 3.9 1.4 2.3Bulgaria 65.8 47.5 12.7 2.0 0.3 2.1 2.8 2.8 4.2 5.9 0.6 0.8Czech Republic 83.0 64.9 1.7 2.6 0.5 3.3 1.5 1.2 2.8 2.3 0.7 0.5Denmark 62.5 38.9 1.1 8.4 1.9 11.1 4.5 2.7 1.3 3.2 2.5 0.9Germany 58.3 36.6 2.1 9.3 1.4 8.7 6.5 3.5 2.3 4.1 2.7 1.1Estonia 74.6 47.2 1.6 3.5 0.6 6.8 1.6 1.7 6.6 1.7 0.6 0.7Ireland 53.0 35.9 0.6 23.8 3.9 8.4 2.2 1.9 0.7 2.8 1.9 0.8Greece 55.1 37.9 12.8 4.9 0.3 3.4 1.0 1.9 2.5 14.8 1.7 1.5Spain 66.0 51.9 2.2 4.8 1.1 4.7 2.0 2.1 1.2 8.2 6.1 1.6France 58.8 45.7 1.6 8.0 1.5 7.3 4.4 4.4 1.6 7.2 2.8 2.4Croatia 72.2 60.1 10.5 3.9 0.5 2.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 4.4 0.8 0.5Italy 54.5 39.8 3.3 9.0 1.4 9.8 3.2 3.3 2.6 8.2 3.3 1.3Cyprus 52.1 32.8 0.4 1.2 0.0 3.8 1.8 10.1 2.0 26.6 0.3 1.7Latvia 71.5 48.8 1.5 2.0 0.4 4.2 1.2 1.2 11.7 4.9 0.6 0.7Lithuania 66.1 43.5 1.0 4.6 0.8 5.0 0.6 1.3 17.1 2.3 0.5 0.6Luxembourg 84.0 72.3 1.1 2.8 0.4 3.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 2.4 0.8 0.8Hungary 78.8 56.7 3.1 4.1 0.9 2.8 2.2 1.0 3.7 1.6 1.4 0.4Malta 39.1 28.6 0.8 5.1 3.4 13.1 6.4 9.3 0.7 18.8 1.1 2.2Netherlands 78.4 60.0 1.0 3.4 0.6 4.3 1.8 2.6 1.1 3.1 1.8 1.9Austria 70.1 51.8 1.6 6.6 0.9 8.2 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.6 1.8 0.6Poland 79.8 56.9 2.1 2.5 0.4 3.8 1.3 1.2 5.0 1.9 1.5 0.8Portugal 71.4 60.1 1.0 5.6 0.4 3.5 2.3 0.8 0.7 4.6 3.1 6.5Romania 72.3 52.9 5.8 2.7 0.5 3.0 1.6 1.0 4.5 6.6 1.1 0.8Slovenia 78.7 54.4 5.7 2.0 0.2 3.0 1.1 1.0 4.5 3.0 0.5 0.3Slovakia 84.3 46.7 1.8 2.6 0.1 2.9 2.3 0.4 3.2 1.6 0.5 0.2Finland 59.5 38.7 1.6 6.8 2.0 8.2 5.1 4.0 5.7 3.3 2.8 1.1Sweden 60.9 41.4 1.3 7.1 1.2 12.8 4.2 3.6 1.6 3.8 2.2 1.3United Kingdom 46.9 41.3 1.5 13.8 1.4 14.8 5.4 4.7 1.4 6.4 2.0 1.8

Table 57: Export shares in EU trade (goods only - 2016)

Statistical Annex

189

Table 58: 23.10.2017

( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201833.7 -0.3 1.6 5.2 6.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.324.9 -1.0 1.3 4.9 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.61.3 0.8 7.4 0.5 2.3 4.5 5.6 6.5 7.0 2.7 4.91.1 0.7 8.0 -0.4 1.7 3.7 5.0 6.4 7.1 2.0 4.70.0 8.2 2.2 14.1 5.2 7.6 5.5 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.40.0 0.6 -3.1 1.6 4.4 17.3 6.5 2.3 1.0 6.2 3.80.1 1.4 5.0 5.6 9.3 9.0 10.1 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.90.0 -6.7 -0.6 4.3 -2.9 7.4 7.8 5.2 6.2 6.7 4.9

13.8 2.2 1.1 4.5 5.0 1.3 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 6.12.6 3.6 1.6 2.2 0.3 -0.9 4.1 3.2 2.5 1.1 2.53.8 5.4 3.3 8.3 0.8 -2.3 3.4 2.0 2.5 1.3 0.72.5 2.4 1.7 1.5 2.1 4.5 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.80.6 3.0 5.0 2.4 1.6 2.3 5.6 2.5 2.7 1.7 2.31.8 -2.6 13.5 -7.7 4.7 6.0 3.4 3.8 3.4 2.6 3.80.0 4.6 0.1 9.8 13.5 14.7 10.1 5.7 4.2 10.3 7.81.3 5.5 -2.1 -1.1 2.0 0.0 1.7 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.40.2 2.8 6.2 7.9 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.8

68.4 1.2 2.5 4.2 4.7 3.0 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.12.3 9.7 1.6 -8.1 -21.2 -2.5 8.2 5.4 5.3 3.6 3.21.3 9.7 3.6 -7.3 -25.8 -3.8 9.7 6.2 5.9 2.3 3.41.0 9.6 -1.4 -9.5 -13.7 -0.7 6.1 4.3 4.3 5.3 2.95.7 8.5 8.0 8.9 -1.5 0.3 2.8 3.8 4.0 1.8 2.9

16.6 5.6 6.4 6.1 0.9 4.8 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.0 4.49.8 6.6 10.6 7.8 -0.5 4.9 5.7 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.72.4 1.4 -3.5 6.0 1.9 4.4 5.4 5.6 5.8 2.1 3.50.8 14.1 1.3 -1.3 -6.3 3.0 3.4 4.2 4.9 2.8 3.95.4 4.2 3.4 0.4 -1.2 -2.9 3.1 3.5 3.9 2.6 3.11.0 -0.3 8.4 -0.1 -13.5 -8.2 1.8 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.62.1 5.5 2.6 6.0 8.6 1.1 4.7 4.1 4.3 2.6 3.31.7 3.1 3.7 6.3 1.1 -10.5 3.3 3.7 4.4 3.1 4.1

31.6 6.1 5.5 4.0 -2.0 1.1 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.3 3.8100.0 2.7 3.5 4.1 2.5 2.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.5 4.0

66.3 4.3 4.4 3.6 0.6 1.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.875.1 4.0 4.2 3.9 1.2 1.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.8

Sub-Saharan Africa

USA

Latin America

- Montenegro

(a) Relative weights in %, based on imports of goods and services (at current prices and current exchange rates) in 2016.

World


- Brazil

World excluding EU

Korea

Euro area (b)

forecast

Iceland


- Mexico

- Albania

- Indonesia

- Serbia

- India

New Zealand

MENA

Advanced economies

EU (b)

- Russia

Spring 2017

CIS


Australia

World imports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)

Norway

Autumn 2017

Canada

- China

forecast

Candidate Countries

- Other CIS

Switzerland


Japan

- Turkey

23.10.2017

EU Euro AreaCandidate

Countries USA Japan

Other Advanced Economies China Rest of Asia CIS MENA

Latin America

Sub-Saharan

AfricaEU 64.3 49.5 1.5 5.3 1.3 6.3 7.1 4.1 4.0 2.6 1.9 1.5Euro area 63.8 48.5 1.4 5.4 1.3 6.0 6.9 4.2 4.2 3.0 2.2 1.6Belgium 63.9 53.4 1.0 9.1 1.9 5.1 4.4 5.1 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.0Bulgaria 66.5 46.8 8.2 1.0 0.3 2.3 3.7 1.7 12.5 1.8 1.4 0.6Czech Republic 78.7 61.0 0.9 1.5 0.8 3.8 7.3 2.2 4.2 0.3 0.2 0.1Denmark 70.9 48.3 1.1 2.6 0.5 9.2 7.3 3.4 2.2 0.6 1.6 0.7Germany 66.6 45.4 1.7 4.8 1.5 7.4 7.0 4.3 3.4 1.0 1.5 0.9Estonia 76.6 54.7 0.6 1.6 0.4 2.6 5.3 1.4 10.8 0.2 0.4 0.1Ireland 68.0 30.1 0.6 13.3 1.8 5.3 4.0 3.3 0.5 0.7 1.8 0.8Greece 53.9 41.1 4.1 1.5 0.5 5.2 6.8 2.9 10.8 12.1 1.3 0.7Spain 61.5 50.2 1.7 3.5 0.8 3.8 7.1 4.0 2.0 6.9 5.0 3.6France 69.6 58.6 1.1 5.5 0.9 5.4 5.0 3.3 2.1 4.1 1.3 1.7Croatia 78.3 61.2 4.0 1.3 0.2 2.5 3.9 1.3 5.7 1.6 0.9 0.3Italy 58.9 46.6 2.5 3.9 0.9 5.5 7.2 3.9 7.1 5.7 2.4 1.9Cyprus 70.7 54.4 0.4 1.0 2.3 2.5 6.1 5.2 3.7 6.8 1.0 0.2Latvia 63.9 46.7 0.7 1.1 0.2 2.0 4.0 1.6 25.8 0.3 0.2 0.1Lithuania 66.7 45.2 0.9 1.7 0.2 3.2 3.8 0.9 20.5 1.0 0.5 0.5Luxembourg 74.8 70.9 0.2 7.2 1.5 2.0 10.8 0.8 0.1 0.2 2.2 0.2Hungary 76.9 58.5 1.6 1.9 1.5 3.4 6.2 2.4 4.9 0.7 0.5 0.1Malta 40.5 32.4 2.9 3.0 2.0 16.0 11.8 8.4 11.8 3.0 0.2 0.4Netherlands 47.0 35.9 0.7 8.0 2.3 6.8 13.1 6.5 6.3 3.1 3.8 2.4Austria 79.2 65.1 1.2 2.6 0.7 6.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.2Poland 72.6 59.1 1.3 1.8 0.7 3.7 7.2 2.3 7.8 0.8 1.4 0.4Portugal 75.9 68.5 0.8 1.5 0.5 2.5 3.7 2.3 2.8 3.1 2.8 4.0Romania 77.1 55.1 4.9 1.1 0.5 2.2 4.6 1.3 6.4 0.9 0.8 0.4Slovenia 72.4 54.8 5.7 1.4 0.3 6.4 6.4 2.4 0.9 1.8 1.8 0.4Slovakia 80.0 44.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 6.1 4.0 1.6 5.9 0.2 0.1 0.0Finland 71.5 44.1 0.5 2.5 0.5 4.5 4.7 1.6 11.6 0.4 1.6 0.7Sweden 72.5 52.5 1.0 2.8 1.1 8.8 5.7 2.9 2.7 0.5 1.2 0.8United Kingdom 54.7 47.7 1.7 9.1 1.6 10.0 9.7 5.8 1.6 2.5 1.7 1.7

Table 59: Import shares in EU trade (goods only - 2016)


190

Table 60: 23.10.2017

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-34.7 90.2 189.6 212.2 316.7 337.6 310.7 355.5 371.2 284.0 273.4

-155.8 -41.2 48.5 60.6 164.9 191.7 161.7 200.2 215.9 132.9 122.3119.2 254.0 353.3 396.6 474.5 492.9 : 455.0 500.4 518.1 451.9 451.9

29.7 160.2 275.5 320.3 398.0 418.1 378.6 420.8 438.5 366.0 366.1-103.0 -77.6 -89.6 -73.8 -71.0 -78.5 -82.7 -90.0 -101.9 -79.2 -85.3-777.9 -779.8 -738.8 -778.2 -793.3 -778.2 -848.8 -924.6 -994.4 -861.2 -974.1

-4.1 -53.6 -89.9 -99.1 -5.2 44.9 38.3 42.6 36.5 44.4 47.666.8 69.0 60.9 49.8 24.5 11.7 14.0 14.4 15.0 13.4 14.029.5 40.2 53.7 55.5 53.6 49.5 51.7 57.4 60.3 60.2 62.40.3 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3 -1.6

-662.4 -584.5 -429.7 -431.5 -260.5 -185.0 -285.4 -303.1 -349.8 -326.1 -435.8239.8 215.8 197.7 218.3 147.3 81.9 117.7 123.4 124.2 143.6 153.2198.8 192.8 183.6 186.8 145.8 89.9 118.3 123.5 126.7 138.1 147.1612.4 665.9 594.0 457.9 130.8 95.6 161.5 167.1 147.6 178.8 182.0124.6 136.9 216.3 336.4 483.1 432.3 368.6 356.6 354.5 468.5 501.8228.7 311.6 359.0 435.0 576.2 494.1 450.9 457.6 470.0 561.8 601.568.0 41.0 6.7 -13.1 -52.5 5.8 18.2 16.6 23.4 -0.1 -4.193.7 70.5 63.2 27.6 -33.0 -11.9 -3.2 -4.1 -9.8 -39.4 -46.1

1138.5 1130.0 1077.9 1027.0 675.7 603.7 662.7 659.5 639.9 751.3 786.7476.1 545.5 648.2 595.5 415.2 418.8 377.3 356.4 290.1 425.2 350.8

Sub-Saharan Africa

Switzerland

forecastforecast


Norway

Latin America

Asia

WorldEmerging and developing economies

- China

MENA- Russia

Euro area, adjusted¹

Advanced economies

Japan

CIS

Euro area

Candidate Countries

World merchandise trade balances (fob-fob, in billions of US dollar, 2011-19)

Iceland

EU


USA

EU, adjusted¹

Table 61: 23.10.2017

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201831.1 147.9 221.8 247.6 280.9 301.4 301.6 336.2 347.6 308.6 314.1

-61.6 85.4 163.5 144.8 176.0 237.3 236.3 268.0 279.5 251.5 257.084.5 236.4 316.6 357.0 376.2 393.9 : 374.1 404.2 411.7 356.8 349.8

-12.4 174.0 293.1 326.5 371.7 398.7 379.0 409.2 416.7 351.9 345.0-82.0 -55.0 -68.3 -48.4 -35.5 -36.1 -37.2 -44.1 -51.8 -39.5 -42.8

-444.6 -426.2 -349.5 -373.8 -434.6 -451.7 -519.5 -560.9 -620.1 -550.3 -665.0130.5 59.7 45.7 38.0 138.2 190.2 190.6 203.6 203.7 204.0 212.161.1 63.4 53.3 54.6 34.2 16.4 17.2 17.3 18.0 17.2 16.555.1 70.0 79.9 62.2 76.3 62.7 63.5 72.0 77.0 83.1 87.0-0.8 -0.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0

-215.5 -127.6 59.8 94.2 197.2 239.5 158.7 177.1 146.9 146.3 58.1106.3 63.4 16.2 53.4 49.5 -2.0 8.2 8.4 7.4 37.5 43.796.6 68.5 32.1 53.5 65.5 23.5 31.3 29.7 26.5 57.0 60.9

424.6 461.7 376.1 233.7 -73.0 -80.4 -31.3 -30.9 -21.3 -24.4 -20.5118.4 126.6 92.9 229.3 311.7 227.4 139.5 110.8 92.7 233.2 203.8136.1 215.4 148.2 236.0 304.2 196.4 138.5 126.2 118.9 223.8 199.3

-113.2 -133.0 -159.4 -182.6 -177.3 -97.9 -97.6 -110.9 -118.2 -114.5 -129.5-0.5 -10.7 -24.5 -51.7 -79.1 -44.0 -37.1 -42.7 -46.3 -45.8 -45.1

535.7 508.0 301.4 282.2 31.8 3.1 -18.3 -65.3 -85.7 86.1 52.4320.1 380.3 361.2 376.4 229.0 242.6 140.5 111.8 61.2 232.3 110.5

Sub-Saharan Africa

Switzerland

forecastforecast


Norway

Latin America

Asia

WorldEmerging and developing economies

- China

MENA- Russia

Euro area, adjusted¹

Advanced economies

Japan

CIS

Euro area

Candidate Countries

World current-account balances (in billions of US dollar, 2011-19)

Iceland

EU


USA

EU, adjusted¹

Table 62: 23.10.2017

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201813.1 0.2 3.2 -3.7 -15.7 -2.6 1.2 0.7 2.5 3.1 -0.222.0 -15.9 -4.8 -4.7 -18.7 -0.5 10.6 -0.4 -0.3 12.9 -1.7

32.5 -15.9 -4.7 3.8 -14.3 3.0 4.7 -2.2 0.5 6.0 -1.0

9.0 -5.8 1.2 2.6 -3.7 -3.0 0.1 0.8 0.2 -4.4 -0.215.2 -15.8 -4.9 -11.1 -22.5 -3.9 16.8 1.2 -1.0 20.1 -2.438.0 1.3 -2.9 -7.9 -45.0 -17.4 18.7 3.3 -1.0 18.5 -0.5

38.3 0.8 -2.7 -8.3 -46.5 -16.2 19.7 3.8 -1.8 24.0 0.8

18.5 -9.7 -1.4 -4.3 -17.4 -1.5 6.4 0.1 0.9 8.5 -1.134.5 -0.4 -2.7 -7.4 -41.0 -14.1 15.8 2.6 -0.6 16.1 -0.7

110.9 111.8 108.8 99.7 53.4 44.8 53.6 55.7 54.7 55.5 55.979.7 87.0 81.9 75.1 48.1 40.4 47.5 47.3 46.4 52.1 52.5

Crude petroleum - price per barrel

Primary Commodities


Minerals and metals

- of which:

forecastforecast

Brent (usd)

Wood and pulp

Basic materials

Brent (euro)

- of which:

Fuel products

- Total excluding fuels

- of which:

Primary commodity prices (in US dollar, percentage change on preceding year, 2011-19)

- Total including fuels

Crude petroleum

Agricultures non-food

Food

STICClassification

european economic forecast. autumn 2017 · pdf fileeuropean economic forecast, autumn 2017 160...

Documents