Contents
158
Output : GDP and its components 1. Gross domestic product 2160 2. Profiles (q-o-q) of quarterly GDP 2160 3. Profiles (y-o-y) of quarterly GDP 2161 4. GDP per capita 2161 5. Final domestic demand 2162 6. Final demand 2162 7. Private consumption expenditure 2163 8. Government consumption expenditure 3163 9. Total investment 3164 10. Investment in construction 3164 11. Investment in equipment 3165 12. Public investment 3165 13. Potential GDP 3166 14. Output gap relative to potential GDP 3166
Prices 15. Deflator of GDP 3167 16. Deflator of private consumption 3167 17. Harmonised consumer prices index 3168 18. Harmonised consumer prices quarterly profiles 3168 19. Deflator of exports of goods 3169 20. Deflator of imports of goods 3169 21. Terms of trade of goods 3170
Wages, population and labour market 22. Total population 3170 23. Total employment 3171 24. Unemployment rate 3171 25. Compensation of employees per head 3172 26. Real compensation of employees per head 3172 27. Labour productivity 3173 28. Unit labour costs, whole economy 3173 29. Real unit labour costs 3174
Exchange rates 30. Nominal bilateral exchange rates 3174 31. Nominal effective exchange rates 3175 32. Relative unit labour costs 3175 33. Real effective exchange rates 3176
Statistical Annex
159
General Government 34. Total expenditure 3176 35. Total revenue 3177 36. Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3177 37. Interest expenditure 3178 38. Primary balance 3178 39. Cyclically-adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3179 40. Cyclically-adjusted primary balance 3179 41. Structural budget balance 3180 42. Gross debt 3180
Saving 43. Gross national saving 3181 44. Gross saving of the private sector 3181 45. Saving rate of households 3182 46. Gross saving of general government 3182
Trade and international payments 47. Exports of goods and services 3183 48. Imports of goods and services 3183 49. Merchandise trade balance (% of GDP) 3184 50. Current-account balance (% of GDP) 3184 51. Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) 3185 52. Current-account balance (bn EUR) 3185 53. Export markets (goods and services) 3186 54. Export performance (goods and services) 3186
World economy 55. World GDP 3187 56. World exports of goods and services 3188 57. Export shares (goods) in EU trade 3188 58. World imports of goods and services 4189 59. Import shares (goods) in EU trade 4189 60. World merchandise trade balances (bn USD) 4190 61. World current-account balances (bn USD) 4190 62. Primary commodity prices 4190
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
160
Table 1: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.3 2.5 0.6 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.71.7 1.6 0.7 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.95.2 8.2 -1.5 1.9 2.9 1.7 2.1 4.4 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.88.1 5.3 -0.8 1.6 8.3 25.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 4.0 3.63.8 4.1 -5.4 -3.2 0.7 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.54.2 3.6 -1.3 -1.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.42.8 2.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.71.8 1.2 -1.5 -1.7 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.14.6 4.0 0.1 -5.9 -1.4 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.35.6 9.9 -2.6 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.1 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.54.6 8.6 -0.4 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.15.8 4.4 0.2 3.7 5.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 4.3 4.43.5 2.5 1.7 4.6 8.2 7.1 5.5 5.6 4.9 4.1 4.6 4.43.2 2.3 0.0 -0.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.82.7 2.6 0.6 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.73.0 1.1 -1.4 -1.1 0.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.63.9 4.7 -1.1 -1.1 3.0 2.3 3.1 4.7 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.12.6 7.3 1.9 1.5 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.63.9 3.6 -0.8 -0.8 -0.6 0.0 1.9 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.3 1.72.6 2.2 -0.3 -0.2 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.82.2 6.6 1.1 0.9 1.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.82.0 5.5 0.2 -0.5 2.7 5.3 2.6 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.72.0 2.0 -0.4 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.82.7 4.7 -2.0 -1.1 -0.5 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.64.0 3.5 -1.1 2.1 4.2 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.53.4 5.1 3.5 1.4 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.22.1 6.6 0.3 3.5 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.73.4 3.5 0.5 1.2 2.6 4.5 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.22.6 2.4 -0.1 0.0 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.03.0 2.7 0.0 2.1 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.32.7 2.5 -0.1 0.3 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.93.2 2.9 0.6 1.7 2.6 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.30.4 1.7 -0.2 2.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Gross domestic product, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 2: 23.10.2017
2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/40.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40.7 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51.2 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
-3.5 1.4 : : : : : : : : : :0.5 0.5 : : : : : : : : : :0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.50.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.21.0 0.9 : : : : : : : : : :1.6 1.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.41.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
-0.4 0.6 : : : : : : : : : :0.7 1.2 : : : : : : : : : :0.6 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.51.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.40.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.41.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.60.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.01.2 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.70.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.01.5 2.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.40.5 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.6 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.71.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.71.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.71.8 1.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.90.6 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.50.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.30.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.60.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.2 -2.0
Romania
Slovakia
Netherlands
Sweden
Croatia
Austria
Estonia
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Ireland
EU28
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Spain
JapanUSA
Profiles (qoq) of quarterly GDP, volume (percentage change from previous quarter, 2017-19)
EU27
Euro area
Lithuania
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
France
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Latvia
Belgium
Statistical Annex
161
Table 3: 23.10.2017
2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/41.6 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.81.9 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.04.3 5.2 4.6 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.55.6 5.8 : : : : : : : : : :0.4 0.8 : : : : : : : : : :3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.11.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.91.3 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.93.7 3.5 : : : : : : : : : :4.2 4.8 4.6 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.5 4.3 4.1 3.4 2.8 2.34.2 4.1 3.8 3.0 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.34.0 2.2 : : : : : : : : : :5.8 6.2 : : : : : : : : : :2.6 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.32.6 2.8 2.7 2.4 1.9 2.1 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.82.8 3.0 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.75.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.63.1 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.32.8 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.0 3.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.52.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.93.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.63.0 4.7 4.7 4.8 3.8 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.22.5 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.93.4 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.83.8 3.5 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.94.2 4.4 5.0 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.35.7 5.9 6.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.92.2 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.32.2 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.01.8 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.32.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.92.0 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.21.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.1 2.2 0.0
Romania
Slovakia
Netherlands
Sweden
Croatia
Austria
Estonia
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Ireland
EU28
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Spain
JapanUSA
Profile (yoy) of quarterly GDP, volume (percentage change from corresponding quarter in previous year, 2017-19)
EU27
Euro area
Lithuania
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
France
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Latvia
Belgium
Table 4: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.0 1.9 -0.2 -0.3 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.21.7 1.8 0.8 0.2 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.7 0.8 1.45.5 8.9 -1.3 2.3 3.2 1.9 1.9 4.1 3.1 2.8 2.2 2.86.6 3.0 -1.6 1.4 8.0 24.8 4.2 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.9 2.63.3 3.8 -5.4 -2.5 1.4 0.4 0.1 2.1 3.1 3.1 2.1 2.53.5 1.8 -1.9 -1.3 1.7 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.5 2.1 2.7 2.32.2 1.3 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.31.7 0.6 -2.0 -2.2 -0.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.13.4 2.4 -2.2 -5.7 -0.3 2.6 2.6 3.5 2.2 2.1 2.4 1.76.7 10.9 -1.0 3.6 2.9 3.7 3.0 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.8 4.05.4 10.0 1.1 4.6 4.4 3.0 3.7 5.4 4.4 3.9 4.3 4.94.5 2.8 -1.8 1.0 3.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.9 2.1 2.22.8 2.0 1.0 3.6 7.1 5.9 4.2 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.6 3.42.5 2.0 -0.5 -0.5 1.0 1.8 1.6 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.5 1.32.4 2.1 0.3 -0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.02.4 0.9 -1.3 -0.6 1.4 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.73.8 4.5 -1.5 -1.3 2.9 2.2 3.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 3.2 3.02.6 7.2 1.8 1.4 2.6 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 3.53.7 3.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -0.3 1.7 2.9 2.3 2.0 0.9 1.42.2 1.7 -0.6 -0.5 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.63.4 7.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.42.2 5.2 -0.2 -0.5 2.6 5.1 2.4 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.41.7 1.7 -0.9 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.13.9 4.7 -1.7 -0.8 -0.1 3.2 3.7 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.34.3 3.7 -0.8 2.4 4.5 3.7 2.5 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.63.4 5.1 3.2 1.5 3.3 3.9 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.22.9 7.4 1.1 3.9 3.5 4.5 5.2 6.8 5.0 4.7 5.2 4.43.2 3.0 -0.3 0.4 1.6 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.12.4 2.0 -0.4 -0.2 1.4 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.82.6 2.1 -0.8 1.4 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.52.5 2.1 -0.4 0.1 1.5 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.62.1 1.9 -0.2 1.0 1.8 2.1 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.50.2 1.5 -0.2 2.1 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.7
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Gross domestic product per capita (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
162
Table 5: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.5 0.9 -0.3 2.1 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.51.0 0.9 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.25.8 10.2 -3.2 1.3 3.6 1.0 3.2 4.8 3.3 2.6 3.3 2.47.5 6.0 -2.9 -1.7 8.3 9.2 21.3 3.0 4.0 3.2 4.3 3.74.5 4.6 -7.0 -4.3 0.9 -1.1 0.4 1.4 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.34.9 4.6 -3.0 -3.2 2.0 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.23.0 2.4 0.3 0.7 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.92.3 1.2 -2.0 -2.6 0.2 1.5 1.1 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.44.0 5.6 -0.6 -9.4 -1.2 2.9 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.3 2.2 2.36.1 12.7 -5.2 2.1 -0.9 2.3 2.4 6.7 4.0 3.5 4.7 4.94.4 10.9 -3.4 2.8 3.4 7.4 2.4 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.9 3.34.5 3.2 2.1 2.6 3.3 1.4 1.6 4.0 2.6 2.6 4.0 3.31.3 3.8 0.9 3.2 2.9 12.7 1.7 0.5 5.7 4.1 4.3 1.93.3 1.9 -0.4 -1.4 0.9 3.3 1.8 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.01.6 2.3 0.6 -0.1 0.4 1.1 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.43.5 1.1 -2.8 -2.0 2.2 2.7 1.6 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.73.7 5.0 -2.8 -2.0 1.7 1.8 2.9 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.5 3.52.1 5.6 -0.1 0.3 3.5 5.6 0.9 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.33.1 3.6 0.0 -1.1 -0.1 1.2 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.42.5 2.2 -0.8 -0.6 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.08.2 9.8 -1.1 -2.2 2.7 3.4 1.6 4.0 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.82.2 4.4 -0.8 -0.6 3.4 5.9 1.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.5 2.91.5 3.1 -0.8 0.8 1.5 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.02.0 5.4 -3.2 -1.1 -1.8 2.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.24.7 2.6 -2.7 2.2 5.5 1.2 1.6 4.9 4.5 3.0 5.2 3.93.0 5.5 2.6 -0.6 4.7 3.3 2.2 5.0 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.53.2 11.3 -1.1 -0.1 3.4 5.4 5.2 6.4 4.8 4.4 5.0 4.52.9 3.2 0.8 1.6 2.9 4.3 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.02.5 2.5 -0.7 -0.5 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.13.8 2.8 -0.5 1.9 3.1 2.3 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.72.8 2.5 -0.6 -0.1 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.93.8 2.9 0.2 1.3 2.7 3.5 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.70.2 1.0 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.5
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Domestic demand, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 6: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20183.1 3.4 1.2 0.3 3.5 2.2 4.5 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.62.4 3.0 1.1 1.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.84.8 11.5 0.3 2.0 3.1 0.3 3.6 4.3 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.0
11.7 5.5 -0.3 1.0 11.8 26.2 10.4 3.5 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.15.0 5.0 -6.1 -3.0 2.5 -0.1 -0.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.75.2 4.6 -2.2 -1.4 2.6 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.2 2.83.7 2.6 0.5 0.9 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.52.4 1.9 -1.8 -1.9 0.8 2.2 1.4 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.93.7 4.2 -0.3 -5.4 0.8 4.2 4.4 3.6 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.65.8 12.6 -2.4 1.7 1.6 2.6 3.0 5.6 4.1 3.7 4.2 4.45.4 10.6 1.0 6.0 3.3 3.9 2.9 6.8 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.57.7 6.5 2.0 4.5 11.2 5.5 2.5 4.8 4.3 3.7 5.3 5.42.8 4.9 4.4 1.9 3.6 7.3 2.8 2.0 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.54.3 3.5 0.7 0.3 2.6 4.8 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.5 2.9 2.93.3 3.6 0.8 0.2 1.3 1.8 2.0 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.03.8 2.0 -1.7 0.5 2.8 3.7 2.3 4.1 3.6 2.9 2.8 2.44.9 7.1 -1.4 0.2 3.5 3.3 4.5 6.3 5.8 4.5 4.6 4.43.5 10.3 1.8 3.4 3.7 6.0 3.5 3.9 5.1 5.4 4.7 5.24.6 4.5 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 1.1 2.2 4.2 2.9 2.5 1.4 1.93.5 3.2 -0.1 0.2 2.4 3.4 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.72.8 10.7 0.2 2.2 2.8 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.63.9 8.5 1.2 -0.3 5.8 5.9 2.9 5.1 4.1 3.9 3.4 3.83.2 3.6 -0.1 1.1 2.3 1.5 2.3 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.73.1 5.5 -2.7 0.2 0.6 4.4 3.9 4.4 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.77.7 7.2 -0.6 3.2 7.2 4.7 2.5 6.3 5.8 4.6 5.1 4.94.0 6.8 3.3 1.5 5.4 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.2 4.3 5.1 4.65.1 11.0 0.0 5.1 4.7 5.1 6.1 6.9 5.5 5.1 5.6 5.03.8 4.4 0.8 0.8 3.6 4.7 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.63.5 3.5 0.0 0.4 2.6 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.83.8 3.3 -0.2 1.6 3.0 2.9 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.23.6 3.5 0.0 0.6 2.7 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.63.6 3.3 0.6 1.6 2.8 3.1 1.5 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.80.5 2.0 -0.1 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.5 2.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Final demand, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
163
Table 7: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.41.3 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.75.8 9.5 -3.0 3.5 3.4 4.6 4.4 2.2 3.6 2.5 2.6 3.87.7 5.9 -1.2 -0.2 2.1 4.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.73.9 3.6 -4.6 -2.6 0.6 -0.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.44.1 3.5 -2.0 -3.1 1.5 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.6 2.5 2.03.2 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.61.8 1.1 -1.1 -2.5 0.3 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.04.5 5.6 0.5 -5.9 0.7 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.1 1.93.6 11.6 -3.3 5.1 1.4 2.5 3.3 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.95.4 11.1 -2.2 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.9 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.8 3.44.1 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.3 3.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.93.4 2.5 0.8 2.1 2.7 5.9 3.0 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.33.7 0.5 -0.4 -1.0 0.3 2.0 1.6 2.1 2.3 1.8 2.3 1.52.1 1.9 0.9 -0.1 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.23.2 1.6 -1.6 -1.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.33.0 3.2 0.4 -4.1 1.9 2.1 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.03.8 5.4 1.0 -0.8 1.4 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.93.1 3.7 1.1 -0.5 0.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.1 1.42.5 1.7 -0.2 -0.6 0.8 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.65.3 8.9 1.0 -2.5 2.7 4.5 3.6 4.6 3.8 3.5 2.7 2.72.0 3.9 0.5 0.5 1.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.60.9 2.9 -0.3 0.3 0.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.92.2 4.3 -2.1 -1.8 -1.6 1.1 3.3 3.6 2.8 2.3 3.2 2.85.4 3.2 -2.4 0.2 2.8 3.6 4.3 4.6 3.8 3.1 4.8 3.33.8 3.6 3.4 0.3 2.4 3.0 3.9 4.9 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.13.6 12.2 -0.2 0.7 4.7 5.9 7.4 8.6 4.8 4.6 6.9 4.73.2 2.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 3.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.42.5 2.0 -0.1 -0.5 1.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.84.2 2.8 -0.4 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.8 0.92.8 2.2 -0.1 -0.1 1.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.64.2 3.2 0.7 1.5 2.9 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.81.0 1.0 0.5 2.4 -0.9 -0.3 0.4 1.6 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Private consumption expenditure, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 8: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.2 1.3 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.41.3 0.5 1.9 1.4 1.5 2.9 3.7 1.8 2.3 2.0 3.2 3.01.0 4.4 1.1 2.7 2.6 3.3 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.96.0 2.7 -2.6 -1.0 4.1 2.2 5.2 3.3 3.5 1.9 3.2 2.33.5 4.7 -3.6 -6.4 -1.4 1.2 -1.5 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.13.9 5.6 1.3 -2.1 -0.3 2.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.81.1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.22.2 0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -0.7 -0.6 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.04.1 5.4 2.7 -8.1 -7.2 -2.8 -0.4 3.3 1.3 1.7 0.7 0.83.6 4.0 -2.8 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.7 4.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.50.8 3.0 -0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.35.2 3.2 2.1 3.8 2.0 2.6 2.0 3.8 3.2 3.4 3.9 3.40.9 1.4 3.8 -0.4 6.5 3.7 -1.8 6.8 10.0 6.2 11.8 4.13.6 3.3 1.5 -0.1 0.3 -0.2 1.2 1.0 2.9 2.8 0.8 1.01.4 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.5 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.94.1 1.5 -1.1 -2.0 -0.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.53.6 2.6 0.7 -2.1 -1.2 2.7 2.5 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.7 2.02.5 3.8 2.0 2.2 5.2 5.4 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.51.9 1.4 0.7 1.1 -0.5 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 -0.8 0.32.0 1.8 1.0 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.58.2 3.5 -0.4 0.6 0.1 1.4 2.2 2.7 3.9 2.8 2.0 2.22.0 1.3 -0.2 2.5 1.1 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.92.7 1.3 1.6 -0.1 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.60.8 4.0 -0.3 0.3 -0.8 -1.4 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.3 1.42.4 0.9 0.6 4.1 5.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.03.8 3.8 1.7 2.5 4.1 2.4 1.7 2.5 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.8
-0.2 -0.1 1.2 -4.6 0.8 0.2 4.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.01.4 0.6 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.4 3.4 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.7 0.32.0 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.43.7 2.7 1.0 0.2 2.5 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.72.3 1.9 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.32.7 1.3 0.5 -2.4 -0.5 1.3 1.0 0.1 1.1 1.2 0.6 1.52.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.7 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Government consumption expenditure, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
164
Table 9: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.5 4.6 -0.3 -1.5 6.0 2.7 3.6 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.1 3.00.4 2.2 0.5 -1.3 3.7 1.5 3.1 3.8 3.6 2.9 1.9 2.7
10.7 14.2 -4.1 1.5 -8.7 -2.9 -1.2 16.6 4.4 3.6 9.3 0.18.7 8.2 -6.1 -4.0 18.2 28.2 60.8 3.5 5.6 4.6 6.7 5.67.3 7.6 -17.1 -8.4 -4.7 -0.3 1.6 5.1 11.5 12.1 6.3 10.87.5 6.3 -8.4 -3.4 4.7 6.5 3.3 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.94.4 3.5 -0.9 -0.8 0.0 1.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.6 3.74.4 1.6 -5.0 -6.6 -2.3 1.9 2.8 2.5 3.8 2.7 3.6 3.31.6 8.1 -8.6 -12.9 -17.5 13.6 35.0 7.8 7.3 6.4 3.4 4.9
16.1 19.2 -7.2 -6.0 0.1 -0.5 -15.0 17.8 5.5 4.0 14.2 7.35.9 16.6 -6.8 8.3 5.8 4.8 -0.5 6.4 5.1 4.6 6.0 4.56.2 4.2 4.1 1.2 4.3 -8.0 0.5 6.8 2.4 2.4 5.4 4.0
-2.1 11.1 -2.9 1.2 7.4 48.4 -0.4 -11.5 5.6 3.5 0.5 -3.02.7 3.0 -2.6 -4.3 2.3 11.0 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.4 3.5 4.21.3 2.2 -0.2 1.6 -0.7 1.2 3.7 3.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.13.8 -1.0 -7.7 -5.1 2.3 5.8 1.6 8.1 5.3 4.9 5.4 4.75.1 7.3 -8.9 3.2 1.1 -1.6 -3.6 9.1 9.8 7.4 6.3 6.4
-1.2 7.0 -1.9 -0.9 3.0 19.8 -8.3 1.0 5.9 4.5 0.9 5.83.9 4.4 -2.0 -4.9 -2.6 0.7 7.2 6.9 4.4 3.0 3.1 2.93.3 3.4 -2.9 -2.5 1.9 3.3 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.3 2.9 3.5
18.2 15.8 -4.3 0.3 3.4 2.7 -6.6 3.5 3.9 3.8 4.3 3.82.4 6.2 -1.8 -2.5 3.9 10.2 -2.3 4.9 5.5 5.0 3.5 4.22.3 5.0 -3.6 2.7 3.5 2.5 5.6 2.8 3.2 2.9 3.6 3.73.0 9.8 -5.7 1.4 -2.8 3.8 5.1 4.2 5.0 6.6 5.2 5.77.1 3.4 -4.3 9.8 12.3 1.9 -10.6 15.2 10.9 4.9 12.8 7.20.9 10.0 2.5 -1.1 10.0 6.1 -7.9 4.2 7.9 4.8 4.9 6.13.4 20.4 -5.6 -5.4 3.2 7.4 -3.5 1.6 6.5 5.5 1.3 5.24.2 6.1 -0.5 0.6 5.5 6.9 5.6 7.6 3.8 2.8 3.9 3.13.3 4.0 -2.8 -2.1 2.4 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.4 3.1 3.62.5 3.3 -2.3 3.4 7.1 2.8 1.3 1.9 0.7 1.1 0.2 0.33.1 3.9 -2.7 -1.5 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.1 2.7 3.24.2 3.2 -1.6 3.0 4.8 3.5 0.6 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.3
-2.3 0.2 -2.1 4.9 2.9 0.1 0.9 3.1 1.7 1.1 2.3 0.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Total investment, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 10: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-1.6 4.8 1.2 -2.1 2.5 -0.4 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5-2.6 -1.1 1.5 -1.1 2.3 -1.4 2.7 4.7 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.78.6 14.6 -5.5 1.2 -13.6 3.1 -7.6 15.1 3.9 0.4 6.2 4.17.1 7.0 -18.3 12.5 10.0 7.4 18.4 17.3 14.3 11.0 17.2 14.43.9 6.6 -16.1 -12.9 -25.4 -12.0 19.4 -6.1 8.9 11.0 2.2 8.68.0 5.7 -11.2 -8.6 4.2 3.8 2.4 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.93.7 4.0 -2.1 -0.8 -1.7 -1.2 1.1 3.2 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.74.0 1.6 -6.0 -8.0 -6.6 -0.6 1.1 1.2 2.6 2.0 1.8 2.91.6 12.4 -10.7 -18.5 -12.8 -2.1 11.7 17.5 13.4 10.1 7.8 4.7
18.9 19.8 -6.8 -10.3 10.2 -0.2 -19.7 18.0 5.8 4.0 12.6 6.22.8 15.9 -8.4 8.0 8.4 0.1 -6.6 6.8 5.0 5.0 6.4 5.08.6 1.9 -0.2 5.4 3.6 -3.6 5.6 4.2 3.5 3.1 5.1 3.9
: 4.4 -4.6 -0.8 1.0 15.2 -6.5 : : : : :2.4 2.4 -5.5 -6.2 2.4 10.9 8.3 8.2 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.2
-0.9 1.4 -1.6 -1.6 -0.1 1.1 1.1 2.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.33.4 -3.4 -9.3 -12.1 -3.7 5.1 -0.4 8.2 4.7 3.0 6.2 3.62.9 5.7 -11.8 -4.6 9.8 -5.5 -14.0 5.6 7.5 5.1 4.1 4.4
-1.7 9.1 -5.6 4.7 -7.2 29.0 -18.2 -7.2 4.4 4.5 -1.0 5.84.7 4.9 -2.3 -3.8 -3.8 1.6 9.9 7.0 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.0
: 2.7 -4.3 -3.5 -0.4 0.5 2.5 4.1 3.8 3.2 2.8 3.5: 17.9 0.1 -0.5 -4.1 -3.8 -2.7 2.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.3
-1.9 4.8 -2.8 -4.9 1.0 9.7 -5.8 4.9 5.9 4.6 3.1 3.90.8 4.9 -5.8 -1.0 5.2 3.2 6.9 2.1 2.8 2.6 3.9 3.9
: : : : : : : : : : : :4.9 0.2 -6.8 11.2 10.5 5.8 -23.1 20.0 9.9 6.2 24.5 7.20.6 8.6 4.5 -4.8 8.9 2.2 -7.7 7.4 9.7 5.8 5.2 6.72.8 22.1 -3.5 -15.0 10.1 20.9 -2.8 1.4 9.7 3.5 1.4 3.25.0 6.6 -2.4 -1.3 9.4 8.6 9.1 11.1 5.1 2.3 5.7 2.92.0 3.2 -4.0 -3.5 0.6 1.3 1.9 4.5 4.2 3.3 3.2 3.61.9 3.6 -3.1 3.7 5.4 3.5 1.6 3.8 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.31.9 3.2 -3.9 -2.6 1.2 1.7 1.9 4.4 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.12.4 0.4 -5.6 3.4 5.2 4.1 0.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 4.1 3.5
-4.0 -4.3 -2.7 10.9 1.6 -0.5 : : : : : :
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Investment in construction, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
165
Table 11: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20183.8 4.4 -3.9 -1.6 7.9 1.6 13.1 5.2 4.0 3.5 2.1 3.43.3 6.2 -1.8 -2.3 5.9 3.9 2.2 2.6 3.7 3.0 1.4 2.8
13.0 13.8 -4.2 0.9 0.7 -13.7 6.2 21.0 5.8 7.3 13.8 -7.16.9 13.9 1.5 -6.0 21.6 -0.7 27.9 -2.7 5.7 4.5 7.5 6.5
14.5 9.5 -20.6 -4.5 29.3 7.9 -12.3 18.0 13.4 13.4 9.5 13.26.0 7.3 -5.8 5.0 5.9 11.5 5.0 5.1 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.76.0 2.7 -1.0 -3.5 2.1 4.2 6.2 1.1 3.3 2.6 3.2 4.14.6 2.4 -5.4 -8.2 1.9 3.8 7.1 4.5 5.3 2.8 6.4 3.72.6 -1.1 -6.0 -16.3 -34.8 70.6 113.0 0.7 2.5 3.3 0.0 5.1
14.2 22.0 -9.3 -5.4 -10.9 -1.3 -6.5 18.0 5.0 4.0 18.0 9.09.2 18.1 -7.0 12.3 -0.2 13.4 9.0 7.0 5.7 4.2 6.1 4.02.8 9.0 11.1 -4.7 5.3 -16.5 -7.0 12.1 1.0 1.5 6.1 4.0
: 26.8 -4.8 3.7 6.2 115.5 2.0 : : : : :2.1 3.9 -0.2 -6.1 -0.2 15.8 3.4 3.9 5.9 5.5 3.3 4.51.6 2.6 -0.6 1.7 -1.6 1.5 8.6 5.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 2.53.6 3.2 -9.4 8.1 13.3 10.4 5.2 12.5 7.7 9.0 6.0 7.78.2 10.3 -8.2 12.6 -8.5 3.8 7.5 15.6 15.2 11.5 10.6 10.50.2 4.3 2.9 -9.4 20.3 13.0 2.0 5.6 6.5 4.5 1.2 5.80.8 4.1 -0.5 -8.7 -1.6 4.4 10.1 9.5 3.5 4.9 2.6 3.2
: 4.9 -3.2 -2.9 4.6 5.3 5.5 3.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.8: 14.8 -9.7 1.2 13.9 9.8 -14.9 5.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 4.0
6.5 7.6 -1.6 0.3 6.4 9.3 -1.1 5.0 6.0 6.0 3.6 4.53.1 5.8 -5.0 10.6 2.7 -0.5 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.4 3.9 3.8
: : : : : : : : : : : :8.2 7.0 -2.7 2.6 21.5 0.8 1.1 12.8 11.7 4.0 4.0 7.01.1 12.0 -0.4 4.6 11.2 12.1 -10.3 2.1 6.4 4.0 4.3 5.54.2 19.7 -5.8 4.8 -5.1 -3.8 -4.0 2.5 3.0 6.5 1.0 6.93.7 8.1 0.9 0.1 -1.1 5.1 4.8 6.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.24.4 5.6 -3.0 -1.9 4.6 5.3 4.2 4.0 4.6 3.8 3.5 4.02.7 1.7 -2.4 2.7 17.7 6.4 1.7 -0.4 1.3 1.0 -0.8 0.34.1 5.1 -2.9 -1.5 5.9 5.5 3.9 3.5 4.3 3.5 3.1 3.65.1 6.5 1.0 3.2 5.6 3.2 -2.9 3.8 4.5 3.8 1.7 3.1
-2.5 5.2 -2.0 -1.0 4.5 -2.8 : : : : : :
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Investment in equipment, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 12: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.3 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.52.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.35.0 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.8 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.43.5 3.8 3.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.05.3 5.3 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.9 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.13.8 4.2 4.1 2.2 2.1 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.23.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.52.8 3.0 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.23.0 3.4 3.4 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.31.8 4.1 4.9 : 4.4 4.5 4.8 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.8 4.02.6 4.0 4.7 : 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.14.4 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.4 3.8 3.74.1 4.1 2.6 2.9 3.6 4.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.83.8 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.32.7 2.7 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.94.9 3.9 3.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.13.8 4.1 4.6 4.3 5.1 4.7 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.34.0 3.3 3.6 3.3 4.0 6.3 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.33.7 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.93.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.73.8 4.0 4.4 4.0 5.2 6.6 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.24.2 5.6 5.0 3.7 4.1 5.1 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.02.8 2.8 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6
6.3 4.5 3.7 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.53.9 4.2 3.5 4.4 5.3 6.6 3.1 4.2 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.62.8 3.5 5.2 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.3 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.0 4.02.6 4.1 5.7 4.5 4.3 5.1 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.94.2 4.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.53.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.91.8 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
3.1 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.83.6 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.15.0 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Public investment (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
166
Table 13: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.4 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.31.5 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.54.5 5.7 0.8 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.37.9 4.8 0.7 2.3 3.6 24.3 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.63.9 3.1 -1.1 -2.7 -2.2 -1.8 -1.5 -0.9 -0.5 0.0 -0.4 -0.13.2 3.6 0.9 -0.7 -0.1 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.92.0 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.21.6 0.9 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.3
3.4 1.9 -1.8 -2.3 -1.4 0.4 1.1 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.15.8 7.6 -0.2 : 0.7 1.4 2.1 1.7 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 3.76.1 6.1 1.7 : 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.74.8 3.9 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.7 3.73.1 2.5 2.4 3.8 4.7 6.6 6.6 5.6 5.2 4.7 5.6 4.83.2 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.42.5 2.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.43.0 1.0 -0.3 -0.9 -0.2 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.0
3.5 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.2 2.0 2.4 2.7 1.6 1.94.0 5.2 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.5 2.5 2.94.0 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.8
1.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.22.8 5.9 1.9 1.3 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.7 2.81.8 4.3 1.7 0.9 2.0 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.32.0 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
3.2 0.0 -0.2 0.1 0.5 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.5 1.23.6 3.0 0.2 1.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.44.9 3.6 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.4 2.9 3.01.9 5.4 2.6 1.8 2.3 3.2 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.63.2 2.6 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.5
: : : : : : : : :3.1 2.4 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5
2.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.43.4 2.3 1.1 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2
: : : : : : : : :
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Potential GDP, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 14: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.5 0.9 -0.1 -1.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.4 0.00.7 -0.7 -0.9 -0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.1
-1.5 7.4 -2.0 1.3 1.9 1.0 0.5 1.8 2.2 2.2 0.1 0.62.5 2.3 -2.8 -3.6 0.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 0.6 -0.9 1.1 0.11.6 3.7 -4.7 -15.0 -12.5 -11.1 -10.0 -7.7 -5.0 -2.5 -7.6 -5.22.2 2.6 -4.0 -8.8 -7.5 -4.6 -2.2 -0.1 1.4 2.3 0.2 1.61.2 1.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -0.2 0.1 -1.1 -0.61.0 1.2 -1.9 -4.5 -4.2 -3.0 -1.9 -0.6 0.3 0.8 -0.8 0.00.5 3.1 0.3 -7.7 -6.9 -3.6 -1.1 1.3 2.7 3.7 0.8 2.0
-0.5 5.3 -5.8 : -0.2 0.3 1.0 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.6-2.0 3.8 -4.2 : -0.7 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.3 1.82.8 1.0 -2.9 -4.1 -1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.4 0.1 0.2 -0.3 0.30.5 0.5 -1.1 -1.7 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.21.1 -0.8 -1.4 -3.4 -2.8 -1.8 -1.2 0.2 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.50.7 0.0 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.2 0.1 0.4 -0.4 -0.22.1 -0.5 -1.2 -4.2 -3.2 -1.7 -0.9 0.4 1.1 1.4 0.4 1.0
-0.1 2.8 -1.3 -6.1 -4.0 -2.7 -0.8 1.8 3.3 3.9 1.4 2.5-1.6 1.2 0.2 -2.7 -2.1 -1.2 -0.4 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.81.5 0.8 -1.2 -2.4 -3.1 -3.5 -2.4 -0.7 0.4 1.1 -1.4 -0.51.1 0.9 -1.5 -3.1 -2.6 -1.8 -1.2 -0.4 0.3 0.6 -0.6 0.0
-1.1 1.2 0.1 -1.0 -2.0 -1.4 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0.7 -0.1 -0.1-1.0 2.8 -0.2 -3.1 -2.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.91.8 2.9 -1.8 -2.7 -2.1 -1.7 -1.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.4 -1.4 -1.3
2.6 -0.4 -4.2 -4.8 -3.2 -1.5 0.6 2.0 2.8 1.0 2.5-0.5 2.4 -2.5 -2.9 -0.8 0.3 0.4 1.5 2.1 2.4 1.4 2.5-0.7 -1.4 1.5 -1.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.5-3.4 4.7 -1.5 -3.6 -2.9 -2.1 -1.2 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.80.1 1.0 -1.7 -2.6 -2.2 -0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.0 -0.2
: : : : : : : : :1.1 1.5 -3.0 -2.2 -0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4
1.0 -1.6 -2.9 -2.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.1 0.3 0.6 -0.3 0.10.4 0.9 -1.6 -0.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2
: : : : : : : : :
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Output gap relative to potential GDP ¹ (deviation of actual output from potential output as % of potential GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
¹ When comparing output gaps between the successive forecasts it has to be taken into account that the overall revisions to the forecast may have led to changes in the estimates for potential output.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
167
Table 15: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.6 2.1 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.60.6 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.66.1 7.1 3.6 3.6 1.5 1.2 1.6 4.3 3.6 2.9 3.6 3.35.8 2.3 -1.5 1.0 -0.4 7.3 0.0 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.33.4 3.1 1.6 -2.4 -1.8 -1.0 -1.0 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.2 1.23.3 3.9 0.5 0.4 -0.2 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.41.4 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.9 1.32.5 2.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.22.6 3.9 2.1 -1.1 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 1.2 1.1 1.6 0.8 0.93.5 11.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 0.0 0.3 2.2 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.70.7 4.8 3.3 1.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 3.5 3.9 3.0 2.9 2.51.6 3.7 3.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 -1.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.32.3 2.4 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.6 1.83.0 2.0 1.1 1.4 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.4 2.1 0.9 1.21.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.53.7 3.1 0.6 2.3 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.47.1 3.4 1.7 1.6 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.86.1 3.5 1.0 0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 2.0 1.5 1.9 0.8 1.52.0 1.1 2.2 2.6 1.7 2.0 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.7 0.5 1.21.8 2.1 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.4
10.0 6.4 4.1 -0.7 0.5 2.2 2.2 0.6 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.54.4 1.9 0.9 1.4 2.5 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.72.2 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.2 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.74.8 3.9 2.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 -0.1 1.2 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.6
10.2 4.4 3.4 2.9 3.4 1.9 1.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.35.6 2.7 3.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 1.4 2.0
39.9 14.8 7.0 3.4 1.7 2.6 2.2 2.0 3.2 3.3 1.5 2.81.5 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.8 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.02.2 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.51.4 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 0.5 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.92.0 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.61.7 2.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.2
-1.1 -1.1 -1.2 -0.3 1.7 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Deflator of gross domestic product (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 16: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.5 1.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.30.9 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.34.9 4.8 4.2 3.0 0.5 -0.2 0.9 3.7 3.1 2.8 3.4 2.93.7 2.1 -1.2 1.7 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.23.2 3.1 2.3 -1.8 -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.12.8 3.4 1.9 1.0 0.2 -0.1 -0.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.41.0 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.32.5 2.5 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.32.3 3.1 2.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.8 -1.3 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.23.7 8.7 3.1 0.2 1.7 -1.0 1.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.00.9 2.2 4.7 1.0 0.1 -0.9 0.9 3.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.01.9 2.5 1.8 1.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.7 2.4 1.9 2.3 1.82.0 2.2 2.4 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.82.7 2.0 1.1 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.8 1.6 1.5 2.7 1.5 1.51.2 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.63.2 3.3 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.57.1 3.4 2.3 2.1 -0.1 -0.6 -0.3 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.76.5 4.8 2.6 1.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.42.1 1.1 2.5 2.5 1.3 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.21.8 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.37.1 4.3 3.3 -2.6 0.0 1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.03.8 1.8 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.5 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.02.1 1.6 2.3 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.2 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.64.5 2.8 3.2 1.9 -0.5 -0.5 -1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5
10.0 4.6 4.7 1.8 0.9 -0.2 -0.2 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.06.6 2.2 3.5 0.4 -0.1 -1.1 -0.4 1.5 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.9
36.3 8.7 6.1 2.6 1.2 0.9 -0.5 1.3 2.9 3.0 1.4 2.51.3 1.2 1.8 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.52.2 2.2 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.40.7 1.9 2.5 2.4 1.9 0.6 1.4 2.5 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.61.9 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.61.6 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.2
-0.8 -0.5 -0.8 -0.1 2.0 0.4 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Price deflator of private consumption (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
168
Table 17: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.7 2.0 2.6 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.51.2 1.8 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.45.0 3.9 4.6 3.2 0.5 0.1 0.8 3.7 3.0 2.7 3.3 2.93.7 2.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 -0.2 0.3 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.23.4 3.3 2.9 -0.9 -1.4 -1.1 0.0 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.12.8 3.2 2.3 1.5 -0.2 -0.6 -0.3 2.0 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.41.4 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.32.2 2.3 2.4 1.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.32.6 2.5 2.7 0.4 -0.3 -1.5 -1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.12.7 6.5 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.02.0 2.5 4.7 1.2 0.2 -0.7 0.7 3.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.02.0 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.7 0.1 0.0 2.1 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.82.8 2.1 2.9 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.83.0 1.7 1.9 2.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.3 1.5 2.2 1.6 1.31.5 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.8 1.0 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.63.1 2.7 1.9 0.4 -0.2 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.57.8 3.6 2.7 1.9 0.4 -0.8 -0.2 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.88.0 5.0 2.7 1.5 -0.1 -0.3 -0.5 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.62.1 1.0 2.7 2.2 1.2 -0.2 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.21.9 2.2 2.1 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.38.9 5.9 4.6 0.4 -1.6 -1.1 -1.3 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.54.3 1.8 2.8 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.02.2 1.6 2.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7
2.7 2.9 2.3 0.2 -0.3 -0.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.59.7 5.4 4.9 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.27.3 2.1 3.7 0.8 0.1 -0.7 -0.2 1.6 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.1
41.5 9.5 5.8 3.2 1.4 -0.4 -1.1 1.0 2.9 3.0 1.1 3.01.5 1.5 1.9 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.43.1 2.4 2.4 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.51.2 1.9 3.3 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.7 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.6
EU28 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.72.3 2.9 2.1 1.5 1.6 0.1 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3
Japan -0.4 0.0 -0.2 0.3 2.8 0.8 -0.1 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.4 1.0
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Cyprus
Harmonised index of consumer prices (national index if not available), (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Hungary
Portugal
forecastforecast
Luxembourg
Estonia
Bulgaria
Italy
Slovenia
Malta
Ireland
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
EU27
Euro area
Lithuania
France
Poland
Belgium
averages
Croatia
Austria
Spain
Germany
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Greece
USA
Sweden
Finland
Latvia
United Kingdom
Table 18: 23.10.2017
2017/1 2017/2 2017/3 2017/4 2018/1 2018/2 2018/3 2018/4 2019/1 2019/2 2019/3 2019/43.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.61.9 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.63.1 3.4 4.0 4.1 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.60.4 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.31.5 1.3 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.92.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.61.5 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.61.3 1.6 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.61.2 1.3 0.2 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.53.1 3.0 2.9 2.3 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.03.0 3.4 4.5 4.4 4.0 3.1 2.7 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.32.6 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.01.3 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.91.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.32.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.81.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.42.0 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.71.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.01.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.81.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.70.8 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.52.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.80.8 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.71.1 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.62.6 2.1 2.5 2.2 1.3 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.51.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.90.4 0.6 1.0 1.9 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.11.6 1.8 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.71.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.72.2 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.01.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.82.6 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.10.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 2.0
Romania
Slovakia
Netherlands
Sweden
Croatia
Austria
Estonia
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Ireland
EU28
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Spain
JapanUSA
Harmonised index of consumer prices (national index if not available), (percentage change on preceding year, 2017-19)
EU27
Euro area
Lithuania
Germany
Hungary
Portugal
France
Greece
Denmark
Finland
Latvia
Belgium
Statistical Annex
169
Table 19: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.7 1.8 1.7 -0.7 -2.7 -3.7 -2.5 1.9 0.2 2.0 2.9 1.40.1 0.2 1.1 -0.7 -0.6 0.9 -1.0 1.7 0.4 0.8 2.3 1.12.5 3.2 2.6 -0.7 -1.7 -1.9 -0.1 3.5 1.1 1.6 4.3 1.71.1 -1.0 0.5 -2.7 -0.3 9.9 -4.0 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.23.1 2.1 4.1 -1.9 -3.1 -11.5 -5.5 4.2 -0.7 2.4 6.8 1.31.2 2.1 1.8 -1.2 -2.0 0.6 -1.5 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.0 1.2
-0.9 0.8 1.1 -0.5 -1.0 0.7 -2.2 1.4 -0.6 -0.2 2.7 0.11.9 1.4 1.8 -0.6 -0.3 -0.3 -1.1 1.5 0.4 1.1 3.2 1.31.5 3.5 1.8 2.1 1.3 0.8 -0.9 1.2 1.1 1.9 2.4 1.10.1 11.0 4.3 1.8 -1.4 0.2 -2.7 5.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.5
-1.1 5.3 4.5 -2.1 -2.8 -5.3 -3.1 5.0 2.5 2.0 6.0 2.0-0.2 4.0 2.9 -2.1 -0.5 -2.2 -1.7 3.1 0.8 1.0 3.9 1.13.0 1.3 1.8 -4.0 1.1 -0.3 -3.5 2.8 0.0 1.3 6.5 1.5
-0.3 1.6 2.2 -1.4 -2.6 -2.9 -3.3 3.8 1.0 1.3 3.8 2.00.3 1.4 1.4 -0.9 -0.9 -1.0 -1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.01.1 1.3 1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -2.6 -3.5 2.6 1.3 1.4 2.6 1.45.2 2.4 1.2 -1.2 -0.4 -0.6 -2.1 2.8 0.8 0.9 3.0 1.23.1 1.6 0.6 -2.2 -3.6 -1.3 -1.7 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.3
-2.0 0.2 -0.1 -1.8 -0.9 -1.8 -2.8 4.5 1.5 1.5 5.3 1.50.3 0.9 1.4 -0.9 -1.2 0.0 -1.9 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.7 1.24.5 12.0 3.8 -3.6 -2.2 -2.3 -2.4 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 2.00.1 -0.2 -0.4 1.6 3.8 -1.4 -2.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.00.9 2.2 2.5 -0.5 0.1 1.5 -0.4 1.8 0.1 1.3 3.2 1.25.2 3.4 3.1 -2.0 -1.7 -2.3 -3.1 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.9 2.94.6 -0.2 2.2 -0.1 1.2 -0.1 -1.0 1.6 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.85.2 3.4 4.6 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.4 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.9
33.2 6.6 8.5 -5.8 -1.1 -0.3 -0.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 4.1 2.9-0.4 0.8 0.2 -3.2 2.1 1.6 -1.8 2.6 0.1 1.2 4.7 1.50.6 1.0 1.6 -0.9 -0.9 0.1 -1.8 1.9 0.6 1.1 2.7 1.2
-1.7 1.0 5.0 1.2 -4.8 -8.2 5.5 5.9 1.7 1.5 4.0 2.90.3 1.0 1.9 -0.7 -1.2 -0.6 -1.2 2.3 0.7 1.1 2.8 1.4
-0.8 3.2 2.1 -0.7 -1.0 -7.1 -3.7 1.9 1.9 1.2 1.4 0.6-2.6 0.2 -4.4 10.4 2.8 0.7 -8.9 4.6 1.8 1.2 6.5 1.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Price deflator of exports of goods in national currency (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 20: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.1 2.4 2.7 -0.7 -2.9 -5.4 -3.2 1.8 0.1 1.7 3.1 1.4
-0.2 0.6 1.4 -2.5 -2.2 -2.2 -3.2 3.3 -0.1 0.9 3.8 1.01.2 1.5 3.2 -0.7 -1.7 -2.1 -1.1 3.3 0.8 1.7 4.1 1.7
-1.5 0.5 0.3 -3.4 5.2 1.8 -6.2 0.5 -0.3 1.0 1.3 1.33.5 2.5 4.4 -3.6 -4.2 -12.0 -3.3 3.5 -0.9 1.2 6.6 1.20.9 2.0 3.0 -1.9 -1.5 -1.8 -1.6 4.1 0.5 1.7 4.1 1.6
-1.0 1.1 1.7 -1.8 -2.7 -3.4 -3.4 2.1 -1.5 -0.8 3.1 -0.61.7 2.8 2.7 -2.3 -3.7 -4.3 -4.3 3.0 -0.4 1.0 5.7 1.21.8 2.9 2.1 1.9 -5.4 -2.4 -0.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.61.4 8.5 4.7 0.5 -0.5 -2.1 -6.0 5.5 0.5 0.5 6.0 2.5
-2.5 3.8 4.9 -1.7 -3.6 -8.3 -5.3 5.3 1.2 1.5 6.0 2.01.0 2.5 2.1 -2.2 -1.2 0.0 -2.1 4.2 0.4 0.8 3.9 1.22.7 0.8 1.8 -5.4 -5.1 0.6 -2.2 2.8 -0.5 1.0 5.3 1.2
-1.0 1.5 2.9 -1.9 -2.7 -5.4 -4.4 4.7 1.3 1.4 5.5 2.50.1 1.7 2.2 -0.8 -1.9 -2.4 -1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.30.8 1.6 1.6 -3.2 -3.0 -5.2 -3.7 3.0 1.3 1.4 3.0 1.44.9 3.1 2.4 -2.0 -1.5 -1.9 -2.9 3.1 1.1 1.2 3.5 1.23.6 2.2 1.9 -1.7 -3.8 -1.1 -1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.3
-1.8 2.9 1.3 -2.6 -2.5 -6.4 -4.2 6.0 0.9 1.3 7.7 1.40.1 1.5 2.1 -2.0 -2.4 -3.4 -3.4 3.1 0.0 0.9 4.0 1.16.2 6.8 3.5 -2.8 -2.9 -2.9 -6.0 3.0 1.3 1.4 2.5 1.8
-0.6 0.3 0.5 0.0 2.0 -1.9 -3.9 2.2 0.5 1.1 2.8 1.00.1 1.4 2.2 -1.8 -0.9 -0.2 -3.3 1.9 -0.1 1.1 3.1 1.23.9 1.6 2.5 -0.4 -0.9 -1.2 -2.4 2.9 1.6 1.6 2.9 2.45.2 0.8 2.8 -0.9 0.1 -1.1 -2.4 2.3 1.2 1.4 3.0 2.25.7 2.6 5.1 -1.2 -2.2 -1.3 -0.6 0.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0
29.4 1.9 7.6 -6.5 -1.9 -1.3 -1.5 4.2 3.3 2.5 4.8 2.11.4 1.4 0.3 -3.7 1.2 -0.1 -2.3 3.6 -0.2 1.2 4.5 1.60.6 1.5 2.3 -2.0 -2.1 -3.0 -3.2 2.9 0.2 1.0 3.9 1.2
-1.8 0.7 5.1 0.2 -4.6 -6.8 2.6 5.1 1.2 1.0 6.0 3.70.2 1.4 2.6 -1.8 -2.4 -3.5 -2.4 3.2 0.3 1.0 4.1 1.5
-1.1 4.5 2.7 -1.3 -0.7 -9.1 -3.7 2.7 1.8 1.2 2.1 1.0-2.3 5.9 -1.3 11.9 3.6 -9.5 -14.0 7.5 1.0 1.5 7.5 1.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Price deflator of imports of goods in national currency (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
170
Table 21: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.5 -0.6 -1.0 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.00.3 -0.4 -0.3 1.8 1.7 3.1 2.3 -1.5 0.5 -0.1 -1.4 0.11.2 1.6 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.02.7 -1.5 0.2 0.7 -5.2 8.0 2.3 0.0 0.7 0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.4 -0.3 -0.3 1.7 1.1 0.6 -2.3 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.10.3 0.1 -1.2 0.6 -0.5 2.4 0.1 -2.4 0.7 -0.7 -2.0 -0.40.0 -0.3 -0.6 1.3 1.7 4.3 1.2 -0.7 0.9 0.6 -0.4 0.70.2 -1.4 -0.9 1.8 3.5 4.1 3.3 -1.5 0.8 0.1 -2.4 0.1
-0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.2 7.1 3.2 -0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.5 0.2 -0.5-1.3 2.3 -0.4 1.3 -0.9 2.4 3.5 -0.5 0.5 0.5 -0.9 -1.01.5 1.4 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 3.2 2.4 -0.2 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.0
-1.2 1.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 -2.2 0.3 -1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.10.2 0.5 0.0 1.6 6.5 -0.8 -1.3 0.0 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.30.8 0.1 -0.6 0.5 0.1 2.6 1.2 -0.9 -0.3 -0.1 -1.6 -0.50.2 -0.3 -0.8 -0.1 1.0 1.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.7 -0.30.3 -0.3 -0.1 1.7 1.2 2.7 0.3 -0.3 0.0 0.0 -0.3 0.00.2 -0.7 -1.1 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.8 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 0.0
-0.5 -0.6 -1.3 -0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.8 0.0-0.2 -2.6 -1.3 0.8 1.7 4.9 1.5 -1.4 0.6 0.2 -2.2 0.10.2 -0.6 -0.7 1.1 1.2 3.4 1.5 -1.1 0.5 0.0 -1.3 0.1
-1.7 4.9 0.3 -0.8 0.7 0.6 3.9 -1.5 0.5 0.4 -1.0 0.20.7 -0.5 -0.9 1.5 1.8 0.5 1.0 -1.2 0.5 0.1 -0.6 0.00.8 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.0 1.7 3.1 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.01.2 1.8 0.6 -1.6 -0.9 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.5
-0.6 -1.0 -0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.4 -0.7 0.2 0.2 -1.0 -0.4-0.5 0.8 -0.4 1.7 2.2 2.9 1.0 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.9 -0.12.9 4.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.5 -1.3 -0.3 0.5 -0.7 0.8
-1.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 0.9 1.7 0.5 -1.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 -0.10.1 -0.5 -0.6 1.1 1.2 3.1 1.5 -1.0 0.4 0.0 -1.2 0.00.0 0.3 -0.1 1.1 -0.2 -1.6 2.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 -1.9 -0.80.1 -0.3 -0.6 1.2 1.0 2.4 1.8 -0.7 0.4 0.1 -1.1 -0.10.3 -1.2 -0.6 0.7 -0.2 2.2 0.0 -0.8 0.1 0.0 -0.6 -0.4
-0.3 -5.4 -3.2 -1.4 -0.7 11.2 5.9 -2.7 0.8 -0.3 -0.9 0.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Terms of trade of goods (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 22: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.3 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.50.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5
-0.3 -0.6 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.01.4 2.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.00.4 0.3 0.0 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.00.7 1.8 0.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.10.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.40.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.01.1 1.6 2.4 -0.2 -1.1 -0.6 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6
-1.0 -1.0 -1.6 : -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5-0.8 -1.3 -1.6 : -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -1.71.2 1.5 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.20.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.00.7 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.50.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.70.6 0.2 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.10.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.10.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3
-1.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.6 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 -0.7 -0.6-0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.30.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
-1.2 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -0.6-0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.10.0 -0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0
-0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -1.1 -0.6 -0.6 -0.9 -0.60.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.10.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.20.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.70.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.31.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.80.2 0.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Total population (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
171
Table 23: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.3 1.0 0.8 -0.3 0.4 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.90.9 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0
-1.0 1.8 -1.4 1.2 0.8 2.9 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.24.8 3.8 -2.7 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.2 1.9 2.6 2.11.5 1.6 -3.0 -2.6 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.73.9 3.2 -3.2 -3.4 1.0 3.2 3.0 2.7 2.1 1.6 2.3 2.11.8 0.7 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.01.1 0.8 -1.0 -2.4 0.2 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.81.9 3.5 0.2 -5.9 -1.8 1.5 3.1 2.9 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.9
-0.5 2.3 -3.8 : 2.3 -1.4 1.4 -0.3 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.5-1.5 0.7 -2.4 : 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.6 0.54.6 3.0 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.10.3 1.0 2.0 3.7 5.1 3.9 3.7 4.7 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.81.6 0.7 0.0 -1.2 -0.1 1.0 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.30.8 1.2 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.91.7 -0.3 -2.0 -2.9 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.9 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.91.0 0.9 -0.8 -1.1 0.4 1.2 1.9 2.3 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.6
-0.9 1.3 0.3 -0.8 1.4 2.0 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.31.8 1.2 0.3 -0.7 -0.5 -0.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.71.5 1.0 -0.5 -0.8 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1
-1.7 3.0 -1.6 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6-0.9 0.9 -0.1 0.3 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.00.8 0.9 -1.0 0.0 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.2 0.8 1.1 0.91.7 2.1 -2.0 -2.6 2.7 1.2 0.3 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.51.0 -0.1 -1.1 1.1 4.8 2.4 2.6 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.3
-1.9 2.0 0.4 -0.1 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.0-3.2 -0.4 -1.6 -0.9 0.8 -1.3 -0.9 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.41.7 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.20.8 1.0 -0.5 -0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.01.0 1.0 0.2 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.40.8 1.0 -0.4 -0.4 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.91.0 1.3 -0.5 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.7
-0.9 0.6 -0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Total employment (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 24: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20187.7 8.2 7.6 8.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 7.3 7.0 6.8 7.6 7.48.5 10.0 6.6 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.2 4.0 3.9
11.9 7.8 11.6 8.6 7.4 6.2 6.8 6.9 7.7 8.5 7.7 8.65.2 4.5 12.3 13.1 11.3 9.4 7.9 6.1 5.5 5.3 6.4 5.9
11.1 9.5 14.5 27.5 26.5 24.9 23.6 21.8 20.4 18.7 22.8 21.612.8 9.7 19.1 26.1 24.5 22.1 19.6 17.4 15.6 14.3 17.6 15.98.9 8.6 9.0 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.1 9.5 9.3 8.9 9.9 9.69.9 7.4 8.4 12.1 12.7 11.9 11.7 11.3 10.9 10.5 11.5 11.34.5 4.5 7.0 15.9 16.1 15.0 13.0 11.0 10.0 9.3 11.7 10.6
13.7 9.3 15.2 : 11.9 10.8 9.9 9.6 8.4 7.9 7.3 9.2 8.715.1 8.3 13.2 : 11.8 10.7 9.1 7.9 7.3 6.8 6.4 7.6 7.22.4 4.4 4.9 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.06.8 7.0 6.5 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.9 4.94.0 5.1 4.8 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.0 4.8 4.0 3.5 4.9 4.44.2 5.2 4.7 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.9 5.95.6 8.4 12.0 16.4 14.1 12.6 11.2 9.2 8.3 7.6 9.9 9.26.8 6.1 6.9 10.1 9.7 9.0 8.0 6.8 5.9 5.2 7.2 6.3
17.3 15.4 12.8 14.2 13.2 11.5 9.7 8.3 7.4 6.6 8.6 7.69.9 8.2 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.0 8.6 8.29.2 8.7 9.8 12.0 11.6 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.5 7.9 9.4 8.9
15.5 10.4 9.3 13.0 11.4 9.2 7.6 6.4 6.0 5.7 7.0 6.47.9 7.3 6.4 7.0 6.1 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.5 3.54.7 4.7 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.8 5.7
12.5 11.8 17.4 17.2 16.1 13.4 11.1 9.2 7.5 11.6 9.76.6 6.8 10.2 10.2 7.7 6.8 5.1 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9
15.6 16.1 8.9 10.3 9.0 7.5 6.2 5.0 4.2 4.0 5.2 4.47.3 7.3 6.6 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.9 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.36.5 7.0 7.8 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.6
9.1 9.4 11.4 10.9 10.0 9.1 8.2 7.7 7.2 : :5.5 5.0 7.4 7.5 6.1 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.4
8.6 9.2 10.9 10.2 9.4 8.6 7.8 7.3 7.0 8.0 7.74.6 5.2 8.3 7.4 6.2 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.6 4.54.8 4.5 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.1 3.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Unemployment rate ¹ (number of unemployed as a percentage of total labour force, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
¹ Series following Eurostat definition, based on the Labour Force Survey.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
172
Table 25: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.71.3 0.8 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.7 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 2.5 2.6
10.8 14.7 3.7 4.8 6.5 3.3 5.9 6.4 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.66.0 5.4 0.0 0.2 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 3.0 2.56.8 5.6 -0.5 -7.5 -2.0 -2.3 -0.9 0.8 1.5 1.8 1.5 2.12.8 3.8 2.5 1.4 0.1 1.6 -0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.32.3 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.82.1 3.2 2.0 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.64.4 4.5 2.7 -5.4 -3.6 -1.2 -0.8 1.7 1.5 1.8 0.7 1.17.1 21.9 1.5 5.5 8.6 7.7 6.8 9.5 8.8 8.1 6.0 6.85.8 13.9 2.8 5.4 4.7 5.8 6.2 8.4 6.7 6.0 5.1 5.63.6 3.5 2.0 2.3 2.2 3.0 0.7 2.9 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.94.4 3.7 3.2 2.0 1.6 3.2 2.7 2.0 3.4 3.6 3.0 3.14.4 2.7 2.4 2.2 1.6 -0.3 1.2 1.7 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.82.1 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.94.9 3.3 0.4 3.6 -1.8 0.4 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.59.4 6.6 2.7 0.5 1.3 1.4 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.7 3.48.8 8.4 3.8 2.6 1.8 3.5 2.3 4.1 4.8 4.9 4.0 4.73.5 3.2 3.0 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 -1.1 1.3 1.7 -0.8 1.52.4 2.5 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.1
17.5 7.7 9.8 8.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 7.8 8.3 6.9 4.9 4.57.6 6.3 2.3 -0.3 2.6 3.0 4.6 7.1 6.6 5.6 4.6 4.63.8 3.5 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.76.6 5.3 2.3 -0.7 -5.4 -0.2 -0.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
12.6 8.2 2.4 1.8 0.8 -1.5 4.0 7.6 7.2 5.8 7.1 6.310.1 2.8 5.9 1.7 2.2 1.7 4.4 4.8 5.7 7.1 4.3 5.151.3 19.5 6.7 3.8 6.7 1.9 10.9 13.2 10.9 7.8 9.5 6.5
3.2 3.9 3.0 1.9 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.63.4 2.6 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.1 2.45.1 4.9 1.8 2.8 0.5 1.1 3.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.43.7 3.0 2.3 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.4
: 3.7 2.2 1.4 2.9 3.2 1.0 1.9 3.4 4.2 3.5 4.0-1.2 -0.6 -0.8 -0.1 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Compensation of employees per head (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 26: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.2 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 -0.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.40.4 -0.6 0.7 0.8 1.8 2.0 1.6 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.8 1.35.7 9.4 -0.5 1.8 5.9 3.5 4.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.62.2 3.3 1.2 -1.5 0.6 1.7 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.33.5 2.4 -2.7 -5.8 0.5 -0.8 0.1 -0.2 0.7 0.7 0.3 1.00.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 -0.1 1.7 -0.3 -1.1 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -0.11.3 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.5
-0.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 -0.3 0.9 0.5 -0.9 0.3 -0.2 -0.7 0.32.0 1.4 0.1 -5.3 -3.1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 -0.4 -0.13.2 12.1 -1.6 5.2 6.8 8.9 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.1 2.7 3.74.8 11.4 -1.9 4.3 4.6 6.7 5.2 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.2 3.51.7 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.7 2.9 0.7 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.12.4 1.5 0.7 0.8 1.5 2.5 1.9 1.2 1.9 1.8 1.4 1.31.7 0.7 1.2 -0.2 0.8 -0.5 0.3 0.1 1.2 0.4 1.3 1.30.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.31.7 -0.1 -0.8 2.8 -2.1 -0.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.02.2 3.1 0.4 -1.6 1.4 2.0 3.1 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.72.2 3.4 1.2 1.2 1.9 3.6 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.31.3 2.1 0.4 -1.1 -0.4 1.2 0.1 -2.1 -0.1 0.1 -1.7 0.30.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.79.7 3.2 6.3 11.7 5.6 4.4 5.9 6.7 6.7 5.2 3.6 3.53.7 4.5 0.3 -1.1 2.0 2.9 4.0 4.1 4.5 3.5 2.0 2.61.7 1.8 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.12.0 2.4 -0.9 -2.5 -4.9 0.3 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.02.4 3.4 -2.1 0.0 -0.1 -1.3 4.1 5.2 4.5 2.7 4.1 3.23.3 0.6 2.3 1.3 2.3 2.9 4.9 3.2 3.7 4.3 2.5 3.1
11.0 9.9 0.5 1.1 5.4 0.9 11.4 11.7 7.8 4.7 7.9 3.91.9 2.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.2 1.11.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.04.3 2.9 -0.7 0.4 -1.4 0.5 1.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.7 -0.2 -0.21.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.8
: 1.2 0.4 0.1 1.4 2.9 -0.2 0.2 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.7-0.4 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.5 0.5 0.1
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Real compensation of employees per head ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
173
Table 27: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.1 1.5 -0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.80.8 1.3 -0.2 -0.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.96.2 6.3 0.1 0.7 2.1 -1.2 1.8 3.6 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.73.2 1.4 2.0 -0.9 6.5 22.5 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.52.3 2.4 -2.4 -0.6 -0.2 -1.0 -0.7 -0.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.70.2 0.4 2.0 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.31.0 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.70.6 0.5 -0.4 0.7 -0.1 0.3 -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.32.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 -0.1 0.6 0.9 1.3 0.1 0.36.2 7.4 1.5 0.3 3.3 1.4 2.4 4.0 3.7 3.4 2.8 3.06.3 7.9 2.1 2.1 1.5 0.7 0.4 4.1 3.2 3.0 2.2 2.61.1 1.3 -2.3 1.8 3.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.33.2 1.5 -0.3 0.8 2.9 3.0 1.8 0.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.61.5 1.6 0.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.51.8 1.4 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.81.3 1.5 0.6 1.8 -0.5 0.4 -0.1 -0.3 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.72.8 3.8 -0.3 0.0 2.6 1.0 1.2 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.4 1.53.5 5.9 1.6 2.3 1.3 1.8 0.9 2.0 2.6 2.8 1.6 2.32.1 2.3 -1.0 0.0 -0.2 0.1 1.4 2.8 2.0 1.7 0.8 1.11.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.73.9 3.5 2.7 1.3 1.0 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 2.3 2.22.9 4.6 0.3 -0.8 2.2 3.8 1.3 3.4 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.71.2 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.91.0 2.6 0.0 1.6 -3.1 1.0 2.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.13.0 3.6 0.0 1.0 -0.6 0.9 -0.4 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.15.4 3.1 3.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.25.6 7.1 2.0 4.4 2.3 5.3 5.5 4.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 3.31.7 2.9 0.0 0.3 1.2 3.0 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.01.8 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.01.9 1.7 -0.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.81.8 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.02.1 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.2 -0.2 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.61.3 1.1 0.2 1.4 -0.3 0.8 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Labour productivity (real GDP per occupied person) (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note : See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 28: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20181.8 1.1 2.6 2.0 0.0 -0.5 -0.1 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.90.5 -0.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.74.3 7.9 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.7 3.4 2.82.8 3.9 -1.9 1.1 -4.4 -16.6 -0.2 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.94.4 3.1 2.0 -6.9 -1.8 -1.3 -0.2 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.32.6 3.4 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 1.4 -0.6 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.01.4 1.7 2.1 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.11.4 2.7 2.4 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 1.31.7 4.0 2.7 -5.3 -4.0 -1.7 -0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.80.9 13.4 0.1 5.2 5.1 6.2 4.3 5.3 4.9 4.6 3.1 3.7
-0.4 5.5 0.6 3.2 3.2 5.0 5.9 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.92.5 2.2 4.4 0.5 -0.9 2.8 0.7 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.8 0.61.2 2.2 3.5 1.2 -1.2 0.2 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.52.9 1.1 2.4 1.2 0.1 -1.5 0.3 0.6 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.30.2 1.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.13.6 1.8 -0.2 1.8 -1.3 0.0 2.2 1.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.96.4 2.7 3.0 0.5 -1.2 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.95.2 2.3 2.2 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.41.4 0.9 4.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 -0.4 -3.8 -0.7 0.1 -1.5 0.51.4 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4
13.1 4.0 6.9 7.4 4.6 2.3 2.3 4.6 4.8 3.5 2.6 2.34.6 1.7 2.0 0.5 0.4 -0.8 3.3 3.5 3.6 2.6 2.2 1.92.5 2.3 2.0 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.85.5 2.6 2.2 -2.2 -2.4 -1.2 -2.8 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.49.4 4.4 2.4 0.8 1.4 -2.4 4.4 4.9 4.1 2.7 4.0 3.14.5 -0.3 2.8 0.2 0.6 -0.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.8 1.1 1.8
43.3 11.6 4.6 -0.6 4.3 -3.3 5.0 7.9 6.6 3.7 5.0 3.11.5 0.9 3.0 1.7 1.0 -0.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.51.9 1.5 2.1 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 : :3.1 3.1 2.0 1.9 -0.1 0.4 2.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.52.1 1.8 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5
: 2.1 1.0 0.7 1.9 2.0 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.3-2.5 -1.6 -1.0 -1.5 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.1
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Unit labour costs, whole economy ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
174
Table 29: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.1 -1.0 0.9 1.0 -0.7 -1.6 -1.7 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7
-0.2 -1.5 1.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1-1.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 2.7 3.3 2.4 -1.5 -1.0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5-2.9 1.6 -0.4 0.0 -4.1 -22.3 -0.2 0.2 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.31.0 0.0 0.4 -4.6 0.0 -0.3 0.8 0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.3 0.2
-0.7 -0.4 -0.1 -0.7 0.0 0.7 -0.9 -0.7 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.40.0 -0.4 1.0 0.3 0.3 -1.1 -0.1 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 -0.2
-1.0 0.3 0.9 -0.6 -0.9 -0.2 0.1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.2 0.0-0.8 0.1 0.7 -4.3 -2.4 -0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -1.1 -0.2 -0.1-2.5 2.2 -1.9 3.4 3.3 6.2 4.0 3.0 1.5 1.4 0.0 1.0-1.1 0.7 -2.5 1.8 2.1 4.7 4.9 0.6 -0.5 0.0 -0.1 0.40.9 -1.4 1.1 -1.2 -2.5 1.4 2.0 0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.6 -1.7
-1.1 -0.2 0.7 -0.8 -3.4 -2.2 -0.7 -0.9 -0.5 -0.4 -0.2 -0.3-0.1 -0.9 1.4 -0.2 -0.1 -2.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.0-0.8 -1.0 0.8 0.9 0.0 -0.7 1.0 -0.6 -0.3 -0.6 -0.2 -0.3-0.1 -1.3 -0.8 -0.5 -2.0 -2.0 0.7 0.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.3 -0.6-0.7 -0.7 1.3 -1.1 -2.0 -0.6 0.7 -1.3 -0.8 -0.7 -0.2 0.1-0.9 -1.1 1.2 -0.2 0.7 1.7 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.9-0.6 -0.2 1.8 -1.1 -0.6 -0.7 -1.3 -4.3 -2.4 -1.6 -2.0 -0.8-0.4 -0.7 0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -1.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.02.8 -2.3 2.6 8.2 4.1 0.1 0.1 3.9 2.7 1.4 1.6 0.80.2 -0.2 1.0 -0.9 -2.0 -2.0 2.0 2.1 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.20.4 0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2 -0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.10.7 -1.2 -0.3 -3.0 -2.4 -1.2 -2.7 0.0 -0.7 -0.8 0.2 -0.3
-0.7 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -1.9 -4.2 3.4 2.0 1.2 -0.4 1.1 -0.2-1.1 -2.9 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -1.3 1.7 0.0 0.6 1.3 -0.2 -0.22.4 -2.7 -2.2 -3.9 2.6 -5.7 2.8 5.8 3.2 0.4 3.4 0.20.0 -0.6 1.2 0.6 -0.7 -2.3 -0.3 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -0.9 -0.4
-0.6 -0.9 0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 -0.11.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 -1.8 0.0 0.7 -0.7 -0.7 0.1 -0.4 -0.3
-0.2 -0.7 0.6 -0.2 -0.6 -1.1 0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.1 0.0 -0.1: -0.6 -0.5 -0.9 0.1 0.9 -0.1 -0.7 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1
-1.5 -0.6 0.2 -1.2 -0.4 -2.1 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Real unit labour costs ¹ (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 30:5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :
15.6669 15.6466 : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :
0.5767 0.5802 : : : : : : : : : :0.5972 0.6797 0.7041 0.7015 : : : : : : : :3.8971 3.4528 3.4528 3.4528 3.4528 : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : : :0.4154 0.4285 : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :
206.1982 238.3482 : : : : : : : : : :42.4519 38.2238 : : : : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : :
1.9549 1.9539 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.9558 1.955834.6809 29.9252 25.2808 25.9797 27.5359 27.2792 27.0343 26.3705 25.8237 25.8237 26.7858 26.70187.4542 7.4464 7.4488 7.4579 7.4548 7.4587 7.4452 7.4388 7.4433 7.4433 7.4369 7.43747.4493 7.4257 7.3627 7.5786 7.6344 7.6137 7.5333 7.4573 7.5065 7.5065 7.4440 7.4362
250.5868 253.7888 275.1883 296.8730 308.7061 309.9956 311.4379 308.7887 309.6650 309.6650 311.3709 312.18603.9363 4.1258 4.0279 4.1975 4.1843 4.1841 4.3632 4.2668 4.2714 4.2714 4.2609 4.24102.0705 3.6576 4.1666 4.4190 4.4437 4.4454 4.4904 4.5595 4.5819 4.5819 4.5214 4.52108.9170 9.2071 9.5011 8.6515 9.0985 9.3535 9.4689 9.5780 9.5612 9.5612 9.5710 9.5930
: : : : : : : : :0.6391 0.6841 0.8448 0.8493 0.8061 0.7258 0.8195 0.8779 0.8934 0.8934 0.8505 0.8471
: : : : : : : : :0.9903 1.2490 1.3736 1.3281 1.3285 1.1095 1.1069 1.1295 1.1780 1.1780 1.0648 1.0647
118.7904 141.9066 122.4959 129.6627 140.3061 134.3140 120.1967 126.5368 132.4070 132.4070 117.8240 116.7300
Autumn 2017
Greece
Finland
Belgium
Austria
France
Cyprus
Slovenia
USA
EU27
Italy
Poland
SwedenRomania
Denmark
Hungary
forecast
Japan
Portugal
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
averages
Spain
Germany
Nominal bilateral exchange rates against Ecu/euro (1998-2019)
Malta
23.10.2017
EU28
forecast
Latvia
Croatia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Spring 2017
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Euro area
Statistical Annex
175
Table 31: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.1 1.4 -0.2 2.4 0.6 -3.0 1.3 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 -0.10.0 1.8 -0.6 3.2 1.0 -3.9 1.4 1.8 1.4 0.0 -0.2 -0.10.1 1.1 -0.3 1.5 1.5 -0.8 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0
-1.9 2.5 -0.4 3.1 0.0 -6.2 2.0 2.1 1.7 0.0 -0.4 -0.1-0.1 1.3 0.1 3.1 2.1 -2.1 2.1 3.4 1.5 0.0 1.7 -0.10.0 1.3 -0.1 2.3 0.7 -3.0 1.5 1.7 1.1 0.0 0.1 -0.1
-0.1 1.7 -0.5 3.1 0.8 -3.7 1.1 1.7 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.10.2 1.7 -0.4 2.9 1.1 -3.7 1.2 1.9 1.4 0.0 0.0 -0.10.9 1.2 0.0 2.8 0.3 -4.0 2.1 2.2 1.3 0.0 0.2 -0.12.2 -2.9 0.1 1.1 0.9 -1.2 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.2 -0.16.2 1.3 0.0 1.8 0.9 -1.9 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.1 -0.1
-0.1 0.8 0.0 1.8 0.6 -2.0 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 -0.10.3 1.7 -0.8 2.6 0.7 -2.6 1.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1
-0.1 1.1 -0.1 2.0 0.5 -2.7 1.4 1.4 0.9 0.0 0.1 -0.10.2 1.0 -0.3 2.0 0.8 -2.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.0 -0.2 -0.1
-0.5 1.1 -0.1 1.7 0.4 -2.6 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 -0.1-3.9 -0.6 0.1 1.4 0.8 -1.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 -0.1-2.2 5.3 2.5 1.2 0.7 -1.3 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 -0.1-0.3 1.7 -0.6 3.1 1.6 -2.9 1.1 1.6 1.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.1-0.1 3.5 -0.8 5.9 2.1 -6.8 2.3 3.5 2.7 0.0 -0.1 -0.23.6 1.2 0.5 2.2 1.7 -1.5 1.4 2.4 1.1 0.0 1.2 -0.13.5 2.7 2.0 -1.8 -5.2 -0.8 2.1 3.5 2.8 0.0 1.0 0.2
-0.2 1.4 -0.5 2.6 1.4 -2.8 1.6 1.6 1.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.1-0.7 1.0 -0.6 1.0 0.2 -1.5 1.9 2.3 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0-2.3 0.0 -2.7 -1.1 -3.1 -2.0 0.5 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.2 -0.3-0.6 1.0 -2.1 1.4 1.1 -1.7 -3.0 3.6 0.5 0.0 2.8 0.4
-22.3 -0.3 -5.4 2.8 0.6 -1.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 -0.1-1.4 1.6 0.7 3.6 -3.8 -5.2 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.0 -1.5 -0.3
: : : : : : : : : : : :1.7 0.3 -4.3 -1.7 6.7 6.6 -11.1 -5.7 -0.2 0.0 -4.6 0.30.7 5.3 -3.2 8.0 4.6 -7.3 -1.3 3.5 3.9 0.0 -1.2 -0.13.1 -4.7 -0.5 2.8 3.6 17.2 3.0 -0.3 -2.3 0.0 2.8 -0.41.5 -2.6 8.4 -18.4 -6.7 -3.3 13.2 -3.7 -2.1 0.0 0.1 0.9
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Nominal effective exchange rates to rest of a group ¹ of industrialised countries (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 32: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.3 -0.4 0.6 0.8 -1.1 -1.2 -1.5 -0.6 -0.6 : -0.3 -0.8-2.2 -2.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 : 0.3 0.12.0 5.6 1.1 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.3 1.5 0.8 : 1.9 1.00.7 2.2 -3.7 -0.1 -5.4 -17.3 -1.5 -0.4 -0.7 : 0.1 -0.70.2 0.8 -0.7 -8.2 -3.8 -2.9 -3.4 -1.3 -1.8 : -1.7 -1.00.1 1.7 -1.6 -1.6 -1.3 0.6 -2.3 -1.3 -0.9 : -1.1 -0.6
-1.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.9 -1.1 -0.1 -0.4 : -0.6 -0.6-1.3 0.9 0.3 -0.5 -1.2 -0.2 -0.8 -1.4 -0.6 : -1.1 -0.4-2.2 1.8 0.6 -4.9 -4.5 -2.1 -2.1 -0.3 -1.0 : -0.9 -0.9-1.5 11.2 -2.2 3.6 3.6 5.0 2.1 3.6 2.9 : 1.3 1.8-3.3 3.0 -1.6 1.5 1.6 3.8 3.8 2.4 1.3 : 1.0 1.00.6 0.6 2.1 -0.8 -2.0 2.1 -0.7 1.2 0.3 : 0.2 -1.0
-0.6 0.7 1.7 0.0 -2.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 0.0 : -0.1 -0.10.8 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 -1.0 -2.2 -1.2 -0.7 0.2 : 0.8 0.7
-2.1 -0.4 0.3 1.3 0.9 0.8 0.5 -0.3 -0.6 : -0.5 -0.61.6 -0.2 -1.9 0.9 -2.1 -0.8 1.1 0.8 -0.7 : -0.4 -0.73.8 1.1 0.6 -0.6 -2.3 -0.4 0.0 -1.2 -1.0 : -0.4 0.12.5 1.0 -0.1 -1.0 -0.7 0.9 -0.5 0.3 0.1 : 0.6 0.6
-1.0 -0.8 1.8 0.1 -0.2 0.4 -1.9 -5.2 -2.3 : -3.1 -1.3-2.3 -1.0 0.0 0.2 -1.0 -0.9 -1.6 -0.9 -0.6 : -0.5 -0.56.7 1.5 4.1 6.6 2.8 1.3 -0.5 2.2 2.3 : 0.2 0.12.3 0.4 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -1.7 1.5 1.9 1.8 : 0.4 0.20.6 0.8 -0.2 -0.8 -0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 : 0.2 0.22.8 0.8 -0.2 -3.4 -3.6 -2.1 -4.6 -0.4 -0.5 : -0.2 -0.46.8 2.9 0.1 -0.4 0.1 -3.2 2.5 3.0 1.9 : 2.1 1.32.2 -1.8 0.5 -1.2 -0.6 -1.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 : -0.7 0.0
38.2 9.5 2.0 -2.0 2.9 -4.4 2.8 6.0 4.6 : 3.0 1.1-0.9 -0.9 0.6 0.2 -0.2 -1.1 -0.1 0.3 -0.1 : 0.0 -0.1
: : : : : : : : : : : :0.9 1.5 0.2 0.8 -1.1 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.1 : -0.3 0.0
-2.0 -0.4 0.2 0.2 -1.8 -1.9 -1.4 -0.4 -0.3 : -0.8 -0.6-0.5 0.4 -1.0 -0.3 0.5 0.8 -0.1 0.2 1.1 : 1.0 0.7-4.7 -3.6 -2.8 -2.7 0.1 -1.2 -1.3 -1.4 -1.9 : -1.9 -1.7
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Relative unit labour costs, to rest of a group¹ of industrialised countries (nat. curr) (percentage change over preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
176
Table 33: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.5 0.9 0.3 3.2 -0.5 -4.2 -0.3 0.9 0.5 : -0.3 -0.8-2.3 -0.7 -0.4 4.1 1.7 -2.6 1.4 2.1 1.4 : 0.2 -0.12.1 6.8 0.8 3.9 4.2 2.4 3.5 2.6 1.4 : 2.2 1.0
-1.2 4.7 -4.1 3.0 -5.3 -22.4 0.5 1.7 1.0 : -0.3 -0.80.1 2.2 -0.6 -5.4 -1.8 -5.0 -1.3 2.1 -0.4 : 0.0 -1.10.1 3.0 -1.7 0.6 -0.6 -2.3 -0.8 0.4 0.2 : -0.9 -0.7
-1.1 1.6 -0.3 3.1 0.7 -4.5 -0.1 1.6 0.9 : -0.8 -0.7-1.2 2.7 -0.1 2.3 -0.1 -3.9 0.4 0.4 0.8 : -1.2 -0.6-1.3 2.9 0.7 -2.3 -4.2 -6.1 0.0 1.9 0.4 : -0.6 -1.00.7 8.0 -2.1 4.8 4.5 3.7 3.5 4.7 3.6 : 1.5 1.72.7 4.3 -1.6 3.3 2.6 1.8 5.2 3.6 2.1 : 1.1 0.90.5 1.4 2.1 1.0 -1.4 0.0 0.3 2.4 1.1 : 0.3 -1.1
-0.3 2.5 0.9 2.7 -1.4 -3.0 0.5 1.3 1.0 : 0.0 -0.20.7 0.7 0.2 1.9 -0.5 -4.9 0.2 0.7 1.1 : 0.9 0.6
-1.9 0.6 0.0 3.3 1.7 -1.7 1.4 0.7 0.3 : -0.7 -0.71.0 0.9 -2.1 2.6 -1.7 -3.4 2.3 2.0 0.2 : -0.4 -0.7
-0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 -1.5 -1.8 0.8 -0.4 -0.4 : -0.4 0.10.3 6.4 2.4 0.2 0.0 -0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 : 0.7 0.6
-1.3 0.8 1.2 3.2 1.4 -2.5 -0.9 -3.7 -1.1 : -3.3 -1.3-2.5 2.5 -0.8 6.1 1.1 -7.6 0.7 2.6 2.0 : -0.6 -0.710.5 2.7 4.6 9.0 4.6 -0.3 0.9 4.7 3.4 : 1.4 0.0
6.0 3.1 1.8 -2.6 -5.9 -2.5 3.7 5.5 4.7 : 1.5 0.40.4 2.2 -0.8 1.8 1.1 -2.4 1.6 1.9 1.2 : 0.1 0.12.0 1.8 -0.8 -2.5 -3.3 -3.6 -2.8 1.9 -0.4 : 1.3 -0.44.3 2.9 -2.6 -1.5 -3.0 -5.1 3.1 5.0 2.3 : 2.3 0.91.6 -0.8 -1.6 0.2 0.5 -3.2 -2.8 4.1 1.3 : 2.1 0.47.4 9.1 -3.6 0.8 3.5 -6.0 3.1 6.2 5.0 : 3.0 1.1
-2.3 0.7 1.3 3.8 -4.0 -6.3 0.1 0.4 1.2 : -1.5 -0.4: : : : : : : : : : : :
2.6 1.8 -4.2 -0.9 5.5 6.7 -9.7 -5.3 -0.2 : -4.9 0.4-1.3 5.0 -3.1 8.3 2.8 -9.0 -2.7 3.1 3.5 : -2.0 -0.82.6 -4.3 -1.5 2.5 4.2 18.2 2.8 0.0 -1.2 : 3.8 0.3
-3.3 -6.1 5.4 -20.6 -6.6 -4.5 11.8 -5.1 -4.0 : -1.8 -0.8
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Real effective exchange rate : ulc relative to rest of a group ¹ of industrialised countries (USD) (% change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Note: See note 6 on concepts and sources where countries using full time equivalents are listed.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 34: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201849.7 49.6 53.6 55.8 55.2 53.8 53.2 52.4 51.8 51.4 52.7 52.146.9 45.6 45.5 44.7 44.3 43.9 44.2 44.2 44.0 43.9 44.6 44.737.5 34.2 40.6 38.5 38.4 40.2 40.6 40.3 40.7 40.3 41.1 42.033.0 33.8 48.4 40.2 37.5 28.8 27.1 26.4 26.0 25.9 27.4 26.845.9 46.4 53.4 62.2 50.2 53.8 49.7 50.4 47.4 46.4 49.6 47.339.4 38.5 45.3 45.6 44.8 43.8 42.2 41.1 40.4 39.9 41.5 40.951.8 52.6 55.8 57.0 57.1 56.7 56.4 56.0 55.9 55.7 56.0 55.947.1 47.1 49.8 51.1 50.9 50.2 49.4 49.1 48.5 48.1 49.5 49.234.8 38.7 41.1 41.6 48.2 40.2 38.3 38.5 38.2 37.9 37.9 37.537.2 34.5 41.2 : 37.7 38.3 38.5 37.4 38.3 37.8 37.3 37.3 37.538.7 34.3 40.8 : 35.5 34.6 34.9 34.2 34.4 34.0 34.1 34.3 34.039.7 41.7 43.1 43.3 41.8 41.5 42.1 42.8 42.6 42.4 40.9 40.241.3 42.6 41.9 42.0 41.3 41.2 38.0 38.1 37.6 37.3 37.9 37.343.3 43.2 46.8 46.3 46.2 44.9 43.4 43.2 43.3 42.9 43.9 43.451.5 51.2 51.8 51.6 52.3 51.0 50.7 49.8 49.2 48.7 50.7 50.443.1 45.6 49.2 49.9 51.8 48.2 45.0 44.8 44.6 44.4 45.0 44.646.0 44.5 48.0 59.5 49.6 47.7 45.1 43.6 42.5 41.8 44.8 44.047.0 38.5 40.9 41.4 42.0 45.2 41.5 40.6 39.2 38.7 41.6 41.349.4 48.6 53.7 57.5 58.1 56.9 55.8 53.9 52.3 51.0 55.5 54.646.9 46.4 49.3 49.8 49.2 48.3 47.6 47.2 46.8 46.5 47.6 47.339.1 37.1 36.2 37.6 42.1 40.7 35.0 36.2 36.4 36.1 36.8 36.942.5 43.2 43.2 42.6 42.2 41.7 39.4 39.2 39.5 39.5 40.2 40.553.7 51.5 55.6 55.8 55.3 54.8 53.5 53.0 52.4 51.9 53.3 52.3
46.0 47.1 47.7 48.0 47.6 47.2 46.3 45.8 45.2 48.6 48.448.9 49.7 49.2 49.3 49.5 50.2 46.7 47.5 47.2 46.6 47.9 47.844.2 44.3 44.4 42.6 42.3 41.6 41.2 41.3 41.6 41.9 42.0 42.136.8 34.6 39.1 35.4 34.9 35.7 34.0 33.8 35.5 36.2 34.1 35.254.7 51.8 51.1 52.0 51.1 49.6 49.5 48.8 48.2 47.9 50.0 49.447.1 46.5 49.1 49.4 48.9 48.0 47.2 46.8 46.5 46.2 47.3 47.036.1 40.4 46.4 44.2 43.2 42.4 41.5 41.0 40.3 39.9 41.8 41.3
45.5 48.7 48.6 48.0 47.0 46.3 46.0 45.5 45.2 46.4 46.134.7 36.5 41.4 38.7 38.0 37.6 37.9 38.1 37.9 38.0 37.8 37.937.7 35.5 39.6 40.8 40.2 39.4 39.5 39.7 39.4 38.8 39.5 39.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Total expenditure, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
177
Table 35: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201849.4 48.7 49.9 52.7 52.1 51.3 50.7 50.9 50.3 50.0 50.8 50.244.8 43.0 43.8 44.5 44.6 44.5 45.0 45.1 45.0 45.0 45.1 45.036.8 36.4 39.9 38.3 39.1 40.3 40.3 40.1 40.2 39.8 40.8 41.535.0 35.1 33.7 34.1 33.9 26.9 26.4 26.0 25.9 25.7 26.9 26.640.4 39.3 42.2 49.0 46.6 48.1 50.2 49.2 48.3 47.2 48.4 47.938.2 39.5 36.3 38.6 38.9 38.5 37.7 37.9 38.0 38.2 38.3 38.349.8 49.5 50.4 52.9 53.1 53.1 53.0 53.1 53.0 52.7 53.0 52.744.6 43.9 46.0 48.1 47.9 47.7 46.9 47.0 46.7 46.1 47.2 46.931.6 36.8 37.0 36.4 39.5 39.0 38.8 39.6 39.6 39.7 38.1 38.135.1 33.7 35.6 : 36.8 37.1 37.3 37.4 37.4 36.8 36.3 36.5 35.835.8 33.4 34.5 : 32.9 34.0 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.3 34.2 34.0 33.843.9 42.7 43.6 44.3 43.1 42.8 43.8 43.3 43.0 42.9 41.1 40.434.7 38.5 38.8 39.5 39.6 40.1 39.2 39.0 38.1 37.8 38.3 38.143.0 42.3 43.1 43.9 43.9 42.8 43.8 43.9 43.8 43.8 44.4 44.249.6 48.6 48.6 49.7 49.6 49.9 49.1 48.8 48.3 48.0 49.4 49.439.4 40.7 41.6 45.1 44.6 43.8 43.0 43.4 43.2 43.2 43.2 42.742.9 43.1 43.3 44.8 44.3 44.9 43.3 42.8 42.5 42.2 43.4 42.939.2 35.8 35.7 38.7 39.3 42.5 39.3 38.9 38.2 38.5 40.3 40.853.3 51.9 52.8 54.9 54.9 54.2 54.0 52.5 51.1 50.3 53.3 52.945.1 44.3 44.8 46.7 46.7 46.2 46.1 46.1 45.9 45.7 46.2 46.039.2 38.2 34.6 37.2 36.6 39.1 34.9 36.2 36.4 36.2 36.3 36.637.9 40.2 39.5 41.4 40.3 41.1 40.1 40.4 40.4 40.1 40.5 40.654.4 54.8 54.0 54.6 56.4 53.1 52.9 52.0 51.5 51.0 52.0 51.4
42.1 41.4 42.4 42.9 44.3 46.3 45.4 44.9 44.6 47.5 47.443.2 42.5 45.1 46.6 46.8 48.2 44.8 45.5 44.6 44.3 45.6 45.340.4 40.2 39.0 38.5 38.7 38.9 38.7 39.5 39.9 40.0 39.1 39.333.2 32.9 32.9 33.3 33.5 34.9 31.0 30.8 31.7 32.0 30.6 31.555.6 53.1 51.1 50.6 49.6 49.8 50.6 49.7 48.9 48.5 50.4 50.145.4 44.5 44.8 46.5 46.4 46.0 45.8 45.8 45.5 45.3 45.9 45.736.1 37.5 38.3 38.8 37.7 38.1 38.6 38.9 38.4 38.4 38.8 39.0
43.3 43.8 45.3 45.0 44.6 44.7 44.7 44.5 44.3 44.8 44.733.5 32.1 31.2 33.4 33.2 33.4 33.0 33.1 33.0 33.0 33.1 32.730.2 30.8 31.5 33.1 34.8 35.9 35.5 35.4 35.5 35.7 35.3 35.4
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Total revenue, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 36: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.3 -0.9 -3.8 -3.1 -3.1 -2.5 -2.5 -1.5 -1.4 -1.5 -1.9 -2.0-2.1 -2.6 -1.7 -0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.3-0.7 2.2 -0.8 -0.2 0.7 0.1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.52.0 1.3 -14.7 -6.1 -3.6 -1.9 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.3
-5.5 -7.1 -11.1 -13.2 -3.6 -5.7 0.5 -1.2 0.9 0.8 -1.2 0.6-1.3 1.0 -9.0 -7.0 -6.0 -5.3 -4.5 -3.1 -2.4 -1.7 -3.2 -2.6-2.0 -3.1 -5.4 -4.1 -3.9 -3.6 -3.4 -2.9 -2.9 -3.0 -3.0 -3.2-2.5 -3.3 -3.8 -2.9 -3.0 -2.6 -2.5 -2.1 -1.8 -2.0 -2.2 -2.3-3.2 -1.9 -4.1 -5.1 -8.8 -1.2 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.2 0.7-2.1 -0.7 -5.5 : -1.0 -1.2 -1.2 0.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -0.8 -1.8-2.9 -0.8 -6.2 : -2.6 -0.6 -0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.4 -0.24.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3
-6.6 -4.1 -3.1 -2.4 -1.8 -1.1 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8-0.2 -0.9 -3.7 -2.4 -2.3 -2.1 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.8-1.9 -2.6 -3.2 -2.0 -2.7 -1.0 -1.6 -1.0 -0.9 -0.6 -1.3 -1.0-3.8 -4.8 -7.6 -4.8 -7.2 -4.4 -2.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.8 -1.9-3.0 -1.4 -4.7 -14.7 -5.3 -2.9 -1.9 -0.8 0.0 0.4 -1.4 -1.2-7.8 -2.7 -5.3 -2.7 -2.7 -2.7 -2.2 -1.6 -1.0 -0.2 -1.3 -0.63.8 3.3 -0.8 -2.6 -3.2 -2.7 -1.7 -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -2.2 -1.8
-1.8 -2.2 -4.5 -3.0 -2.6 -2.1 -1.5 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.4 -1.30.1 1.1 -1.6 -0.4 -5.5 -1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.4 -0.3
-4.5 -3.0 -3.7 -1.2 -1.9 -0.6 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.10.7 3.4 -1.6 -1.2 1.1 -1.8 -0.6 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.3 -0.9
-3.9 -5.7 -5.3 -5.1 -3.3 -0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -0.7 -1.1 -0.9-5.7 -7.1 -4.1 -2.6 -2.7 -2.0 -1.9 -2.1 -2.6 -2.3 -2.3 -2.4-3.8 -4.1 -5.3 -4.1 -3.6 -2.6 -2.5 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9 -2.9 -2.9-3.5 -1.7 -6.2 -2.1 -1.4 -0.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.9 -4.1 -3.5 -3.71.0 1.3 0.0 -1.4 -1.6 0.2 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7
-1.8 -2.0 -4.3 -2.9 -2.5 -2.0 -1.4 -1.1 -0.9 -0.8 -1.4 -1.30.0 -3.0 -8.1 -5.4 -5.5 -4.3 -2.9 -2.1 -1.9 -1.5 -3.0 -2.3
-2.2 -4.9 -3.3 -3.0 -2.4 -1.7 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -1.6 -1.5-1.1 -4.4 -10.2 -5.4 -4.8 -4.2 -5.0 -5.0 -4.9 -5.1 -4.7 -5.2-7.5 -4.7 -8.1 -7.6 -5.4 -3.5 -4.1 -4.3 -3.8 -3.1 -4.2 -3.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-), general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
178
Table 37: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.7 4.5 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.43.1 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.10.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.12.1 1.1 2.7 4.3 3.9 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.06.8 4.7 5.6 4.0 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.33.2 1.8 2.1 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.52.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.86.4 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.83.0 3.0 2.5 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.40.8 0.5 1.5 : 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.01.4 0.9 1.5 : 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.20.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.33.7 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.93.4 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.93.5 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.93.0 2.7 3.6 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.5 4.2 4.12.3 1.5 1.6 2.6 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.8 3.0 2.83.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.32.7 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.03.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.03.6 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.81.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.83.8 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9
1.9 2.5 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 3.0 2.85.5 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.73.2 2.5 2.4 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.63.8 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.63.4 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.63.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.92.4 1.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.03.9 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.12.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.0
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Interest expenditure, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 38: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.4 3.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.51.0 0.2 0.8 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.4
-0.4 2.4 -0.6 -0.1 0.8 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.44.0 2.3 -12.0 -1.8 0.3 0.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.81.3 -2.4 -5.5 -9.1 0.4 -2.1 3.7 2.0 3.9 3.7 2.0 3.92.0 2.8 -6.9 -3.5 -2.5 -2.2 -1.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.5 -0.6 -0.11.0 -0.4 -2.9 -1.9 -1.8 -1.6 -1.5 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.2 -1.43.9 1.4 0.9 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.5
-0.3 1.1 -1.6 -1.8 -5.9 1.7 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.9 2.6 3.0-1.4 -0.2 -4.1 : 0.5 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.8-1.5 0.0 -4.7 : -0.9 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.04.6 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6
-2.9 -0.5 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.3 3.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.73.2 1.2 -1.8 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.71.6 0.5 -0.3 0.7 -0.2 1.3 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9
-0.8 -2.1 -3.9 0.0 -2.3 0.2 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2-0.8 0.1 -3.1 -12.1 -2.1 0.3 1.1 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.6-4.3 -0.9 -3.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.0 -0.5 -0.3 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.86.6 4.9 0.5 -1.4 -2.0 -1.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 0.1 -1.1 -0.82.0 0.8 -1.6 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.73.7 2.7 -0.8 0.4 -4.6 -0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.5
-3.6 -2.0 -2.4 0.1 -0.6 0.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.94.5 5.5 0.2 0.4 2.5 -0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.3 0.0
-2.0 -3.1 -2.1 -1.7 0.2 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8-0.2 -3.1 0.2 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2-0.6 -1.6 -2.9 -1.6 -1.6 -0.9 -0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -1.3 -1.20.2 -0.5 -4.8 -0.4 0.3 0.9 -1.5 -1.6 -2.3 -2.5 -2.0 -2.04.4 3.1 1.2 -0.6 -0.9 0.6 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.32.0 0.8 -1.5 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.62.4 -1.0 -5.5 -2.6 -2.8 -1.9 -0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 -0.5 0.12.1 0.5 -2.1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.1 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.52.8 -1.0 -6.5 -1.7 -1.3 -0.8 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -1.3 -1.0 -1.1
-4.6 -2.8 -6.1 -5.7 -3.5 -1.7 -2.2 -2.5 -2.1 -1.4 -2.2 -1.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Primary balance, general government ¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
¹ Net lending/borrowing excluding interest expenditure.
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
179
Table 39: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-0.6 -1.4 -3.7 -2.4 -2.6 -2.1 -2.2 -1.4 -1.5 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9-2.5 -2.2 -1.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.3-0.1 -1.1 0.1 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -0.5 -1.1 -1.4 -1.5 -0.3 -0.70.6 0.0 -13.2 -4.2 -4.1 -2.9 -1.7 -1.3 -0.5 0.3 -1.1 -0.3
-6.3 -8.9 -8.9 -5.9 2.5 -0.3 5.3 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.1-2.4 -0.4 -6.8 -2.2 -1.9 -2.8 -3.3 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.3 -3.4-2.7 -4.2 -5.0 -3.2 -3.0 -2.7 -2.7 -2.4 -2.8 -3.0 -2.4 -2.8-3.1 -3.9 -2.8 -0.5 -0.8 -0.9 -1.5 -1.8 -2.0 -2.4 -1.8 -2.3-3.5 -3.5 -4.3 -1.1 -5.2 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4-2.0 -2.8 -3.3 -0.9 -1.3 -1.6 -0.5 -1.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -2.4-2.1 -2.4 -4.5 -2.3 -0.9 -0.5 -0.1 -0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.9 -0.93.0 0.6 1.9 2.8 2.0 1.9 2.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1
-6.8 -4.4 -2.7 -1.6 -2.5 -2.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.7-0.9 -0.4 -2.8 -0.2 -0.5 -0.9 1.1 0.6 -0.1 -0.1 0.5 0.5-2.3 -2.6 -3.0 -1.5 -2.2 -0.6 -1.1 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 -1.1 -0.9-4.8 -4.6 -7.0 -2.7 -5.5 -3.5 -1.5 -1.7 -2.0 -1.9 -2.0 -2.4-3.0 -2.8 -4.1 -11.8 -3.4 -1.6 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -1.4 -2.0 -2.4-7.2 -3.2 -5.4 -1.7 -1.9 -2.3 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 -0.93.0 2.8 -0.2 -1.2 -1.4 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.5
-2.4 -2.6 -3.7 -1.4 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.30.5 0.7 -1.6 0.0 -4.9 -1.2 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3
-4.1 -4.2 -3.6 0.1 -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 -0.2-0.4 1.6 -0.5 0.5 2.3 -0.7 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1
-5.1 -5.5 -3.3 -2.9 -1.8 -0.2 -1.1 -1.9 -2.0 -1.6 -2.1-5.4 -8.3 -2.9 -1.2 -2.4 -2.1 -2.1 -2.8 -3.6 -3.5 -3.0 -3.7-3.5 -3.4 -6.2 -3.4 -3.0 -2.4 -2.2 -2.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.1 -3.1-2.4 -3.3 -5.7 -0.9 -0.4 -0.1 -2.6 -3.3 -4.3 -4.6 -3.8 -3.90.9 0.7 1.0 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.8
-2.3 -2.5 -3.6 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.1 -1.2 -1.1 -1.3-0.6 -3.8 -6.3 -4.1 -5.1 -4.4 -3.3 -2.5 -2.2 -1.6 -3.4 -2.6
EU28 -2.8 -4.0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.7 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Cyprus
¹ Cyclically-adjusted variables for Croatia are based on provisional values for fiscal semi-elasticities and subject to further revisions
United KingdomEU27
Croatia
Austria
Sweden
Cyclically-adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-), general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)
Hungary
Portugal
forecastforecast
Luxembourg
Estonia
Bulgaria
Ireland
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
Euro area
Lithuania
Belgium
averages
Spain
Germany
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Greece
Finland
Latvia
France
Table 40: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20186.1 3.1 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.50.6 0.6 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.30.3 -0.9 0.3 -0.6 -0.1 -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -0.2 -0.72.7 1.1 -10.5 0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 1.1 1.70.5 -4.2 -3.2 -1.9 6.4 3.2 8.5 5.7 6.3 5.0 5.7 6.40.8 1.4 -4.7 1.2 1.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.6 -0.8 -0.7 -0.7 -1.00.3 -1.5 -2.4 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.6 -1.0 -1.3 -0.6 -1.03.3 0.8 1.9 4.3 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.1 2.1 1.5
-0.5 -0.5 -1.8 2.2 -2.4 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0-1.2 -2.2 -1.9 0.6 0.1 -0.3 0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -0.9 -0.4 -1.4-0.6 -1.5 -3.0 -0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.33.4 0.8 2.3 3.3 2.4 2.2 2.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4
-3.2 -0.7 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.4 2.9 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.62.4 1.8 -0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4 2.2 1.6 0.7 0.7 1.5 1.41.2 0.5 -0.1 1.1 0.2 1.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0
-1.8 -1.9 -3.3 2.2 -0.6 1.0 2.7 2.3 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.7-0.7 -1.2 -2.5 -9.2 -0.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.4-3.7 -1.3 -3.9 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.45.7 4.4 1.2 0.0 -0.2 0.4 0.7 -0.1 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.51.4 0.3 -0.8 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.64.0 2.3 -0.8 0.7 -4.0 -0.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5
-3.1 -3.2 -2.3 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.8 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.63.4 3.7 1.3 2.1 3.8 0.9 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.8
-3.3 -2.9 -0.1 0.6 1.7 3.0 1.7 0.8 0.5 1.4 0.70.1 -4.2 1.4 3.3 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.2 -1.0
-0.3 -0.8 -3.7 -0.9 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -0.5 -0.8 -1.0 -1.5 -1.51.4 -2.1 -4.3 0.8 1.3 1.6 -1.1 -1.8 -2.7 -2.9 -2.2 -2.34.3 2.5 2.1 1.0 0.4 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.41.5 0.3 -0.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.51.8 -1.9 -3.7 -1.3 -2.5 -2.1 -0.8 0.2 0.3 0.9 -0.9 -0.1
EU28 1.5 -0.1 -1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Cyprus
¹ Cyclically-adjusted variables for Croatia are based on provisional values for fiscal semi-elasticities and subject to further revisions
United KingdomEU27
Croatia
Austria
Sweden
Cyclically-adjusted primary balance, general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)
Hungary
Portugal
forecastforecast
Luxembourg
Estonia
Bulgaria
Ireland
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
Euro area
Lithuania
Belgium
averages
Spain
Germany
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Greece
Finland
Latvia
France
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
180
Table 41: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018: -3.0 -2.9 -2.2 -2.1 -1.5 -1.5 -1.7 -1.6 -2.0: 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.3: -0.6 0.0 -0.1 -0.4 -1.1 -1.4 -1.5 -0.3 -0.7: -4.6 -4.0 -2.1 -1.9 -1.3 -0.5 0.3 -1.1 -0.3: 2.6 2.5 2.1 5.3 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.1: -1.8 -1.6 -2.5 -3.3 -3.1 -3.1 -3.0 -3.4 -3.4: -3.4 -3.0 -2.7 -2.6 -2.4 -2.7 -3.0 -2.3 -2.8
-3.9 : -3.1 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -1.7 -2.1 -2.0 -2.4 -2.0 -2.2: -0.8 3.3 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4: -0.9 -1.0 -1.6 -0.6 -1.8 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -2.4: -1.9 -1.3 -0.6 -0.2 -0.9 -0.9 -0.8 -0.9 -1.1: 2.8 2.0 1.7 2.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1: -1.8 -3.0 -2.1 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7: -0.8 -0.4 -0.9 0.9 0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 0.4: -1.7 -0.8 -0.3 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 -1.1 -0.9: -6.3 -3.0 -1.7 -2.3 -2.0 -1.8 -1.8 -1.9 -2.2 -2.4: -1.4 -2.2 -1.6 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -1.4 -1.8 -2.3: -1.7 -2.2 -2.3 -2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -0.6 -1.4 -0.9: -1.2 -1.5 -0.7 -0.4 -1.0 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4: -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3: 0.0 -1.6 -1.1 0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3: 0.2 -0.6 -0.6 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.0 -0.2: -1.0 -0.8 -2.1 0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.4 -0.1: -3.1 -3.1 -1.8 -0.3 -0.9 -1.9 -2.0 -1.7 -2.1: -1.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0 -3.2 -3.6 -3.5 -3.4 -3.7: -3.4 -2.8 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.2 -3.1: -0.9 -0.4 -0.3 -2.2 -3.3 -4.3 -4.6 -3.9 -4.0: 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.8: -1.3 -1.0 -1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.2 -1.3: -4.2 -5.0 -4.4 -3.3 -2.5 -2.2 -1.6 -3.4 -2.6
EU28 : -1.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.3 -1.2 -1.3 -1.2 -1.5 -1.5
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Cyprus
¹ Cyclically-adjusted variables for Croatia are based on provisional values for fiscal semi-elasticities and subject to further revisions
United KingdomEU27
Croatia
Austria
Sweden
Structural budget balance, general government¹ (as a percentage of potential GDP, 1998-2019)
Hungary
Portugal
forecastforecast
Luxembourg
Estonia
Bulgaria
Ireland
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
Euro area
Lithuania
Belgium
averages
Spain
Germany
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Greece
Finland
Latvia
France
Table 42: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018110.7 94.1 99.7 105.5 106.8 106.0 105.7 103.8 102.5 101.2 105.6 105.159.1 65.0 75.4 77.4 74.6 70.9 68.1 64.8 61.2 57.9 65.8 63.3
5.6 4.7 6.8 10.2 10.7 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.639.6 26.3 84.0 119.4 104.5 76.9 72.8 69.9 69.1 67.2 73.5 72.7
102.6 103.7 142.8 177.4 179.0 176.8 180.8 179.6 177.8 170.1 178.8 174.657.4 41.9 61.5 95.5 100.4 99.4 99.0 98.4 96.9 95.5 99.2 98.559.6 65.1 80.7 92.4 95.0 95.8 96.5 96.9 96.9 96.9 96.4 96.7
106.4 101.0 114.0 129.0 131.8 131.5 132.0 132.1 130.8 130.0 133.1 132.556.1 60.4 60.1 102.6 107.5 107.5 107.1 103.0 98.3 93.9 103.4 99.812.0 11.4 36.9 39.0 40.9 36.9 40.6 39.1 35.6 35.8 38.5 36.021.6 18.0 31.1 38.8 40.5 42.6 40.1 41.5 37.9 38.9 42.4 38.9
6.9 7.4 18.2 23.7 22.7 22.0 20.8 23.7 23.0 22.9 22.0 22.360.6 67.6 67.1 68.4 63.8 60.3 57.6 54.9 51.6 48.8 55.8 52.554.1 47.2 59.7 67.8 68.0 64.6 61.8 57.7 54.9 51.5 59.8 57.265.6 66.1 78.8 81.0 83.8 84.3 83.6 78.6 76.2 73.4 82.8 81.252.6 65.1 97.8 129.0 130.6 128.8 130.1 126.4 124.1 121.1 128.5 126.225.1 25.7 39.0 70.4 80.3 82.6 78.5 76.4 74.1 72.0 77.8 75.544.3 35.5 40.4 54.7 53.5 52.3 51.8 50.6 49.9 47.2 51.5 49.842.9 39.5 44.8 56.5 60.2 63.6 63.1 62.7 62.1 61.6 65.5 66.268.9 67.6 81.8 93.7 94.2 92.1 91.1 89.3 87.2 85.2 90.3 89.066.6 28.8 14.8 17.0 27.0 26.0 29.0 25.7 24.3 22.8 26.8 26.019.0 28.0 36.7 44.9 42.2 40.0 36.8 34.6 33.3 32.5 36.2 35.6
37.3 41.4 44.0 44.0 39.5 37.7 36.1 35.5 34.6 36.7 36.039.3 56.5 81.7 85.8 85.4 82.9 80.3 77.4 74.5 81.9 79.4
56.1 60.8 77.1 76.0 75.2 74.7 73.9 72.6 71.5 69.4 72.6 71.238.6 45.8 51.3 55.7 50.2 51.1 54.1 53.2 53.0 53.0 54.6 55.422.2 16.1 27.5 37.8 39.4 37.9 37.6 37.9 39.1 40.5 39.3 40.956.3 46.2 38.8 40.8 45.5 44.2 42.2 39.0 36.6 34.4 39.1 37.065.9 64.6 76.7 87.3 87.8 85.9 84.8 83.0 81.0 79.1 84.0 82.837.4 39.4 71.1 85.6 87.4 88.2 88.3 86.6 85.3 84.2 88.6 87.9
EU28 60.0 75.7 87.3 88.2 86.1 84.8 83.5 81.6 79.8 84.8 83.6
Italy
Poland
Slovenia
Malta
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Cyprus
United KingdomEU27
Croatia
Austria
Sweden
Gross debt, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Hungary
Portugal
forecastforecast
Luxembourg
Estonia
Bulgaria
Ireland
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
Euro area
Lithuania
Belgium
averages
Spain
Germany
Romania
Denmark
Netherlands
Greece
Finland
Latvia
France
Statistical Annex
181
Table 43: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201827.1 27.3 25.0 23.3 23.1 23.1 24.0 23.2 23.5 23.9 23.9 24.522.1 24.3 25.9 26.2 27.2 27.8 27.7 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.3 27.122.5 24.0 24.5 27.4 26.9 25.8 24.6 26.8 26.9 27.1 24.2 23.624.1 24.9 16.0 21.6 24.9 32.1 36.0 35.1 35.3 35.5 35.3 36.117.0 14.2 6.7 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.6 12.3 14.2 10.7 12.022.6 22.7 19.7 20.2 20.4 21.4 22.4 22.6 23.1 23.6 22.3 22.623.4 22.4 20.7 19.5 19.7 20.5 20.4 20.9 21.4 21.8 20.6 20.920.8 20.5 17.7 17.9 18.9 18.8 19.6 19.7 20.2 20.2 19.5 19.818.7 7.1 13.3 8.3 7.9 11.7 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.9 10.0 10.117.8 20.5 23.7 : 22.0 21.4 22.2 21.0 20.4 20.3 20.5 20.2 19.213.2 16.2 16.6 : 20.9 23.0 18.6 16.6 16.9 17.6 17.8 14.5 15.031.5 29.6 25.3 24.5 24.0 23.2 22.8 23.1 22.9 22.6 22.7 23.016.4 15.8 18.5 21.7 27.9 29.8 30.7 29.6 29.7 30.0 28.4 29.327.6 28.5 28.3 28.5 27.4 28.3 28.8 29.6 29.5 29.5 27.5 27.624.7 26.5 26.3 25.5 26.0 25.8 26.2 26.4 27.1 27.9 25.5 25.818.7 14.1 11.9 15.4 15.0 14.9 15.6 16.5 17.1 17.5 16.0 16.424.8 26.6 22.6 22.7 25.4 23.9 24.0 25.4 25.9 26.4 26.5 26.724.7 20.9 20.0 22.5 23.0 23.2 23.0 23.5 23.7 24.2 22.2 22.729.6 28.4 23.3 19.5 19.6 19.9 20.7 21.8 23.0 23.9 20.4 20.922.8 23.1 21.8 22.0 22.6 23.3 23.7 23.8 24.2 24.5 23.4 23.717.5 15.1 20.2 23.4 21.6 21.8 24.4 22.2 21.5 21.4 23.0 22.627.3 26.0 23.4 23.6 24.6 26.4 26.2 26.3 26.6 26.6 26.3 26.324.4 26.2 25.1 27.4 28.9 28.9 28.3 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.3 28.618.7 22.7 20.6 20.1 20.6 24.4 22.1 23.2 22.4 23.1 22.3 21.320.5 17.2 20.2 24.8 24.8 25.2 25.9 25.0 25.0 25.0 23.7 24.419.1 16.8 17.4 18.5 19.0 20.6 20.9 21.2 21.2 21.1 19.4 19.415.5 16.7 22.5 24.9 24.5 24.6 22.8 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.6 21.626.9 30.0 29.3 27.6 28.2 29.1 29.9 30.7 31.0 31.1 30.2 30.622.9 23.1 22.0 22.3 22.9 23.6 24.0 24.1 24.4 24.7 23.7 23.916.1 14.8 11.9 10.8 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.9 12.2 12.5 13.7 14.321.7 21.7 20.5 20.6 21.1 21.5 22.0 22.3 22.6 22.9 22.1 22.420.0 17.8 15.6 18.3 19.3 19.4 18.0 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.0 16.829.4 28.4 24.9 24.1 24.7 27.1 27.2 27.5 27.9 27.9 27.7 27.8
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Gross national saving (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 44: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201824.5 25.2 25.4 23.2 23.0 22.9 24.1 22.5 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.921.3 23.8 24.2 23.5 24.0 24.5 24.2 23.6 23.6 23.5 24.0 23.918.0 17.0 20.6 22.9 21.4 20.8 20.0 22.2 22.4 22.6 19.6 19.018.7 20.3 21.4 25.5 26.1 31.3 34.8 33.5 33.2 33.1 33.7 34.117.3 16.8 14.0 9.6 10.8 10.1 7.4 9.0 9.1 10.5 8.8 9.119.3 16.8 22.7 24.2 24.0 24.1 24.6 23.4 23.2 23.0 23.4 23.020.8 21.0 21.0 18.6 19.0 19.9 19.6 19.6 20.0 20.3 19.5 19.919.7 19.6 17.7 17.8 18.6 17.6 19.0 18.7 18.9 19.1 18.7 18.718.3 5.9 13.4 10.8 5.6 9.7 8.3 7.5 7.0 6.5 7.4 7.116.4 17.0 24.7 : 19.7 19.5 20.1 18.1 17.8 18.3 18.8 18.2 18.312.1 13.3 18.9 : 20.8 21.6 16.3 13.7 13.7 14.4 14.6 11.9 12.422.4 23.1 19.5 19.2 18.4 17.6 16.4 17.4 17.2 16.8 18.1 18.419.3 16.7 19.7 22.0 27.5 28.5 27.0 25.9 26.3 26.6 25.4 26.024.1 25.7 27.6 27.5 26.1 26.7 25.0 25.2 25.2 25.0 23.3 23.322.4 24.5 25.1 23.3 23.4 22.8 24.2 23.8 24.5 25.0 23.4 23.518.1 15.5 15.9 18.2 17.0 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.7 16.0 16.322.7 23.4 22.4 22.9 25.0 22.7 22.7 22.9 22.6 22.6 24.8 24.924.1 19.8 21.6 22.6 22.7 21.2 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.5 20.6 21.121.9 21.6 20.4 18.1 18.6 18.7 18.5 19.5 20.5 20.9 18.8 18.920.9 21.4 22.0 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.1 21.8 21.9 22.0 21.7 21.813.2 9.8 18.4 21.6 20.8 20.5 21.2 19.0 18.1 17.8 19.9 19.523.8 21.8 21.8 21.2 22.6 23.0 22.2 21.6 21.8 21.8 22.4 22.320.9 20.2 22.8 24.3 22.8 25.9 24.9 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.3 25.4
18.8 20.3 20.9 21.1 24.1 19.8 20.7 19.7 20.0 20.1 18.819.5 19.0 20.7 24.1 23.0 21.6 22.6 22.2 22.1 21.7 21.1 21.219.6 17.0 17.9 19.1 18.9 19.6 20.2 19.3 19.0 19.0 18.5 18.615.2 13.0 22.9 22.9 22.5 21.6 22.1 22.0 22.3 22.4 22.2 22.521.9 24.6 24.9 24.7 25.3 24.6 24.3 25.2 25.6 25.9 25.2 25.320.8 21.2 21.9 21.5 21.7 22.1 22.2 21.9 22.0 22.1 21.8 21.913.9 14.9 16.0 13.3 14.2 12.9 11.6 11.2 11.3 11.1 13.7 13.7
20.1 21.1 20.3 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.617.8 18.4 21.5 20.3 20.9 20.6 20.0 19.2 19.2 19.4 18.7 19.029.3 28.9 28.5 27.1 25.9 27.3 27.9 28.1 28.0 27.6 28.3 28.1
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Gross saving, private sector (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
182
Table 45: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201816.5 15.4 15.1 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.4 10.0 9.6 9.6 11.2 11.515.6 16.3 16.7 16.2 16.8 17.0 17.1 16.6 16.6 16.5 17.2 17.1
4.6 -2.2 9.8 9.1 10.7 11.7 11.3 12.4 12.7 13.1 9.9 10.67.7 10.1 8.5 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.4 10.4 10.3
7.3 : : : : : : : : : : :10.6 9.1 10.2 9.6 9.3 8.6 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.415.0 14.8 15.2 14.0 14.4 13.9 13.5 13.7 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.114.3 14.5 11.8 11.0 11.2 10.5 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.8 10.4 10.4
6.0 8.2 6.1 -3.3 -7.9 -5.7 -4.7 -4.7 -4.8 -4.9 -2.6 -1.2-0.7 1.2 4.4 : -4.5 -3.5 -2.2 2.7 3.7 5.9 6.4 0.2 0.15.2 3.0 3.7 : 2.4 0.2 0.0 -0.5 -1.9 -2.6 -3.1 -4.8 -4.7
: : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : :
12.6 11.2 13.1 14.1 14.5 13.1 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.2 12.2 12.115.4 15.8 15.2 12.7 12.4 12.5 13.4 12.7 12.5 12.4 13.2 12.711.2 8.8 8.3 7.8 5.2 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.2 6.3 4.2 4.612.6 14.6 13.1 12.7 12.5 12.7 12.8 11.3 10.1 10.0 14.0 13.510.5 6.5 6.7 5.9 7.2 8.9 9.5 8.8 9.2 9.6 8.7 9.0
9.3 8.0 8.7 8.6 7.2 6.9 6.0 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.613.4 13.1 12.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.2 12.2
: : : : : : : : : : : :11.3 11.3 12.0 10.9 11.8 12.0 11.2 10.6 10.4 10.1 11.7 11.5
5.1 6.1 7.1 8.8 5.2 10.5 11.2 11.4 11.2 11.0 11.5 11.3: : : : : : : : : : : :
11.7 9.0 8.6 9.8 10.9 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 8.9 9.2 7.013.7 6.4 3.4 2.6 2.1 2.2 3.9 2.5 2.1 1.7 2.8 2.6-2.5 -11.1 -6.5 13.3 14.5 15.5 14.5 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.3 14.97.8 9.9 15.1 17.5 18.9 17.6 18.2 18.2 18.1 17.3 18.5 18.0
12.2 12.5 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.3 10.6 10.5 10.5 : :9.0 8.0 9.6 8.7 8.4 9.2 7.1 4.8 4.2 4.5 4.2 3.8
11.5 11.6 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.3 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.710.0 9.5 11.7 10.6 11.2 11.4 10.2 9.5 9.4 9.3 11.8 12.015.3 10.5 10.2 7.1 6.6 7.5 8.9 8.8 8.3 7.4 8.8 8.6
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Saving rate of households (1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 46: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.6 2.1 -0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.60.9 0.5 1.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.34.5 7.0 4.0 4.5 5.6 4.9 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.55.4 4.7 -5.4 -3.9 -1.2 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 2.4 1.6 2.0
-0.3 -2.6 -7.2 -0.3 -1.3 -0.3 2.7 1.6 3.2 3.7 1.8 2.93.3 5.9 -3.0 -4.0 -3.5 -2.6 -2.2 -0.9 -0.1 0.6 -1.0 -0.42.5 1.4 -0.4 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 0.91.1 0.8 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.10.4 1.1 -0.1 -2.6 2.3 2.0 3.1 4.1 4.8 5.3 2.6 3.01.4 3.6 -1.0 : 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.9 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.0 0.91.1 2.9 -2.3 : 0.0 1.4 2.3 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 2.6 2.69.0 6.6 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.6 6.4 5.7 5.7 5.9 4.6 4.6
-2.8 -0.9 -1.2 -0.3 0.4 1.2 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.43.5 2.7 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.6 3.8 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.32.2 2.0 1.2 2.2 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.40.7 -1.3 -4.0 -2.8 -2.0 -0.9 -0.5 0.2 0.5 0.7 -0.1 0.22.1 3.2 0.2 -0.3 0.4 1.2 1.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 1.7 1.80.7 1.2 -1.6 -0.1 0.3 2.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.77.7 6.8 3.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 2.1 2.4 2.5 3.0 1.6 2.02.0 1.7 -0.2 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.94.4 5.4 1.8 1.8 0.8 1.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.23.5 4.2 1.6 2.4 2.1 3.4 4.0 4.7 4.8 4.9 3.9 4.03.5 6.0 2.3 3.1 6.1 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.1
3.8 0.3 -0.7 -0.5 0.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.1 2.2 2.51.0 -1.8 -0.6 0.7 1.8 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.6 3.2
-0.5 -0.1 -0.5 -0.6 0.1 1.0 0.7 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.0 0.80.3 3.7 -0.4 2.0 2.1 2.9 0.7 -0.5 -1.2 -1.5 -0.6 -0.95.0 5.4 4.4 2.9 2.9 4.4 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.0 5.32.0 1.9 0.1 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.02.3 0.0 -4.1 -2.5 -2.4 -1.2 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.6
1.6 -0.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.6 1.82.2 -0.6 -5.9 -2.1 -1.6 -1.2 -2.0 -2.0 -1.9 -2.1 -1.7 -2.20.0 -0.5 -3.6 -3.0 -1.2 -0.2 -0.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.3 -0.6 -0.3
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Gross saving, general government (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Statistical Annex
183
Table 47: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20185.1 4.7 1.7 0.9 5.2 3.3 7.5 4.6 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.77.3 8.3 2.2 1.7 4.6 5.2 2.6 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.93.0 13.8 5.4 2.8 2.5 -0.7 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.7
15.9 5.0 2.2 3.0 14.4 38.4 4.6 3.9 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.38.1 7.2 -2.2 1.5 7.7 3.1 -1.8 6.8 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.26.3 4.5 0.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.8 6.0 4.8 4.5 5.7 4.86.1 3.2 1.2 1.9 3.3 4.3 1.8 3.1 4.0 4.2 3.2 4.22.6 4.5 -0.9 0.7 2.7 4.4 2.4 4.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.63.1 1.8 0.5 2.1 4.2 6.3 3.9 2.8 2.2 2.0 3.3 3.25.1 12.3 4.5 1.1 6.0 3.0 4.1 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.67.5 9.8 8.8 9.9 3.3 -0.4 3.5 10.4 5.3 4.4 3.5 3.79.6 8.0 1.9 5.3 14.0 6.9 2.7 5.0 4.8 4.0 5.6 5.94.8 5.8 6.7 1.2 3.9 4.2 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.6 4.56.0 5.7 2.1 2.1 4.5 6.5 4.3 5.4 4.7 4.4 3.6 3.87.5 6.2 1.2 0.6 3.0 3.1 1.9 5.3 4.5 4.3 3.2 3.15.0 5.5 1.6 7.0 4.3 6.1 4.1 8.0 7.3 4.9 4.4 4.27.4 11.0 0.6 3.1 5.7 5.0 6.4 8.9 7.4 5.5 5.8 5.46.4 17.9 4.0 6.7 3.9 6.4 6.2 4.6 6.7 7.6 6.5 7.08.1 6.6 -1.4 1.1 -2.7 0.8 1.3 9.0 5.7 5.2 2.3 3.36.4 5.9 1.5 2.1 4.7 6.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.1
-9.1 13.2 2.9 9.6 3.1 5.7 8.1 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.87.9 16.2 4.2 0.2 8.7 6.0 4.5 6.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.87.1 4.6 1.0 1.6 3.6 1.8 2.5 4.8 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.96.7 6.1 -1.3 3.1 6.0 9.4 5.7 6.2 5.8 5.0 5.2 4.6
13.2 14.4 2.0 4.2 9.1 8.5 3.4 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.0 5.88.3 10.8 5.1 6.1 6.7 7.7 8.8 6.4 6.8 5.8 7.7 6.6
12.3 9.8 3.6 19.7 8.0 4.6 8.3 8.3 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.25.9 6.9 0.9 -0.8 5.3 5.7 3.3 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.86.5 6.4 1.6 2.3 4.9 6.3 3.6 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.24.0 5.3 0.7 0.8 2.7 5.0 1.1 4.7 3.1 2.9 3.4 3.06.1 6.3 1.5 2.2 4.7 6.1 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.11.1 7.2 3.6 3.5 4.3 0.4 -0.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.52.4 10.0 -0.6 0.8 9.3 2.9 1.2 5.0 2.0 1.9 2.8 1.1
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Exports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
Table 48: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.2 4.9 2.1 0.3 6.2 3.3 8.4 4.8 4.6 4.3 3.6 3.65.3 7.3 2.2 3.0 3.6 5.6 3.9 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.8 5.05.1 16.1 2.0 2.0 3.6 -1.8 5.3 4.4 4.4 4.0 5.4 3.5
15.8 6.0 0.2 0.9 14.9 26.0 16.4 2.2 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.69.7 8.2 -8.5 -2.4 7.7 0.4 0.3 6.0 3.8 4.2 3.0 3.88.8 7.9 -5.2 -0.5 6.6 5.9 2.7 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.8 4.47.6 4.9 1.3 2.1 4.8 5.7 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.3 4.75.2 4.4 -2.7 -2.4 3.2 6.7 3.1 5.9 4.7 3.8 4.5 4.72.3 4.7 -0.9 -4.8 4.6 8.1 6.6 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.26.2 17.6 -2.5 0.4 1.2 2.1 4.5 7.9 5.1 4.5 6.1 6.16.9 14.0 3.3 9.1 3.1 6.2 3.5 10.8 6.0 5.2 4.9 4.09.5 8.2 3.1 5.1 14.6 7.1 2.1 5.5 4.7 4.0 5.7 5.82.8 7.0 6.3 0.3 0.5 7.6 0.8 -0.8 4.0 3.6 3.4 2.86.4 5.5 1.9 1.0 4.2 8.4 4.1 5.0 5.2 4.8 3.8 4.25.1 5.7 1.3 0.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 4.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.75.9 4.4 -2.6 4.7 7.8 8.5 4.1 8.0 7.2 5.2 5.2 4.56.8 11.3 -1.9 2.1 4.1 4.7 6.6 8.7 8.4 6.2 6.4 6.15.0 14.6 1.6 5.6 4.8 8.4 3.7 4.6 6.5 6.9 6.6 6.86.6 7.5 0.6 0.5 -1.3 3.2 4.4 6.6 4.1 3.4 1.6 2.46.5 6.3 0.3 1.3 4.9 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.64.2 18.8 -1.1 4.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.98.1 14.2 2.9 0.1 10.1 6.8 3.4 6.2 5.5 5.2 4.5 5.26.4 7.3 0.5 1.5 3.6 1.3 3.5 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.44.1 7.3 -4.3 3.1 3.1 9.2 5.8 6.9 6.3 5.8 6.6 5.7
14.5 12.7 0.1 4.5 11.0 6.4 2.9 9.6 8.4 6.3 6.8 6.56.1 11.5 3.0 1.7 10.0 6.6 7.9 8.2 7.9 5.9 8.5 7.4
13.5 21.1 -0.7 8.8 8.7 8.0 9.8 9.9 8.1 7.3 8.6 7.94.9 6.6 1.6 -0.1 6.3 5.2 3.4 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.46.6 6.9 0.5 1.4 5.4 6.5 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.77.3 5.0 0.0 3.1 4.5 5.1 4.3 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.26.7 6.6 0.4 1.6 5.2 6.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.37.0 6.2 0.4 1.1 4.5 5.0 1.3 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 6.11.4 4.9 1.0 3.3 8.3 0.8 -2.3 3.4 2.0 2.5 1.3 0.7
Spain
Denmark
Germany
USA
Lithuania
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Poland
Sweden
Hungary
Imports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
Spring 2017
ItalyFrance
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Belgium
Luxembourg
averages
Cyprus
Slovenia
Malta
EU28
Croatia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Euro area
Austria
EU27
Japan
United Kingdom
Romania
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
184
Table 49: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20182.9 2.9 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.5 1.64.2 6.8 6.5 7.4 7.8 8.6 8.7 8.0 7.8 7.7 8.3 8.0
-17.4 -16.7 -6.0 -4.9 -5.5 -4.2 -3.7 -4.3 -4.3 -4.3 -5.6 -5.325.0 18.6 22.0 19.1 20.9 43.3 38.4 34.3 33.2 32.7 38.0 37.3
-14.8 -16.3 -13.9 -9.8 -10.8 -9.1 -9.5 -10.0 -9.7 -9.6 -9.7 -9.7-7.3 -4.6 -1.4 -2.1 -2.1 -1.6 -1.9 -1.6 -1.6 -1.9 -1.9
0.8 -0.7 -2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.2 -1.3 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.3 -1.31.5 0.1 -0.3 2.2 2.9 3.1 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8
-24.7 -24.6 -22.6 -16.2 -16.0 -16.7 -21.3 -23.7 -24.6 -25.2 -22.2 -22.9-16.7 -22.0 -11.8 -11.5 -10.0 -9.0 -7.7 -10.3 -10.4 -10.4 -8.9 -10.5-11.8 -12.3 -6.7 -2.6 -2.6 -5.3 -4.6 -6.1 -6.0 -6.3 -5.6 -5.9
-7.5 -2.4 0.3 1.6 -0.5 -1.4 -2.6 -2.2 -2.1 3.7 3.6-14.7 -15.7 -17.6 -13.8 -13.4 -20.1 -18.8 -14.9 -15.3 -15.0 -19.1 -18.5
7.3 9.4 9.8 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.9 12.0 11.8 11.7 10.7 10.4-1.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 1.1 1.6 0.2 0.3
-11.6 -10.7 -9.3 -4.0 -4.7 -4.5 -4.4 -5.0 -5.1 -5.4 -4.5 -4.7-4.5 -3.5 -2.1 0.8 2.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.0-9.8 -4.5 -0.1 3.7 3.4 1.3 2.9 3.3 3.5 4.3 2.5 2.79.3 5.4 1.1 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.6 -0.1 0.21.7 1.3 1.1 2.7 2.9 4.1 4.1 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7
0.5 0.4 2.1 2.4 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0-11.1 -22.1 -12.4 -7.0 -6.5 -5.8 -2.0 -3.1 -2.9 -2.8 -4.2 -4.2
-7.0 -1.2 1.6 4.1 5.1 4.1 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.83.5 2.2 3.1 3.7 3.5 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.2 5.2
-21.5 -16.1 -15.1 -15.1 -15.8 -16.0 -17.4 -18.0 -18.5 -16.5 -17.1-7.0 -3.1 2.0 3.3 2.0 4.0 4.1 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.0-5.9 -3.2 -3.5 -0.1 -0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.5 -1.0-5.6 -10.4 -8.4 -4.0 -4.3 -4.9 -5.5 -6.5 -7.1 -7.4 -6.7 -7.37.7 7.1 4.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.8
-3.2 -5.0 -6.0 -6.8 -6.7 -6.3 -6.9 -6.3 -5.8 -5.7 -7.4 -7.30.7 0.1 -0.1 1.1 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.6
-0.8 -0.9 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.7-5.7 -4.7 -4.4 -4.5 -4.4 -4.2 -4.4 -4.6 -4.7 -4.5 -4.8
2.4 2.4 0.6 -1.7 -2.0 -0.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9
Merchandise trade balance¹ (fob-fob, as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
USA
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
averages
Cyprus
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Germany
Spring 2017
France
Ireland
Austria
Sweden
Italy
Hungary
¹ See note 7 on concepts and sources.
Netherlands
EU, adjusted²
Lithuania
Romania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Denmark
Euro area, adjusted²Euro area
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Japan
Slovenia
Malta
EU
Belgium
Table 50: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.7 4.2 1.5 1.2 -0.3 -0.4 0.1 -1.0 -1.1 -0.9 1.5 1.7
-0.4 4.6 6.1 6.7 7.6 8.6 8.5 7.8 7.5 7.2 8.0 7.6-7.9 -12.6 -0.9 0.5 0.3 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.1 1.20.3 -3.0 -3.3 2.1 1.6 10.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.3 4.8 5.0
-8.1 -11.4 -10.8 -2.3 -2.4 0.0 -0.6 -0.2 0.4 1.0 -0.5 -0.3-3.3 -7.2 -4.2 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.61.9 -0.1 -2.0 -2.9 -3.0 -2.2 -2.6 -3.0 -2.8 -2.6 -2.4 -2.50.4 -1.0 -2.3 1.0 1.9 1.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.7
-1.6 -15.8 -8.9 -4.9 -4.4 -2.5 -4.9 -5.4 -6.2 -6.8 -5.9 -6.3-8.1 -15.3 -1.9 -2.4 -1.5 -0.2 1.4 -1.4 -1.6 -1.2 -0.9 -2.6-7.6 -9.3 -3.2 1.4 4.0 -2.0 -0.6 -0.7 -0.3 -0.4 -2.0 -1.99.4 9.8 6.6 5.5 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.0
-4.5 -4.6 -2.2 2.7 10.1 5.2 7.0 9.6 9.4 9.8 6.5 9.04.8 7.2 7.6 10.2 8.9 8.3 8.7 9.1 8.7 8.4 7.4 7.1
-0.8 2.3 2.8 1.9 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.9 3.7 2.0 2.2-9.3 -9.4 -8.1 0.7 -0.3 -0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5-2.4 -2.7 -1.2 3.2 5.8 4.5 5.3 5.9 5.4 4.9 6.2 5.8-6.1 -7.1 -3.9 1.5 1.0 -1.0 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.47.1 4.4 0.6 -1.9 -1.3 -1.0 -1.4 -1.1 -0.3 0.4 -1.8 -1.60.2 0.4 0.5 2.4 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9
0.2 -0.1 2.2 2.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8-2.3 -12.8 -6.1 2.0 0.2 0.6 5.3 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8-3.2 -3.9 -4.2 -1.1 -1.2 -1.6 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.6 0.0 -0.22.6 3.4 5.2 7.8 8.9 9.2 7.9 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.8 7.7
-3.5 -5.9 -2.9 1.0 2.0 4.6 2.3 3.1 1.9 1.9 2.9 1.3-6.9 -8.2 -0.9 3.7 1.5 3.4 6.1 4.3 3.3 3.2 3.5 2.8-3.7 -4.3 -4.6 -0.5 -1.4 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 -0.6 -1.2-4.4 -9.2 -5.9 -0.6 -0.1 -0.6 -2.3 -3.1 -3.2 -3.4 -2.8 -2.94.9 7.5 6.3 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.4
-2.0 -2.7 -3.8 -5.5 -5.3 -5.2 -5.9 -5.1 -4.6 -4.4 -3.9 -3.2-0.2 -0.2 -0.2 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9
-0.7 -0.7 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5-3.4 -5.2 -3.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.4 -2.4 -2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -2.8 -3.32.5 3.8 2.5 0.9 0.8 3.2 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2
Current-account balance¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
USA
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
averages
Cyprus
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Germany
Spring 2017
France
Ireland
Austria
Sweden
Italy
Hungary
¹ See note 7 on concepts and sources.
Netherlands
EU, adjusted²
Lithuania
Romania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Denmark
Euro area, adjusted²Euro area
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Japan
Slovenia
Malta
EU
Belgium
Statistical Annex
185
Table 51: 23.10.2017
5-year
1998-02 2003-07 2008-12 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20184.6 4.2 1.5 1.1 -0.5 -0.4 0.2 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 1.7 1.8
-0.5 4.6 6.0 6.6 7.6 8.6 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.2 8.0 7.5-7.5 -11.5 2.1 3.1 1.3 4.0 3.0 4.1 4.3 3.9 3.1 3.31.1 -2.8 -3.2 1.6 -1.8 10.4 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.7 4.6 4.8
-6.5 -9.7 -9.2 0.1 -0.4 3.0 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.8 1.4 1.5-2.3 -6.4 -3.8 2.1 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.91.9 -0.2 -2.0 -2.8 -3.1 -2.3 -2.5 -3.1 -2.8 -2.7 -2.4 -2.40.5 -0.9 -2.2 0.9 2.0 1.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.6
-1.4 -15.2 -8.7 -3.5 -4.4 -2.2 -4.8 -5.1 -6.2 -6.8 -5.3 -5.8-7.8 -14.1 0.3 0.1 1.7 2.7 2.4 -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.9 -0.7-7.5 -8.1 0.0 4.5 6.6 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 -1.4 -1.09.0 9.7 5.9 4.3 3.8 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 5.0 5.5
-4.1 -2.8 -0.8 4.4 11.8 7.0 7.8 10.3 10.1 10.5 8.1 10.54.7 6.9 7.3 10.0 8.8 3.3 8.5 8.5 8.2 7.9 6.7 6.6
-0.9 2.2 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.6 2.1 2.0 2.6 3.3 2.0 2.2-7.5 -7.9 -6.7 2.3 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.5-2.5 -2.9 -0.6 3.6 6.0 5.6 4.5 5.5 5.2 4.8 6.4 6.3-6.6 -7.0 -2.7 3.1 1.9 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 1.9 1.0 1.97.1 4.5 0.7 -1.8 -1.2 -0.9 -1.3 -1.1 -0.3 0.5 -1.7 -1.60.4 0.6 0.6 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9
0.3 0.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9-2.3 -12.7 -4.9 3.9 2.4 3.9 7.8 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.1 3.4-3.0 -3.8 -2.6 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.4 0.5 0.32.7 3.4 5.2 7.7 8.7 8.8 7.9 8.4 8.3 8.2 7.4 7.4
-3.5 -5.9 -2.9 1.2 2.2 5.3 3.3 3.8 2.7 2.7 4.2 2.5-6.7 -7.8 1.0 7.3 5.2 8.0 6.0 6.5 5.5 5.0 5.9 5.4-3.7 -3.9 -3.1 1.5 0.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 1.9 1.8 1.0 0.6-4.1 -8.6 -5.3 1.5 2.5 1.8 -1.3 -1.6 -1.5 -1.4 -1.3 -0.84.6 7.3 6.2 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.3
-2.0 -2.7 -3.8 -5.6 -5.4 -5.3 -6.0 -5.2 -4.7 -4.4 -3.9 -3.20.0 -0.1 0.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0
-0.6 -0.5 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7-3.4 -5.2 -3.1 -2.1 -2.1 -2.4 -2.4 -2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -2.8 -3.32.3 3.7 2.5 0.7 0.7 3.1 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2
Net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of the nation¹ (as a percentage of GDP, 1998-2019)
Finland
forecast
Portugal
USA
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
averages
Cyprus
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Germany
Spring 2017
France
Ireland
Austria
Sweden
Italy
Hungary
¹ See note 7 on concepts and sources.
Netherlands
EU, adjusted²
Lithuania
Romania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Denmark
Euro area, adjusted²Euro area
Autumn 2017
Greece
forecast
Latvia
Estonia
Japan
Slovenia
Malta
EU
Belgium
Table 52: 23.10.2017
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201813.5 0.9 5.9 4.6 -1.0 -1.8 0.4 -4.2 -4.8 -4.0 6.6 7.8
148.2 167.3 197.0 189.7 224.2 261.9 267.9 255.2 253.6 252.6 259.2 252.90.3 0.2 -0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3
-2.0 -2.8 -4.6 3.9 3.2 28.6 9.2 8.4 7.7 7.3 13.4 14.8-25.6 -21.3 -8.0 -4.1 -4.3 0.0 -1.0 -0.4 0.8 1.9 -0.9 -0.6-42.0 -35.3 -4.6 15.0 10.3 11.0 21.1 20.3 23.2 24.3 19.0 18.8-34.9 -46.0 -61.2 -60.4 -65.0 -49.1 -57.8 -68.4 -64.9 -63.7 -55.5 -57.6-54.8 -49.3 -5.8 15.3 30.4 24.7 44.2 42.0 44.6 41.3 32.2 29.9
-2.2 -0.8 -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.4 -0.9 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -1.1 -1.20.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.2 -0.7
-0.1 -1.2 -0.3 0.5 1.5 -0.8 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.8 -0.82.7 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 3.0 2.6 3.1
-0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.048.3 56.9 65.6 66.7 59.1 57.0 61.2 66.9 66.5 67.3 52.8 52.5
9.9 6.7 6.1 6.1 8.2 7.1 8.0 8.1 11.0 14.6 7.3 8.3-18.5 -9.6 -3.4 1.3 -0.4 -1.6 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.0-0.3 -0.1 0.6 1.2 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.5-3.2 -3.9 0.3 1.1 0.7 -0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.32.7 -2.9 -3.8 -3.8 -2.7 -2.0 -3.0 -2.5 -0.7 1.0 -3.8 -3.6
42.0 60.7 184.0 238.4 268.7 339.1 355.9 331.2 343.1 349.5 335.1 328.6-5.8 -8.9 135.4 220.7 245.8 335.0 360.2 335.5 347.4 353.8 330.5 324.0-0.2 0.2 -0.1 0.9 0.1 0.3 2.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2 0.9-7.9 -7.6 -3.6 -1.7 -1.9 -2.6 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -1.2 0.0 -0.516.0 16.3 16.0 20.1 23.6 24.9 22.0 24.4 24.8 25.5 22.3 22.9-0.4 -0.3 0.2 0.5 0.9 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.4 0.60.3 0.9 1.8 3.8 1.6 3.8 6.9 5.2 4.3 4.5 4.2 3.6
-17.5 -18.1 -12.8 -2.0 -5.6 0.6 5.0 4.6 1.7 0.3 -2.9 -5.8-5.7 -5.8 -5.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1.0 -3.8 -5.5 -6.2 -7.0 -5.0 -5.523.9 20.7 23.5 22.2 20.9 21.4 23.9 23.6 25.6 27.2 25.0 27.0
-69.6 -44.8 -88.3 -114.3 -121.6 -135.2 -140.9 -119.0 -109.5 -105.9 -91.4 -77.0-19.3 22.3 115.1 167.0 186.4 253.2 272.3 267.1 285.4 295.1 289.8 295.0-64.2 -44.3 66.5 123.1 109.0 158.6 214.4 209.2 227.5 237.3 236.2 241.3
-324.9 -319.4 -331.7 -263.2 -281.4 -391.7 -408.1 -459.9 -476.1 -526.4 -516.8 -624.6166.8 93.7 46.5 34.4 28.6 124.5 171.8 168.7 172.8 172.9 191.6 199.2
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Germany
¹ See note 7 on concepts and sources.
Slovakia
Euro area
Japan
Slovenia
EU, adjusted²USA
Luxembourg
forecast
Austria
Sweden
Italy
Hungary
Greece
France
Croatia
Ireland
Bulgaria
Current-account balance¹ (in billions of euro, 2010-19)
Malta
Autumn 2017
EU
Latvia
Denmark
forecast
Estonia
Euro area, adjusted²
Netherlands
Lithuania
Romania
Spring 2017
Finland
Portugal
Belgium
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
186
Table 53:
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201810.3 5.0 1.1 1.3 3.8 4.6 3.2 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.310.5 5.2 1.2 1.7 3.1 3.1 3.4 4.9 4.6 4.3 3.8 4.2
9.6 7.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 0.2 3.0 5.8 4.5 4.1 3.4 3.710.7 4.6 1.3 1.9 3.2 3.8 3.0 3.9 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.110.4 4.9 1.1 2.1 2.8 2.5 3.0 4.2 4.5 4.3 3.6 4.1
9.8 4.2 0.5 1.9 3.3 4.0 2.9 4.4 4.5 4.2 3.6 4.110.3 4.9 1.0 1.9 3.8 3.8 2.8 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.7 4.1
9.9 5.4 1.6 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.8 4.28.1 7.4 1.3 3.5 0.8 -6.3 -2.2 5.0 4.4 4.4 3.2 3.6
12.5 10.4 3.9 2.7 1.6 -0.5 2.8 6.1 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.811.2 9.8 3.5 1.6 0.6 -2.3 2.9 5.8 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.310.1 4.2 0.4 1.6 5.3 5.8 4.2 3.2 4.2 4.1 3.5 4.110.3 4.4 0.8 2.2 6.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 4.0 3.8 2.5 3.310.4 5.2 0.9 1.5 4.2 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.3 3.9 4.211.3 5.9 1.1 1.7 3.3 4.1 3.5 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.7
9.7 3.9 -0.3 1.8 4.1 4.7 2.1 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.29.8 5.5 0.4 1.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.8
11.7 6.2 0.8 1.3 4.7 4.5 4.0 5.8 5.3 4.7 4.7 4.811.9 7.7 2.7 2.2 2.7 0.4 2.7 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.7 4.010.4 5.1 1.1 1.7 3.5 3.6 3.3 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.2
9.4 5.6 0.0 1.6 3.4 1.7 3.4 5.5 5.1 4.9 4.2 4.611.2 5.9 1.3 1.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.811.4 5.4 1.5 1.7 4.0 3.7 3.0 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.7 4.110.4 5.3 -0.4 1.4 3.2 3.6 3.8 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.511.0 6.1 1.3 1.4 3.7 4.0 4.0 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.811.4 6.2 1.7 1.4 3.0 3.2 3.5 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.410.2 5.4 0.7 1.5 3.2 3.5 3.3 5.1 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.5
9.7 5.0 1.7 2.0 3.1 2.6 3.4 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.910.5 5.0 1.4 1.9 3.5 3.5 3.3 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.7 4.410.5 5.2 1.2 1.7 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.6 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.213.1 6.6 3.3 3.3 3.4 2.2 2.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 2.8 3.314.8 7.0 3.4 3.3 3.3 1.5 3.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 3.5 4.1
23.10.2017
Belgium
forecast
Austria
United Kingdom
Italy
Poland
Greece
Spring 2017
Finland
Portugal
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Romania
Spain
Export markets (a) (percentage change on preceding year, 2010-19)
Lithuania
Sweden
France
Hungary
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Denmark
Germany
Autumn 2017forecast
Estonia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Japan
EU (b)
(a) Imports of goods and services to the various markets (incl. EU-markets) weighted according to their share in country's exports of goods and services. (b) Intra- and extra-EU trade.
Euro area (b)
Slovenia
Malta
USA
Latvia
Croatia
Table 54:
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 20180.0 1.6 -0.8 -0.4 1.3 -1.3 4.2 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.63.7 2.9 1.6 0.0 1.5 2.1 -0.8 -1.2 -0.6 -0.4 -0.1 -0.3
13.2 15.6 3.3 1.5 1.1 -0.8 1.0 -2.0 -0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0-4.5 -1.4 0.2 1.1 10.9 33.4 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2-5.0 -4.6 0.0 -0.6 4.8 0.6 -4.6 2.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1-0.3 3.1 0.5 2.3 1.0 0.2 1.9 1.5 0.4 0.3 2.1 0.7-1.2 1.9 1.6 0.0 -0.4 0.4 -0.9 -1.3 -0.4 0.0 -0.5 0.11.7 -0.2 0.8 -1.3 -0.3 1.2 -0.7 0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -0.4 -0.6
-3.4 -1.6 -4.0 -1.4 3.5 13.4 6.2 -2.1 -2.1 -2.3 0.1 -0.40.8 1.5 5.6 -1.6 4.4 3.5 1.2 -2.2 -0.6 -0.4 -0.5 -0.27.0 5.1 8.6 8.1 2.6 1.9 0.5 4.4 0.4 -0.1 -0.9 -0.60.2 -0.1 2.3 3.6 8.3 1.0 -1.4 1.7 0.6 0.0 2.0 1.7
-3.1 -2.6 6.4 -1.0 -2.1 0.4 0.4 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 1.1 1.20.1 -0.8 2.9 0.6 0.3 1.8 -0.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 -0.3 -0.41.6 0.0 0.3 -1.0 -0.4 -0.9 -1.5 0.3 -0.5 -0.4 -1.1 -1.5
-0.2 3.0 3.7 5.1 0.2 1.4 2.0 3.8 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.00.3 1.3 0.2 2.0 2.3 1.3 2.5 3.2 2.1 0.7 1.2 0.63.6 5.5 8.4 5.3 -0.8 1.8 2.2 -1.1 1.4 2.8 1.8 2.1
-5.1 -5.3 -1.4 -1.1 -5.3 0.4 -1.4 3.9 1.2 0.9 -1.4 -0.60.8 1.4 1.4 0.4 1.2 2.6 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.11.5 6.6 2.1 7.9 -0.3 3.9 4.5 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.4 0.23.1 3.1 2.9 -1.3 5.0 2.1 0.7 1.6 -0.3 0.0 -0.1 0.0
-7.6 1.7 -0.3 -0.1 -0.4 -1.8 -0.5 0.4 -0.3 -0.6 -0.3 -0.2-3.8 -2.9 0.3 1.7 2.8 5.6 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.00.3 0.4 -3.1 2.7 5.2 4.3 -0.5 2.3 1.9 1.4 0.4 1.01.5 1.6 2.9 4.6 3.6 4.4 5.1 1.2 1.9 1.2 3.4 2.14.6 6.2 0.3 17.9 4.7 1.0 4.9 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.7 1.62.0 1.0 -0.7 -2.7 2.1 3.0 -0.1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 0.5 -0.1
-4.1 1.2 -1.2 -1.1 -0.8 1.4 -2.1 0.6 -1.3 -1.4 -0.3 -1.30.2 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.2 -0.1
-1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 -1.7 -2.3 -0.6 -0.1 0.1 0.2 0.28.8 -6.8 -3.4 -2.4 5.8 1.4 -1.8 0.6 -2.4 -2.4 -0.7 -2.9
23.10.2017
Belgium
forecast
Austria
United Kingdom
Italy
Poland
Greece
Spring 2017
Finland
Portugal
Luxembourg
Cyprus
Romania
Spain
Export performance (a) (percentage change on preceding year, 2010-19)
Lithuania
Sweden
France
Hungary
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Denmark
Germany
Autumn 2017forecast
Estonia
Bulgaria
Netherlands
Japan
EU (b)
(a) Index for exports of goods and services divided by an index for growth of markets. (b) Intra- and extra-EU trade.
Euro area (b)
Slovenia
Malta
USA
Latvia
Croatia
Statistical Annex
187
Table 55: 23.10.2017
( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201816.7 -0.4 0.3 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.911.7 -0.9 -0.2 1.3 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.80.4 0.2 0.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.70.1 0.0 0.9 1.3 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 2.9 2.80.3 -0.8 -0.5 2.7 5.3 2.6 4.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.70.2 0.2 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.83.3 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.90.0 4.3 1.9 2.9 1.7 2.1 4.4 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.80.3 0.0 1.6 8.3 25.6 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 4.0 3.60.2 -7.3 -3.2 0.7 -0.3 -0.2 1.6 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.51.4 -2.9 -1.7 1.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.42.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.70.1 -2.2 -1.1 -0.5 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.61.9 -2.8 -1.7 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.10.0 -3.1 -5.9 -1.4 2.0 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.30.0 4.0 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.1 4.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.50.1 3.8 3.5 3.5 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.10.1 -0.4 3.7 5.8 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 4.3 4.40.2 -1.6 2.1 4.2 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.50.0 2.6 4.6 8.2 7.1 5.5 5.6 4.9 4.1 4.6 4.40.7 -1.1 -0.2 1.4 2.3 2.2 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.1 1.80.3 0.7 0.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.70.9 1.6 1.4 3.3 3.8 2.9 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.20.2 -4.0 -1.1 0.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.60.4 0.6 3.5 3.1 4.0 4.6 5.7 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.70.1 -2.7 -1.1 3.0 2.3 3.1 4.7 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.10.1 1.7 1.5 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.60.2 -1.4 -0.8 -0.6 0.0 1.9 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.3 1.70.4 -0.3 1.2 2.6 4.5 3.3 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.22.3 1.5 2.1 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 1.31.8 4.3 7.9 4.7 5.7 3.2 5.1 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.31.7 4.8 8.5 5.2 6.1 3.2 5.3 4.0 4.1 3.0 3.30.0 -0.5 2.9 3.6 3.9 2.9 1.7 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.20.0 -2.7 3.5 1.8 3.4 2.9 3.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.50.1 -1.0 2.6 -1.8 0.8 2.8 2.0 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.60.0 1.3 1.0 1.8 2.2 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.2 3.7 3.90.1 0.9 2.2 0.4 3.8 2.4 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.8 3.0
15.5 2.2 1.7 2.6 2.9 1.5 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.31.4 1.7 2.5 2.6 0.9 1.5 3.0 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.14.4 1.5 2.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.61.6 2.3 2.9 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.60.3 2.7 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.60.4 1.0 1.9 2.4 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.70.0 1.2 4.4 1.9 4.1 7.2 4.6 3.1 2.3 4.4 2.81.0 3.6 2.1 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.70.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.8
44.9 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.04.5 3.5 2.1 1.0 -2.3 0.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.6 2.03.2 3.5 1.3 0.7 -2.8 -0.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.41.3 3.5 4.1 1.7 -0.9 1.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 2.5 3.36.9 3.6 2.2 2.2 2.3 4.9 2.2 2.8 3.3 2.3 2.9
32.4 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.317.7 7.9 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.37.2 5.3 6.1 7.0 7.5 7.9 6.6 7.5 7.6 7.2 7.52.5 6.0 5.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.17.8 3.0 2.9 1.1 -0.1 -1.1 1.3 2.1 2.4 1.2 2.12.6 1.9 3.0 0.5 -3.8 -3.6 0.7 1.8 2.0 0.5 1.81.9 4.0 1.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 1.7 2.13.2 4.0 5.1 4.9 3.4 1.1 2.5 3.3 3.9 2.6 3.4
55.1 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.8100.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6
83.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.988.3 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.8
World excluding EU
Euro area
(a) Relative weights in %, based on GDP (at constant prices and PPS) in 2016.
Spring 2017
Hungary
- Mexico
Emerging and developing Asia
- India
Potential Candidates
Latvia
France
MENA
United Kingdom
Ireland
CIS
Iceland
forecast
Cyprus
- Other CIS
Sweden
Estonia
Advanced economies
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Japan
Poland
Lithuania
Korea
Slovakia
Denmark
EU
- Albania
Emerging and developing economies
Australia
Portugal
World excluding euro area
Norway
Latin America
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
- Serbia
- China
- Russia
- Turkey
Finland
World
New Zealand
Romania
World GDP, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)
Croatia
Autumn 2017
Candidate Countries
Greece
forecast
Belgium
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
Germany
Bulgaria
Austria
Luxembourg
Malta
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Indonesia
USA
- Montenegro
Switzerland
Canada
- Brazil
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
188
Table 56: 23.10.2017
( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201835.6 2.2 2.2 4.7 6.1 3.4 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.126.8 2.5 2.1 4.7 6.4 3.3 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.1
1.1 13.1 2.5 8.0 4.8 -0.3 7.7 5.8 4.8 4.6 4.60.9 14.9 1.1 8.2 4.3 -1.9 7.4 5.4 4.3 4.1 4.20.0 2.0 6.1 16.5 6.7 11.5 8.8 8.4 8.4 10.2 8.70.0 -0.3 -1.3 -0.7 5.7 6.2 6.8 4.5 2.4 2.9 3.00.1 0.8 21.3 5.7 10.2 12.0 10.3 8.5 8.0 7.9 7.30.0 0.3 0.9 1.8 1.0 13.1 10.3 8.6 8.3 5.6 6.4
10.9 3.4 3.5 4.3 0.4 -0.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.52.3 2.6 2.7 5.8 3.4 1.0 3.3 3.7 3.1 3.6 3.63.9 -0.1 0.8 9.3 2.9 1.2 5.0 2.0 1.9 2.8 1.13.0 5.1 4.3 2.0 -0.1 2.1 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.6 3.50.6 1.6 -1.7 3.1 4.7 -1.8 1.4 2.4 2.7 1.3 2.02.2 1.1 15.2 -6.2 2.4 6.5 2.8 4.0 3.8 2.4 3.40.0 3.6 6.7 3.2 9.2 11.1 7.4 4.0 3.8 5.7 4.41.2 5.7 5.9 6.9 6.0 7.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.40.2 1.9 0.8 3.1 6.9 1.9 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6
68.2 2.6 3.2 4.4 3.9 2.3 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.62.5 2.5 1.1 -0.6 -1.5 0.6 6.2 4.7 4.5 5.1 4.01.6 1.4 4.6 0.5 3.7 3.1 5.1 4.3 4.2 3.3 3.60.9 4.6 -5.5 -2.8 -11.7 -4.3 8.1 5.6 5.0 8.3 4.85.4 6.3 3.4 2.7 6.6 5.0 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.4 3.0
17.5 4.5 7.2 4.3 -1.1 2.4 4.9 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.710.8 5.9 8.8 4.3 -2.2 1.1 5.0 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.4
2.1 0.3 5.0 3.9 -4.5 6.6 4.6 5.1 5.3 3.3 3.90.8 1.8 3.1 1.6 0.2 -0.7 3.7 4.5 5.0 2.9 3.95.1 2.8 1.7 1.6 4.9 1.7 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.2 3.61.1 1.1 2.7 -0.3 8.1 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.8 2.6 3.42.0 5.8 2.4 7.0 10.3 1.2 5.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 3.81.4 -1.0 4.8 0.9 3.0 -0.3 3.5 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.9
31.8 4.0 4.7 2.8 1.5 2.5 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.3 3.6100.0 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.1 2.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.664.4 3.5 4.5 3.4 1.5 1.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.1 3.373.2 3.3 4.3 3.5 2.0 2.0 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.4
Sub-Saharan Africa
USA
Latin America
- Montenegro
(a) Relative weights in %, based on exports of goods and services (at current prices and current exchange rates) in 2016.
World
World excluding euro area
- Brazil
World excluding EU
Korea
Euro area (b)
forecast
Iceland
Emerging and developing Asia
- Mexico
- Albania
- Indonesia
- Serbia
- India
New Zealand
MENA
Advanced economies
EU (b)
- Russia
Spring 2017
CIS
Emerging and developing economies
Australia
World exports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)
Norway
Autumn 2017
Canada
- China
forecast
Candidate Countries
- Other CIS
Switzerland
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Japan
- Turkey
23.10.2017
EU Euro AreaCandidate
Countries USA Japan
Other Advanced Economies China Rest of Asia CIS MENA
Latin America
Sub-Saharan
AfricaEU 63.9 46.4 2.0 7.7 1.2 7.5 3.8 3.1 2.2 4.8 2.4 1.5Euro area 63.8 45.7 1.9 7.7 1.2 7.0 3.9 3.2 2.0 5.0 2.6 1.6Belgium 74.1 58.7 1.2 5.6 0.7 3.9 2.0 3.8 1.0 3.9 1.4 2.3Bulgaria 65.8 47.5 12.7 2.0 0.3 2.1 2.8 2.8 4.2 5.9 0.6 0.8Czech Republic 83.0 64.9 1.7 2.6 0.5 3.3 1.5 1.2 2.8 2.3 0.7 0.5Denmark 62.5 38.9 1.1 8.4 1.9 11.1 4.5 2.7 1.3 3.2 2.5 0.9Germany 58.3 36.6 2.1 9.3 1.4 8.7 6.5 3.5 2.3 4.1 2.7 1.1Estonia 74.6 47.2 1.6 3.5 0.6 6.8 1.6 1.7 6.6 1.7 0.6 0.7Ireland 53.0 35.9 0.6 23.8 3.9 8.4 2.2 1.9 0.7 2.8 1.9 0.8Greece 55.1 37.9 12.8 4.9 0.3 3.4 1.0 1.9 2.5 14.8 1.7 1.5Spain 66.0 51.9 2.2 4.8 1.1 4.7 2.0 2.1 1.2 8.2 6.1 1.6France 58.8 45.7 1.6 8.0 1.5 7.3 4.4 4.4 1.6 7.2 2.8 2.4Croatia 72.2 60.1 10.5 3.9 0.5 2.7 0.9 0.8 2.9 4.4 0.8 0.5Italy 54.5 39.8 3.3 9.0 1.4 9.8 3.2 3.3 2.6 8.2 3.3 1.3Cyprus 52.1 32.8 0.4 1.2 0.0 3.8 1.8 10.1 2.0 26.6 0.3 1.7Latvia 71.5 48.8 1.5 2.0 0.4 4.2 1.2 1.2 11.7 4.9 0.6 0.7Lithuania 66.1 43.5 1.0 4.6 0.8 5.0 0.6 1.3 17.1 2.3 0.5 0.6Luxembourg 84.0 72.3 1.1 2.8 0.4 3.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 2.4 0.8 0.8Hungary 78.8 56.7 3.1 4.1 0.9 2.8 2.2 1.0 3.7 1.6 1.4 0.4Malta 39.1 28.6 0.8 5.1 3.4 13.1 6.4 9.3 0.7 18.8 1.1 2.2Netherlands 78.4 60.0 1.0 3.4 0.6 4.3 1.8 2.6 1.1 3.1 1.8 1.9Austria 70.1 51.8 1.6 6.6 0.9 8.2 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.6 1.8 0.6Poland 79.8 56.9 2.1 2.5 0.4 3.8 1.3 1.2 5.0 1.9 1.5 0.8Portugal 71.4 60.1 1.0 5.6 0.4 3.5 2.3 0.8 0.7 4.6 3.1 6.5Romania 72.3 52.9 5.8 2.7 0.5 3.0 1.6 1.0 4.5 6.6 1.1 0.8Slovenia 78.7 54.4 5.7 2.0 0.2 3.0 1.1 1.0 4.5 3.0 0.5 0.3Slovakia 84.3 46.7 1.8 2.6 0.1 2.9 2.3 0.4 3.2 1.6 0.5 0.2Finland 59.5 38.7 1.6 6.8 2.0 8.2 5.1 4.0 5.7 3.3 2.8 1.1Sweden 60.9 41.4 1.3 7.1 1.2 12.8 4.2 3.6 1.6 3.8 2.2 1.3United Kingdom 46.9 41.3 1.5 13.8 1.4 14.8 5.4 4.7 1.4 6.4 2.0 1.8
Table 57: Export shares in EU trade (goods only - 2016)
Statistical Annex
189
Table 58: 23.10.2017
( a ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201833.7 -0.3 1.6 5.2 6.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.324.9 -1.0 1.3 4.9 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.61.3 0.8 7.4 0.5 2.3 4.5 5.6 6.5 7.0 2.7 4.91.1 0.7 8.0 -0.4 1.7 3.7 5.0 6.4 7.1 2.0 4.70.0 8.2 2.2 14.1 5.2 7.6 5.5 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.40.0 0.6 -3.1 1.6 4.4 17.3 6.5 2.3 1.0 6.2 3.80.1 1.4 5.0 5.6 9.3 9.0 10.1 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.90.0 -6.7 -0.6 4.3 -2.9 7.4 7.8 5.2 6.2 6.7 4.9
13.8 2.2 1.1 4.5 5.0 1.3 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 6.12.6 3.6 1.6 2.2 0.3 -0.9 4.1 3.2 2.5 1.1 2.53.8 5.4 3.3 8.3 0.8 -2.3 3.4 2.0 2.5 1.3 0.72.5 2.4 1.7 1.5 2.1 4.5 3.1 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.80.6 3.0 5.0 2.4 1.6 2.3 5.6 2.5 2.7 1.7 2.31.8 -2.6 13.5 -7.7 4.7 6.0 3.4 3.8 3.4 2.6 3.80.0 4.6 0.1 9.8 13.5 14.7 10.1 5.7 4.2 10.3 7.81.3 5.5 -2.1 -1.1 2.0 0.0 1.7 2.4 2.2 1.7 2.40.2 2.8 6.2 7.9 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.8
68.4 1.2 2.5 4.2 4.7 3.0 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.12.3 9.7 1.6 -8.1 -21.2 -2.5 8.2 5.4 5.3 3.6 3.21.3 9.7 3.6 -7.3 -25.8 -3.8 9.7 6.2 5.9 2.3 3.41.0 9.6 -1.4 -9.5 -13.7 -0.7 6.1 4.3 4.3 5.3 2.95.7 8.5 8.0 8.9 -1.5 0.3 2.8 3.8 4.0 1.8 2.9
16.6 5.6 6.4 6.1 0.9 4.8 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.0 4.49.8 6.6 10.6 7.8 -0.5 4.9 5.7 4.5 4.2 4.6 4.72.4 1.4 -3.5 6.0 1.9 4.4 5.4 5.6 5.8 2.1 3.50.8 14.1 1.3 -1.3 -6.3 3.0 3.4 4.2 4.9 2.8 3.95.4 4.2 3.4 0.4 -1.2 -2.9 3.1 3.5 3.9 2.6 3.11.0 -0.3 8.4 -0.1 -13.5 -8.2 1.8 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.62.1 5.5 2.6 6.0 8.6 1.1 4.7 4.1 4.3 2.6 3.31.7 3.1 3.7 6.3 1.1 -10.5 3.3 3.7 4.4 3.1 4.1
31.6 6.1 5.5 4.0 -2.0 1.1 4.6 4.5 4.5 3.3 3.8100.0 2.7 3.5 4.1 2.5 2.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.5 4.0
66.3 4.3 4.4 3.6 0.6 1.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.875.1 4.0 4.2 3.9 1.2 1.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.8
Sub-Saharan Africa
USA
Latin America
- Montenegro
(a) Relative weights in %, based on imports of goods and services (at current prices and current exchange rates) in 2016.
World
World excluding euro area
- Brazil
World excluding EU
Korea
Euro area (b)
forecast
Iceland
Emerging and developing Asia
- Mexico
- Albania
- Indonesia
- Serbia
- India
New Zealand
MENA
Advanced economies
EU (b)
- Russia
Spring 2017
CIS
Emerging and developing economies
Australia
World imports of goods and services, volume (percentage change on preceding year, 2012-19)
Norway
Autumn 2017
Canada
- China
forecast
Candidate Countries
- Other CIS
Switzerland
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Japan
- Turkey
23.10.2017
EU Euro AreaCandidate
Countries USA Japan
Other Advanced Economies China Rest of Asia CIS MENA
Latin America
Sub-Saharan
AfricaEU 64.3 49.5 1.5 5.3 1.3 6.3 7.1 4.1 4.0 2.6 1.9 1.5Euro area 63.8 48.5 1.4 5.4 1.3 6.0 6.9 4.2 4.2 3.0 2.2 1.6Belgium 63.9 53.4 1.0 9.1 1.9 5.1 4.4 5.1 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.0Bulgaria 66.5 46.8 8.2 1.0 0.3 2.3 3.7 1.7 12.5 1.8 1.4 0.6Czech Republic 78.7 61.0 0.9 1.5 0.8 3.8 7.3 2.2 4.2 0.3 0.2 0.1Denmark 70.9 48.3 1.1 2.6 0.5 9.2 7.3 3.4 2.2 0.6 1.6 0.7Germany 66.6 45.4 1.7 4.8 1.5 7.4 7.0 4.3 3.4 1.0 1.5 0.9Estonia 76.6 54.7 0.6 1.6 0.4 2.6 5.3 1.4 10.8 0.2 0.4 0.1Ireland 68.0 30.1 0.6 13.3 1.8 5.3 4.0 3.3 0.5 0.7 1.8 0.8Greece 53.9 41.1 4.1 1.5 0.5 5.2 6.8 2.9 10.8 12.1 1.3 0.7Spain 61.5 50.2 1.7 3.5 0.8 3.8 7.1 4.0 2.0 6.9 5.0 3.6France 69.6 58.6 1.1 5.5 0.9 5.4 5.0 3.3 2.1 4.1 1.3 1.7Croatia 78.3 61.2 4.0 1.3 0.2 2.5 3.9 1.3 5.7 1.6 0.9 0.3Italy 58.9 46.6 2.5 3.9 0.9 5.5 7.2 3.9 7.1 5.7 2.4 1.9Cyprus 70.7 54.4 0.4 1.0 2.3 2.5 6.1 5.2 3.7 6.8 1.0 0.2Latvia 63.9 46.7 0.7 1.1 0.2 2.0 4.0 1.6 25.8 0.3 0.2 0.1Lithuania 66.7 45.2 0.9 1.7 0.2 3.2 3.8 0.9 20.5 1.0 0.5 0.5Luxembourg 74.8 70.9 0.2 7.2 1.5 2.0 10.8 0.8 0.1 0.2 2.2 0.2Hungary 76.9 58.5 1.6 1.9 1.5 3.4 6.2 2.4 4.9 0.7 0.5 0.1Malta 40.5 32.4 2.9 3.0 2.0 16.0 11.8 8.4 11.8 3.0 0.2 0.4Netherlands 47.0 35.9 0.7 8.0 2.3 6.8 13.1 6.5 6.3 3.1 3.8 2.4Austria 79.2 65.1 1.2 2.6 0.7 6.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.2Poland 72.6 59.1 1.3 1.8 0.7 3.7 7.2 2.3 7.8 0.8 1.4 0.4Portugal 75.9 68.5 0.8 1.5 0.5 2.5 3.7 2.3 2.8 3.1 2.8 4.0Romania 77.1 55.1 4.9 1.1 0.5 2.2 4.6 1.3 6.4 0.9 0.8 0.4Slovenia 72.4 54.8 5.7 1.4 0.3 6.4 6.4 2.4 0.9 1.8 1.8 0.4Slovakia 80.0 44.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 6.1 4.0 1.6 5.9 0.2 0.1 0.0Finland 71.5 44.1 0.5 2.5 0.5 4.5 4.7 1.6 11.6 0.4 1.6 0.7Sweden 72.5 52.5 1.0 2.8 1.1 8.8 5.7 2.9 2.7 0.5 1.2 0.8United Kingdom 54.7 47.7 1.7 9.1 1.6 10.0 9.7 5.8 1.6 2.5 1.7 1.7
Table 59: Import shares in EU trade (goods only - 2016)
European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2017
190
Table 60: 23.10.2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 2018-34.7 90.2 189.6 212.2 316.7 337.6 310.7 355.5 371.2 284.0 273.4
-155.8 -41.2 48.5 60.6 164.9 191.7 161.7 200.2 215.9 132.9 122.3119.2 254.0 353.3 396.6 474.5 492.9 : 455.0 500.4 518.1 451.9 451.9
29.7 160.2 275.5 320.3 398.0 418.1 378.6 420.8 438.5 366.0 366.1-103.0 -77.6 -89.6 -73.8 -71.0 -78.5 -82.7 -90.0 -101.9 -79.2 -85.3-777.9 -779.8 -738.8 -778.2 -793.3 -778.2 -848.8 -924.6 -994.4 -861.2 -974.1
-4.1 -53.6 -89.9 -99.1 -5.2 44.9 38.3 42.6 36.5 44.4 47.666.8 69.0 60.9 49.8 24.5 11.7 14.0 14.4 15.0 13.4 14.029.5 40.2 53.7 55.5 53.6 49.5 51.7 57.4 60.3 60.2 62.40.3 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3 -1.6
-662.4 -584.5 -429.7 -431.5 -260.5 -185.0 -285.4 -303.1 -349.8 -326.1 -435.8239.8 215.8 197.7 218.3 147.3 81.9 117.7 123.4 124.2 143.6 153.2198.8 192.8 183.6 186.8 145.8 89.9 118.3 123.5 126.7 138.1 147.1612.4 665.9 594.0 457.9 130.8 95.6 161.5 167.1 147.6 178.8 182.0124.6 136.9 216.3 336.4 483.1 432.3 368.6 356.6 354.5 468.5 501.8228.7 311.6 359.0 435.0 576.2 494.1 450.9 457.6 470.0 561.8 601.568.0 41.0 6.7 -13.1 -52.5 5.8 18.2 16.6 23.4 -0.1 -4.193.7 70.5 63.2 27.6 -33.0 -11.9 -3.2 -4.1 -9.8 -39.4 -46.1
1138.5 1130.0 1077.9 1027.0 675.7 603.7 662.7 659.5 639.9 751.3 786.7476.1 545.5 648.2 595.5 415.2 418.8 377.3 356.4 290.1 425.2 350.8
Sub-Saharan Africa
Switzerland
forecastforecast
¹ See note 8 on concepts and sources.
Norway
Latin America
Asia
WorldEmerging and developing economies
- China
MENA- Russia
Euro area, adjusted¹
Advanced economies
Japan
CIS
Euro area
Candidate Countries
World merchandise trade balances (fob-fob, in billions of US dollar, 2011-19)
Iceland
EU
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
USA
EU, adjusted¹
Table 61: 23.10.2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201831.1 147.9 221.8 247.6 280.9 301.4 301.6 336.2 347.6 308.6 314.1
-61.6 85.4 163.5 144.8 176.0 237.3 236.3 268.0 279.5 251.5 257.084.5 236.4 316.6 357.0 376.2 393.9 : 374.1 404.2 411.7 356.8 349.8
-12.4 174.0 293.1 326.5 371.7 398.7 379.0 409.2 416.7 351.9 345.0-82.0 -55.0 -68.3 -48.4 -35.5 -36.1 -37.2 -44.1 -51.8 -39.5 -42.8
-444.6 -426.2 -349.5 -373.8 -434.6 -451.7 -519.5 -560.9 -620.1 -550.3 -665.0130.5 59.7 45.7 38.0 138.2 190.2 190.6 203.6 203.7 204.0 212.161.1 63.4 53.3 54.6 34.2 16.4 17.2 17.3 18.0 17.2 16.555.1 70.0 79.9 62.2 76.3 62.7 63.5 72.0 77.0 83.1 87.0-0.8 -0.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0
-215.5 -127.6 59.8 94.2 197.2 239.5 158.7 177.1 146.9 146.3 58.1106.3 63.4 16.2 53.4 49.5 -2.0 8.2 8.4 7.4 37.5 43.796.6 68.5 32.1 53.5 65.5 23.5 31.3 29.7 26.5 57.0 60.9
424.6 461.7 376.1 233.7 -73.0 -80.4 -31.3 -30.9 -21.3 -24.4 -20.5118.4 126.6 92.9 229.3 311.7 227.4 139.5 110.8 92.7 233.2 203.8136.1 215.4 148.2 236.0 304.2 196.4 138.5 126.2 118.9 223.8 199.3
-113.2 -133.0 -159.4 -182.6 -177.3 -97.9 -97.6 -110.9 -118.2 -114.5 -129.5-0.5 -10.7 -24.5 -51.7 -79.1 -44.0 -37.1 -42.7 -46.3 -45.8 -45.1
535.7 508.0 301.4 282.2 31.8 3.1 -18.3 -65.3 -85.7 86.1 52.4320.1 380.3 361.2 376.4 229.0 242.6 140.5 111.8 61.2 232.3 110.5
Sub-Saharan Africa
Switzerland
forecastforecast
¹ See note 8 on concepts and sources.
Norway
Latin America
Asia
WorldEmerging and developing economies
- China
MENA- Russia
Euro area, adjusted¹
Advanced economies
Japan
CIS
Euro area
Candidate Countries
World current-account balances (in billions of US dollar, 2011-19)
Iceland
EU
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
USA
EU, adjusted¹
Table 62: 23.10.2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2017 201813.1 0.2 3.2 -3.7 -15.7 -2.6 1.2 0.7 2.5 3.1 -0.222.0 -15.9 -4.8 -4.7 -18.7 -0.5 10.6 -0.4 -0.3 12.9 -1.7
32.5 -15.9 -4.7 3.8 -14.3 3.0 4.7 -2.2 0.5 6.0 -1.0
9.0 -5.8 1.2 2.6 -3.7 -3.0 0.1 0.8 0.2 -4.4 -0.215.2 -15.8 -4.9 -11.1 -22.5 -3.9 16.8 1.2 -1.0 20.1 -2.438.0 1.3 -2.9 -7.9 -45.0 -17.4 18.7 3.3 -1.0 18.5 -0.5
38.3 0.8 -2.7 -8.3 -46.5 -16.2 19.7 3.8 -1.8 24.0 0.8
18.5 -9.7 -1.4 -4.3 -17.4 -1.5 6.4 0.1 0.9 8.5 -1.134.5 -0.4 -2.7 -7.4 -41.0 -14.1 15.8 2.6 -0.6 16.1 -0.7
110.9 111.8 108.8 99.7 53.4 44.8 53.6 55.7 54.7 55.5 55.979.7 87.0 81.9 75.1 48.1 40.4 47.5 47.3 46.4 52.1 52.5
Crude petroleum - price per barrel
Primary Commodities
Spring 2017Autumn 2017
Minerals and metals
- of which:
forecastforecast
Brent (usd)
Wood and pulp
Basic materials
Brent (euro)
- of which:
Fuel products
- Total excluding fuels
- of which:
Primary commodity prices (in US dollar, percentage change on preceding year, 2011-19)
- Total including fuels
Crude petroleum
Agricultures non-food
Food
STICClassification