european atlas of secondary raw material - prognos ag · based on a waste stream-oriented view, the...

1

European Atlas of Secondary Raw Material

January 2008

2004 Status Quo and Potentials

Copyright

All rights to the European Atlas of Secondary Raw Materials, including its translation, reprint and reproduc-tion are owned by the Prognos AG. All information of parts thereof may only be reproduced or electronically processed, copied and circulated only after written consent from the Prognos AG.

2

Waste – Secondary raw materials and secondary fuels

In the public mind, “waste” still has a negative image. However, a clear paradigm change is recognizable among waste management experts in the last years. Increasingly, waste becomes a secondary raw material, mainly in connection with “urban mining” and resource efficiency.

The protection of natural recourses is defined as the central task of a sustainable economic and environmental policy. Both, on national as well as European (EU 27) level, targets and indi-cators of a macroeconomic material flow management are to be established. Targets are among others:

Improvement of resource efficiency •

•

•

•

•

Improvement of raw material productivity, as well as

Decoupling of waste generation and economic growth.

Currently, the passing of the new Waste Framework Directive is the primary focus of the Euro-pean waste management policy, replacing the more than 30 years old basic strategy. The Envi-ronment Council passed the draft proposal for the Waste Framework Directive unanimously (Italy abstained) on 28 June 2007 under the German EU presidency. The common position of the Environment Council was adopted on 21 December 2007 and established a basis for the second reading of the Directive in the European Parliament in the first half of 2008.

In December 2005 – in the run-up of the new Waste Framework Directive - several position papers had already been submitted, such as

Thematic strategy for waste avoidance,

Thematic strategy for the sustainable reuse of natural resources.

They were either included in the Waste Framework Directive draft or are to be specified in the future. Improvements of resource use by implementation of Life-Cycle-Concepts and the “Zero-Waste-Strategy” are examples of a comprehensive action catalogue, which should bring the European Union closer to its objectives.

3

How close are we to our reaching objectives?

Landfilling of waste is still the dominant waste treatment method in Europe. In 2004, more than half of the waste (50% - 60%) generated within the EU 27 member states was landfilled, among them also more than 45% of municipal solid waste.

In other words: More than half of the existing resource potential remains completely unused (wasted). Moreover it causes considerable negative environmental impacts on our climate due to the discharge of methane within the landfill gas!

Past data collections on recycling waste within the EU have been diverse and far from uniform - both across the member states as well as within single waste streams. With different sets of information collected both on waste amounts and disposal routes in the EU 27 member states there has been no easy way to determine the recycling status quo. The classification of waste as well as the methods and scale of data collection simply were too different in the various EU member states.

The inception of the EU Waste Statistic Regulation and its implementation into national stan-dards for the first time created a formal basis to compile data for 2004 on a nearly comparable level for all EU 27 member states. Respective limitations were gathered in the national 2004 “Quality reports” that provided further explanations to the respective waste statistics of the member states to Eurostat. The following reporting duty arose for the year 2006. The statistical data will be available mid-2008 for further analysis.

As part of a study for the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies at the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (IPTS), Prognos AG and the Institute for Environmental Research at the University of Dortmund have collected and analysed all waste generation data available on the basis of national statistics according to the EWC (6-digit-codes) and, respec-tively, the EWC-Stat categorization. The study will be available as download soon.

Based on a waste stream-oriented view, the scope of this European Atlas of Secondary Raw Materials – which builds on the results of the analysis carried out for the IPTS – describes selected waste streams for the 27 member states of the EU. The Atlas focuses on tracking those waste streams that are - by means of material or thermal recycling - being recovered as secondary materials and that contribute positively to the general use of energy and resources.

No. Waste stream No. Waste stream 1 glass 10 wood 2 paper/board 11 textiles 3 plastics 12 waste rubber & tyre 4 Iron/steel 13 biodegradable waste 5 aluminium 14 solid fuel waste 6 copper 15 oil containing waste 7 zinc 16 solvents 8 lead 17 ashes & slag 9 other metals 18 minerals

4

Quo vadis waste management?

Today, the question “where are we going?” is almost an obsolete one: There is consensus that waste management has to be developed towards a resource management. The focus of all dis-cussions from now on will be to answer the “How?” and “How soon?”

The EU can only formulate common waste management objectives. The content of the EU Waste Framework directive has to be consequently promoted. Every single member state has to find his own national specific way to implement the 5-level waste management hierarchy detailed in the Common Position of the Environment Council of 21 December 2007. The most important challenges are certainly:

Implementation and further development of systems for separate collection of waste,

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Accompanying practical standards and incentives for waste prevention and material or energy recovery, respectively,

Closing of raw material cycles and significant increase of resource and energy effi-ciency,

Significant improvement of CO2 balance, thereby decreasing the climate relevance of waste management,

Development of criteria and their application for the “end of waste” property for se-lected waste streams and establishment of “product markets” whenever possible and justified.

The question remains, whether the EU should adopt a Waste Framework Directive without any provisions or further demands in connection with European landfilling of waste. Such provisions could be:

Implementation of selected, material-specific prohibitions to landfill within the EU waste framework policy, going significantly beyond the exiting regulation of the EU Landfill Directive, or

Implementation of a European-wide prohibition for landfilling biodegradable waste as is currently implemented in single member states.

The results of the Prognos / INFU analysis show, that there is more than enough resource po-tential within the waste management. The resulting contributions to a comprehensive CO2 re-duction are at least as important as the economic benefit and possible saving effects, which could be achieved in mid- or long-term against the background of increasing raw material and energy prices worldwide.

This will, however, require a consistent and accompanying EU waste policy in order to develop these resource potentials as soon as possible.

5

Hurdles to clear - data base and methodology

The statistical data base lays the foundation for any further analysis. The challenge to meet was to obtain a data pool as reliable and comparable (for all members states) as possible. Gener-ally, the listing of waste fractions in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC) was considered the most suitable data collection. EWC data, however, is available only for selected member states. This leaves an unsatisfactory data situation for the majority of EU member states, so that we decided to refer to data published by EUROSTAT.

Uniform rules for waste data collection became mandatory for all EU member states with Regu-lation 2150/2002/EC, obliging all member states to forward to the EU the amount of waste generated and treated. Data has to be reported every other year and on the basis of aggre-gated EWC-STAT groups. The reporting duty started with the year 2004, which we thus chose as reference year.

The evaluation of available data for 2004 has shown that data for several waste fractions is available only on a highly aggregated level. Nevertheless, the completeness and quality of data differ from member state to member state.

For the analysis of the mentioned waste streams were created special waste stream models

based on the waste amounts generated by sources (e.g. municipal waste, construc-tion & demolition waste, industrial waste, end-of-life-vehicles, electro & electronic waste, mining residues etc.) we focused on finding model(s) to estimate amounts of single fractions within aggregated waste groups or mixed waste fractions

•

•

•

•

across their grouping by characteristic parameters

by management alternatives either with the aim of recycling like sorting or pre-treatment or with the aim of disposal (non-recycled fraction)

differentiating between (material) recycling and/or energy recovery.

The models also take into consideration losses occurring from sorting, pre-treatment, manufac-turing, recycling or waste treatment. The shares were calculated by developing technical pa-rameters. As a result, a realistic “amount of recovery” could be determined.

Given this data base, additional information was analysed to verify the data. We especially used all available information on EWC-6-digit level, which were linked to their corresponding EWC-Stat codes based on the official equivalence table published by the EU. Waste stream profiles for each of the selected waste streams present the most important basic data for the in-dividual waste streams.

As a result, a comprehensive base for the evaluation of several current questions was compiled, allowing further analysis regarding potentials for saving primary raw material and energy re-sources, the end-of waste intentions of the EU (when waste ceases to be waste), the climate relevance etc.

6

At the halfway mark!

The analysed 18 waste streams include about 2,418 Mt (Mio. tonnes), representing 85% of the total waste amount generated within the EU 27 in 2004.

The final assessment is that about 46 % (refers to 1,103 Mt) have been recycled or energy re-covered, while the remaining 54% (1,314 Mt) have been disposed of – mostly at landfills or in-cinerated. Regrettably, landfilling does not necessarily mean modern landfills in line with the European requirements!

In 2004, the highest recycling rates could be identified for rubber & tyres waste (78%) and iron & steel waste (76%). In the same year, the lowest recovery rates could be seen for solid fuels (22%).

Overview of alternatives in waste management for 2004

Generation Total disposal** Recycling Energy

recoveryRecycling

rate***

[Mt] [Mt] [Mt] [Mt] [in %] [Mt] [in %]

1 glass 21.6 10.9 10.7 0.0 50% 10.7 50%2 paper 79.5 35.3 44.2 0.0 56% 54.0 68%3 plastics 26.2 17.0 4.5 4.7 35% 13.7 52%4 iron & steel 102.6 24.9 77.7 0.0 76% 77.7 76%5 aluminium 4.6 1.6 3.1 0.0 66% 3.1 66%6 copper 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.0 62% 0.9 62%7 zinc 1.2 0.5 0.7 0.0 58% 0.7 58%8 lead 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.0 63% 0.6 63%9 other metals 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.0 39% 0.5 39%

10 wood 70.5 24.7 21.7 24.0 65% 53.0 75%11 textiles 12.2 8.3 2.8 1.1 32% 6.2 51%12 rubber & tyres 3.2 0.7 1.6 0.9 78% 2.6 82%13 biowaste 87.9 55.1 28.8 4.0 37% 46.5 53%14 solid fuels 70.1 55.0 0.0 15.1 22% 29.2 42%15 oil waste 7.4 4.4 2.2 0.8 41% 5.6 75%16 solvents 1.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 61% 1.5 90%17 ashes & slag 131.4 48.4 82.9 0.0 63% 82.9 63%18 minerals 1,794.4 1,025.2 769.2 0.0 43% 769.2 43%

Total 2,417.9 1,314.0 1,052.6 51.3 46% 1,271.6 48%

No. Waste stream*Recycling / Energy recovery +

(selected) Incineration****

* Recovered metals directly returned to manufacturing without further processing (cycle scrap) are not included. ** Disposal includes landfilling, incineration as disposal (D 10) and other disposal *** Without incineration in Municipal solid waste incineration and other disposal plants **** Recycling + Energy recovery in comparison to the waste amount generated ***** Incineration with low as well as high energy efficiency Only the following waste streams with energy recovery potentials within incineration were taken into consideration: paper, plastics,

wood, textiles, biodegradable waste, solvents, oil waste, solid fuels, rubber & tyres.

When considering recycling, energy recovery and incineration with low as well high energy effi-ciency, higher recycling rates can be seen as displayed in the last two columns – these recy-cling rates have already been achieved for all burning waste fractions in 2004.

It is undisputed, that it is important to achieve a more sustainable change in the way we handle waste. Both from an environmental as well as the raw material and energy perspective we are in 2004 altogether at the halfway mark!

7

Glass waste

In 2004, the total amount of waste glass generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 21.6 Mt, originating mainly from municipal sources (approx. 57% - 67%), but also from demolition & construction areas, industrial and treatment sources as well as end-of-life-vehicles. This corresponds to an average of 44 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 10.7 Mt (approx. 22 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 50% of the generated waste glass already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Ger-many, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest waste glass potential, jointly sharing a waste glass potential of 69% (14.9 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 74% (7.9 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 17% (nearly 3.7 Mt) of the total glass waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 28% (1.0 Mt).

Glass waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GB GR HU IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK SI ES SE EU27Glass waste stream potential Waste glass recycling

incomplete data incomplete data

44

As glass can be recycled almost unlimitedly without compromising quality and purity, it saves substantial amounts of primary raw material and its recycling uses less energy than glass manufacturing. As a result, the demand for waste glass is increasing.

Waste glass is a valuable resource. Nevertheless the individual EU 27 member states still waste between 21 % and 91 % of recyclable glass (2004).

8

Glass waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Glass waste stream

disposalrecycling

1,000,000400,000100,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 20≥ 20 - < 35≥ 35 - < 50≥ 50 - < 65≥ 65

Total waste potentialin kg per capita / 2004

January 2008

Total waste potential Recycling

Germany 4,409,000 2,967,000 67%

France 3,168,000 1,838,000 58%

United Kingdom 2,801,000 1,135,000 41%

Italy 2,606,000 1,285,000 49%

Spain 1,893,000 733,000 39%

Poland 1,720,000 510,000 30%

Romania 804,000 289,000 36%

The Netherlands 647,000 421,000 65%

Belgium 620,000 400,000 65%

Sweden 438,000 168,000 38%

Total EU 27 21,590,000 10,712,000 50%

Share "Top 5" within EU 27 69% 74%


(rounded in tonnes/2004)

Share of recyclingCountry

Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal incomplete.

9

Waste paper

In 2004, the total amount of waste paper generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 79.5 Mt. Waste paper originates mainly from municipal sources (approx. 39% - 49%), but also from demolition & construction areas as well as industrial sources. This corresponds to an average of 162 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 44.2 Mt (approx. 90 kg per capita) was recycled. This means that on aver-age 56% of the generated waste paper already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Spain are the countries with the highest waste paper potential, jointly sharing a waste paper potential of 71% (56.5 Mt). In 2004, this also corresponded to the share of recovery of 71% (31.5 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 10% (7.9 Mt) of the total waste paper potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recovery rate of 42% (3.3 Mt).

Paper recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

90

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GB GR HU IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK SI ES SE EU27

Paper waste stream potential Waste paper recycling

incomplete data

incomplete data

162

Paper can be recycled only for a limited number of times. Recycling of paper uses not only less energy than does virgin paper production, but causes also less air and water pollution. Substan-tial amounts of timber as a basic resource will be saved by using waste paper.

Furthermore, waste paper - as a biodegradable material - disposed on landfills produces meth-ane harmful to the environment.

Waste paper is accepted as an important resource; nevertheless in 2004 the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potentials of between 31% and 66 %!

10

Waste paper potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Paper waste stream

disposalrecycling

6,000,000

2,500,000600,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 100≥ 100 - < 150≥ 150 - < 200≥ 200 - < 250≥ 250


January 2008


Germany 18,869,000 12,959,000 69%

United Kingdom 12,175,000 5,690,000 47%

Italy 9,864,000 4,357,000 44%

France 9,366,000 5,225,000 56%

Spain 6,255,000 3,282,000 52%

The Netherlands 3,266,000 2,099,000 64%

Belgium 2,815,000 1,909,000 68%

Poland 2,313,000 965,000 42%

Sweden 1,934,000 1,329,000 69%

Romania 1,805,000 626,000 35%

Total EU 27 79,479,000 44,217,000 56%



Country Share of recycling


Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal incomplete

11

Plastic waste

In 2004, the total amount of waste plastics generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 26.2 Mt, originating mainly from municipal sources (approx. 57% - 62%) but also from demolition & construction areas, industrial as well as end-of-life-vehicles. This corresponds to an average of 54 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 9.2 Mt (approx. 19 kg per capita) was recycled or energy recovered. This means that an average 35% of the generated waste plastics already replace primary raw mate-rials or energy.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest waste plastics potential, jointly sharing a waste plastic potential of 67% (~17.7 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 70% (6.4 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 14% (3.5 Mt) of the total waste plastics potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling and energy recovery rate of 16% (0.55 Mt).

Waste plastics recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

19

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100


Plastics waste stream potential Plastics recycling & energy recovery

incomplete data

estimated data

54

Most types of plastics are recyclable. Even if material recycling requires substantial energy, it still uses less energy than the production of new plastics. Recycling plastic can save significant amounts of primary raw materials - mainly fossil fuels. Furthermore, valuable energy can be generated when waste plastics are energy recovered.

Waste plastics are a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted between 31 % and 96 % of recyclable plastics!

12

Waste plastics potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Plastics waste stream

disposalrecycling & energy recovery

1,000,000400,000100,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 30≥ 30 - < 45≥ 45 - < 60≥ 60 - < 75≥ 75


Total waste potential

Recycling and energy recovery

Germany 4,493,000 2,303,000 51%

United Kingdom 4,055,000 692,000 17%

France 3,419,000 1,378,000 40%

Italy 3,316,000 1,162,000 35%

Spain 2,375,000 899,000 38%

Poland 1,558,000 233,000 15%

The Netherlands 1,155,000 639,000 55%

Belgium 990,000 513,000 52%

Austria 580,000 291,000 50%

Portugal 542,000 171,000 32%

Total EU 27 26,245,000 9,223,000 35%



Country

Share of recycling

and energy recovery


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal estimated

13

Iron & steel waste

In 2004, the total amount of iron & steel waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 102.6 Mt (without cycle materials of the steel producing industry returned directly to steel manufacturing without further processing). These mainly originate from the construction & demolition as well as the transport sectors. This corresponds to an average of 210 kg per capita.

Of these a share of 77.7 Mt (approx. 159 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 75% of the generated iron & steel waste already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Ger-many, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain are the countries with the highest iron & steel waste potential, jointly sharing an iron & steel waste potential of 67% (68.8 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries amounted to 69% (53.8 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 19% (19 Mt) of the total iron & steel waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 65% (12.4 Mt).

Iron & steel waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

159

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Iron & steel waste stream potential Iron & steel furnace

incomplete data

incomplete data

210

Iron & steel waste can be recycled any number of times without loss of quality, thus saving sub-stantial amounts of primary raw material and energy. As a consequence, it has become one of the most important raw materials with demand for iron & steel waste growing worldwide.

Iron & steel waste is a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potentials of between 15% and 52%!

14

Iron & steel potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

(without cycle materials)

Data for Latvia and Portugal available only for Solid municipal waste

EU 27 - Iron & steel waste stream

disposalrecycling

8,000,000

3,000,000700,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 120≥ 120 - < 180≥ 180 - < 240≥ 240 - < 300≥ 300


January 2008


Germany 21,587,000 17,784,000 82%

France 15,119,000 11,805,000 78%

Italy 11,903,000 8,691,000 73%

United Kingdom 11,748,000 9,078,000 77%

Spain 8,433,000 6,429,000 76%

Romania 5,851,000 3,895,000 67%

Poland 4,449,000 3,330,000 75%

Sweden 3,457,000 2,776,000 80%

The Netherlands 2,582,000 2,204,000 85%

Belgium 2,431,000 1,831,000 75%

Total EU 27 102,617,000 77,712,000 76%





15

Aluminium waste

In 2004, the total amount of aluminium waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 4.6 Mt (without cycle materials of the aluminium producing industry returned di-rectly to aluminium manufacturing without further processing). These mainly originate from the construction & demolition sector, automotive industry as well as from municipal sources (approx. 35% - 40%). This corresponds to an average of 9.5 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of nearly 3.1 Mt (approx. 6.3 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 66% of the generated aluminium waste already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest alu-minium waste potential, jointly sharing an aluminium waste potential of 72% (3.3 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 73% (2.2 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 12% (0.57 Mt) of the total aluminium waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 56% (0.32 Mt).

Aluminium waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

6,3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GB GR HU IE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK SI ES SE EU27Aluminium waste stream potential Aluminium refining & remelting

incompletedata

incompletedata

9,5

Aluminium waste can be recycled any number of times without loss of quality, thus saving sub-stantial amounts of primary raw material and energy as well as reducing emissions during the production process.

Aluminium scrap is a valuable resource in growing demand, which is driven by economic and environmental considerations. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potentials of between 14 % and 52 %!

16

Aluminium waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal incomplete

EU 27 - Aluminium waste stream

disposalrecycling

250,000

100,00025,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 4≥ 4 - < 7≥ 7 - < 10≥ 10 - < 13≥ 13

Total waste generationin kg per capita / 2004

January 2008


Germany 1,032,000 724,000 70%

France 733,000 456,000 62%

United Kingdom 648,000 469,000 72%

Italy 573,000 370,000 65%

Spain 332,000 221,000 67%

Poland 207,000 103,000 50%


Austria 123,000 85,000 69%

Sweden 122,000 84,000 69%

Belgium 105,000 70,000 67%

Total EU 27 4,640,000 3,061,000 66%





17

Copper waste

In 2004, the total amount of copper waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 1.38 Mt in 2004 (without cycle materials of the copper producing industry returned directly to copper manufacturing without further processing). These mainly originate from the construction & demolition sector, industry sources as well as end-of-life-vehicles and electrical / electronic equipment. This corresponds to an average of 2.9 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of approx. 0.85 Mt (approx. 1.8 kg per capita) was recovered. So already an average 62% of the generated copper waste replaced primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest copper waste potential, jointly sharing a copper waste potential of 69% (0.95 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 71% (0.6 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 12% (0.16 Mt) of the total copper waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 51% (83,000 t).

Copper waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

1,8

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0


Copper waste stream potential Copper recycling

estimationincomplete

data

2,9

Copper waste can be recycled any number of times without loss of quality. The conservation of natural resources and energy saving effects make copper recycling more efficient than manu-facturing.

Copper scrap is a valuable resource in growing demanded, which is driven by economic and environmental considerations as well as dwindling natural resources. In 2004, however, the in-dividual EU 27 member states still wasted potentials of between 26 % and 63 %!

18

Copper waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal estimated

EU 27 - Copper waste stream

disposalrecycling

60,00025,0006,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 1,5≥ 1,5 - < 2,5≥ 2,5 - < 3,5≥ 3,5 - < 4,5≥ 4,5


January 2008


United Kingdom 245,000 152,000 62%

Germany 235,000 151,000 64%

France 195,000 124,000 64%

Italy 174,000 114,000 66%

Spain 105,000 67,000 64%


Romania 54,000 26,000 48%

Belgium 49,000 29,000 59%

Sweden 35,000 26,000 74%

Austria 34,000 21,000 62%

Total EU 27 1,378,600 859,000 62%





19

Zinc waste

In 2004, the total amount of zinc waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 1.2 Mt in 2004 (without cycle materials of the zinc producing industry). These mainly originate from the construction & demolition sector, the transport sector as well as from other (mainly electrical and electronic) consumer products. This corresponds to an average of 2.4 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of nearly 0.7 Mt (approx. 1.4 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 58% of the generated zinc waste already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest zinc waste potential, jointly sharing a zinc waste potential of 62% (0.7 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 66% (0.45 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 23% (0.27 Mt) of the total zinc waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 47% (125,000 t).

Zinc waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

1.4

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0


Zinc waste stream potential Zinc recycling (zinc-smelting-process)

incomplete data

incomplete data

2.4

Zinc waste can be recycled any number of times using a minimum of energy and without loss of quality. Zinc recycling saves substantial amounts of primary raw material and energy.

Zinc scrap is a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potential of between 25% and 66%!

20

Zinc waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Zinc waste stream

disposalrecycling

80,000

30,0007,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 1,5≥ 1,5 - < 2,0≥ 2,0 - < 2,5≥ 2,5 - < 3,0≥ 3,0

Total waste stream potentialin kg per capita / 2004

January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal incomplete


Germany 187,000 123,000 66%

United Kingdom 184,000 104,000 57%

France 128,000 77,000 60%

Italy 126,000 83,000 66%

Spain 104,000 61,000 59%

Poland 96,000 42,000 44%

Romania 68,000 23,000 34%


Sweden 30,000 20,000 67%

Austria 24,000 16,000 67%

Total EU 27 1,173,000 684,000 58%





21

Lead waste

In 2004, the total amount of lead waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 1.0 Mt in 2004 (without cycle materials). These mainly originate from end-of-life-vehicles and construction / demolition waste. This corresponds to an average of 2.1 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of nearly 0.6 Mt (approx. 1.3 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 63% of the generated lead waste already replace primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Spain are the countries with the highest lead waste potential, jointly sharing a lead waste potential of 67% (0.67 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 68% (0.44 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 17% (175,000 t) of the total lead waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 55% (96,000 t).

Lead waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

1.3

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5


Lead waste stream potential Lead recycling (lead-smelting-process)

incomplete data

incomplete data

2.1

Lead is of great environmental concern and classified as hazardous waste. It is part of several products (e.g. electronic devices, batteries etc.).

Furthermore, approx. three quarters of lead are processed in products which are suitable for re-cycling. Lead is a necessary raw material in several production processes with a rapidly increasing demand worldwide. In 2004, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potential of between 22% and 66%!

22

Lead waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Lead waste stream

disposalrecycling

60,000

25,0006,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 0,8≥ 0,8 - < 1,6≥ 1,6 - < 2,4≥ 2,4 - < 3,4≥ 3,2



Germany 199,000 148,000 74%

United Kingdom 136,000 76,000 56%

Italy 132,000 84,000 64%

France 129,000 78,000 60%

Spain 78,000 49,000 63%

Poland 60,000 33,000 55%

Czech Republic 32,000 21,000 66%


Belgium 28,000 20,000 71%

Hungary 27,000 16,000 59%

Total EU 27 1,009,000 635,000 63%






23

Other metals

In 2004, the total amount of other metals waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 1.15 Mt in 2004. These mainly originate from the construction & demolition sector, industry sources as well as end-of-life-vehicles and electrical / electronic equipment. This corre-sponds to an average of 2.4 kg per capita. The share of tin among other metals waste can be estimated at approx. 114,000 Mt and the share of precious metals at nearly 25,000 Mt.

Of these, a share of approx. 0.45 Mt (approx. 0.9 kg per capita) was recovered. So already an average 39% of the generated other metals waste replaced primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France and Spain are the countries with the highest other metals waste potential, jointly sharing an other metals waste potential of 65% (0.75 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 68% (0.3 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 25% (nearly 0.29 Mt) of the total other metals waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 39% (112,000 t).

Other metals waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

0.9

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FI FR DE GB GR HU IE IT LU LV LT MT NL PL PT RO SK SI ES SE EU27Other metals waste stream potential Other metals recycling

incomplete incomplete

2.4

Other metals waste can be recycled any number of times using a minimum of energy and with-out loss of quality. Other metals recycling save substantial amounts of primary raw material and energy.

Other metals scrap is a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potential of between 52% and 64%!

24

Other metals waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Other metals waste stream

disposalrecycling

50,000

20,0005,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 1,0≥ 1,0 - < 2,0≥ 2,0 - < 3,0≥ 3,0 - < 4,0≥ 4,0




United Kingdom 180,000 78,000 43%

Germany 173,000 72,000 42%

Italy 147,000 59,000 40%

France 141,000 56,000 40%

Spain 109,000 42,000 39%

Romania 64,000 20,000 31%


Sweden 34,000 16,000 47%

Bulgaria 34,000 9,000 26%

Poland 34,000 9,000 26%

Total EU 27 1,153,000 453,000 39%





25

Solid fuels

In 2004, the total potential of solid fuels in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 70 Mt, mainly originating from municipal sources (approx. 45% - 49%), but also from demoli-tion & construction areas and industrial sources. This corresponds to an average of 141 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 15.1 Mt (approx. 31 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that an average of 22% of the generated solid fuels replaced primary energy sources.

At country level the generation and rate of energy recovery differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest solid fuels potential, jointly sharing a solid fuels waste potential of 70% (48.8 Mt). In 2004, the share of energy recovery (without incineration D 10) in these countries even amounted to 72% (10.8 Mt), equalling an energy use of approx. 152,000 TJ.

The new EU member states generated 12% (8.4 Mt) of the total solid fuels potential in the EU 27 and achieved a energy recovery rate of 9% (0.7 Mt).

Solid fuels potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280


Solid fuels potential Solid fuels energy-recovery

incomplete data estimation

143

Note: Energy recovery means without incineration in MSWI The processing of waste to and the use of solid fuels saves substantial amounts of primary en-ergy required mainly by energy intensive (cement, paper, metal or chemical) industries.

Solid fuels are a valuable resource due to both environmental and economic reasons, such as waste disposal and green house gas emissions of fossil fuel. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states– still wasted potential of between 45% and 100%!

26

Solid fuels potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Solid fuels waste stream

disposalenergy recovery

4,000,000

1,500,000300,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 70≥ 70 - < 120≥ 120 - < 170≥ 170 - < 220≥ 220


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal estimated * Energy recovery means without incineration in MSWI


Energyrecovery

Germany 12,684,000 2,574,000 20%

United Kingdom 12,625,000 1,862,000 15%

France 10,258,000 2,510,000 24%

Italy 6,760,000 2,434,000 36%

Spain 6,471,000 1,493,000 23%

Belgium 2,685,000 622,000 23%

The Netherlands 2,646,000 617,000 23%

Poland 2,457,000 201,000 8%

Sweden 1,932,000 1,069,000 55%

Romania 1,532,000 83,000 5%

Total EU 27 70,064,000 15,102,000 22%



CountryShare of energy

recovery(rounded in tonnes/2004)

*

27

Waste wood

In 2004, the total amount of waste wood generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 70.5 Mt, originating mainly from the wood working industry, construction & demolition sources as well as from packaging and bulky waste. This corresponds to an average of 144 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 45.7 Mt (approx. 93 kg per capita) was recycled or energy recovered. This means that on average 65% of the generated waste wood already replaced primary raw materi-als and fossil energy.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Sweden, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy are the countries with the highest waste wood potential, jointly sharing a waste wood potential of 57% (39.8 Mt). In 2004, the share of recycling and/or energy recovery in these countries even amounted to 66% (30.4 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 16% (11.5 Mt) of the total waste wood potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling and energy recovery rate of 38% (4.3 Mt).

Waste wood recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

93

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.000

1.100


Wood waste stream potential Wood recycling / energy recovery


144

Recycling and energy recovery of waste wood saves substantial amounts of primary raw mate-rial and helps to decrease the deforestation. Additionally, efficient energy recovery of waste wood with high standards for emission control saves valuable primary (fossil) energy sources. As a biodegradable material wood disposed on landfills leads to emissions of methane harmful to the environment.

Waste wood is a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states wasted potential of between 14 % and 89 %!

28

Waste wood potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Wood waste stream


3,000,000

1,000,000250,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 50≥ 50 - < 100≥ 100 - < 150≥ 150 - < 200≥ 200


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal estimated



Sweden 9,691,000 7,979,000 82%

Germany 9,359,000 7,185,000 77%

France 8,682,000 6,602,000 76%

United Kingdom 6,278,000 4,227,000 67%

Italy 5,855,000 4,414,000 75%

Finland 5,173,000 4,474,000 86%

Spain 4,393,000 551,000 13%

Poland 4,160,000 1,236,000 30%

The Netherlands 2,569,000 1,356,000 53%

Austria 2,146,000 1,727,000 80%

Total EU 27 70,455,000 45,736,000 65%



Country

Share of recycling

and energy recovery


29

Waste textiles

In 2004, the total amount of waste textiles generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 12.1 Mt, originating mainly from municipal sources (approx. 49% - 51%), but also from demolition & construction areas and other industrial sources. This corresponds to an aver-age of 25 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 3.9 Mt (approx. 8 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that only an average 32% of the generated waste textiles replaced primary raw materials or energy sources.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest waste textiles potential, jointly sharing a waste textiles potential of 65% (10.3 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 72% (3.6 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 17% (2.1 Mt) of the total textiles waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling and energy recovery rate of 17% (0.37 Mt).

Waste textiles recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

25

8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55


Textiles waste stream potential Textiles recycling / energy recovery

incomplete data


* data availability for waste textiles is unbalanced

Waste textiles can be re-used, material recycled or – due to their quality and sufficiently high calorific value – energy recovered. Substantial amounts of primary raw material as well as primary energy sources can be saved by using waste textiles. At the same time, environmental risks caused by disposed textiles can be reduced.

In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potential of between 47% and nearly 100%!

30

Waste textiles potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Textiles waste stream


700,000300,00070,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 10≥ 10 - < 20≥ 20 - < 30≥ 30 - < 40≥ 40


Total waste generation


Germany 2,223,000 1,176,000 53%

United Kingdom 1,814,000 446,000 25%

Italy 1,526,000 422,000 28%

France 1,298,000 598,000 46%

Spain 1,025,000 191,000 19%

Poland 816,000 167,000 20%


Romania 420,000 100,000 24%

Austria 419,000 171,000 41%

Belgium 380,000 187,000 49%

Total EU 27 12,188,200 3,934,300 32%



Country

Share of recycling

and energy recovery


Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Denmark and Portugal incomplete; data base in general unbalanced

January 2008

31

Rubber & Waste Tyres

In 2004, the total amount of rubber and tyre waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 3.2 Mt, originating mainly from waste tyre, but also from other rubber containing products. This corresponds to an average of 6.5 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 2.5 Mt (approx. 5.1 kg per capita) was re-treated, recycled or energy re-covered. This means that on average 78% of the generated rubber and tyre waste already re-placed primary raw materials and energy. That being the case, rubber & waste tyres ranks among the most recovered waste streams.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest rub-ber and tyre waste potential, jointly sharing a rubber and tyre waste potential of 70% (2.7 Mt). In 2004, the share of recycling and energy recovery in these countries even amounted to even 71% (nearly 2.2 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 12% (0.37 Mt) of the total rubber & tyres waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a re-use, recycling and energy recovery rate of 55% (0.2 Mt).

Rubber & tyre waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

5,1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14


Rubber & tyres waste stream potential Rubber & tyres recycling / energy recovery / reuse

6,5

Rubber and waste tyres can be re-used or recovered in a variety of routes, either on a material or energy basis. The application of rubber and waste tyres replaces valuable sources in road, railway or landfill construction as well as on other construction sites. Due to the high calorific value the energy recovery of rubber and tyre wastes saves important primary energy sources.

Across the EU, the potential of rubber and waste tyres for recycling and energy recovery has been recognized and is well on the way in all individual member states.

32

Rubber & waste tyre potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Rubber & tyres waste stream

disposalretreading, recycling & energy recovery

150,00060,00015,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 4,0≥ 4,0 - < 6,0≥ 6,0 - < 8,0≥ 8,0 - < 10,0≥ 10,0


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data base in general unbalanced


Recycling, energy recovery

and reuse

Germany 618,000 583,000 94%

United Kingdom 486,000 396,000 81%

Italy 409,000 354,000 87%

France 389,000 326,000 84%

Spain 325,000 115,000 35%

Poland 134,000 78,000 58%


Sweden 90,000 80,000 89%

Portugal 70,000 70,000 100%

Belgium 69,000 59,000 86%

Total EU 27 3,182,000 2,490,000 78%



Country

Share of recycling,

energy recovery and

reuse(rounded in tonnes/2004)

33

Biodegradable waste

In 2004, the total amount of biodegradable waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at nearly 87.9 Mt (excluding waste wood, which is analysed as separate waste stream). They originate mainly from municipal sources (approx. 66% - 68%), but also from food industry and services. This corresponds to an average of 178 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 32.5 Mt (approx. 66 kg per capita) was recycled and composted or energy recovered. This means that only an average 37% of the generated biodegradable waste was re-used or replaced primary energy sources.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling/composting or energy recovery differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Spain are the countries with the highest biodegradable waste potential, jointly sharing biodegradable waste potential of 66% (57.7 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounts to 72% (23.3 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 13% (11.7 Mt) of the total biodegradable waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a composting and energy recovery rate of 20% (2.4 Mt).

Biodegradable waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

67

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400


Biowaste potential Biowaste recycling & energy recovery

incomplete data

incomplete data

180

Biodegradable waste can be composted, processed to biogas or incinerated in order to gener-ate heat and electricity. Primary sources can thus be substituted. At the same time, biodegrad-able waste disposed on landfills produces methane harmful to the environment.

In 2004, however, the individual EU member states wasted potential of between 31% and 98%!

34

Biodegradable waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Biowaste stream

disposalcomposting & energy recovery

5,000,000

2,000,000500,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 100≥ 100 - < 150≥ 150 - < 200≥ 200 - < 250≥ 250



Composting and energy

recovery

Germany 17,697,000 12,293,000 69%

United Kingdom 11,307,000 3,302,000 29%

Italy 10,356,000 2,163,000 21%

France 9,984,000 4,032,000 40%

Spain 8,409,000 1,418,000 17%

The Netherlands 4,817,000 2,881,000 60%

Belgium 3,603,000 1,177,000 33%

Poland 2,948,000 571,000 19%

Austria 2,304,000 1,020,000 44%

Czech Republic 1,703,000 501,000 29%

Total EU 27 87,268,000 32,449,000 37%



Country

Share of composting and energy

recovery(rounded in tonnes/2004)


35

Oil containing waste

In 2004, the total amount of oil containing waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 7.4 Mt, mainly originating from the transport sector, chemical industry and from sludge. This corresponds to an average of 15 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 3 Mt (approx. 6.2 kg per capita) was generated or energy recovered. This means that on average 41% of the generated oil containing waste already replaced primary raw materials end energy sources.

At country level the generation and rate of generation and recovery differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, France, and Spain are the countries with the highest oil containing waste potential, jointly sharing an oil containing waste potential of 69% (nearly 5.1 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounts to 75% (nearly 2.3 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 16% (1.2 Mt) of the total oil containing waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling and energy recovery rate of 23% (0.27 Mt).

Oil containing waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

6,2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Oil-waste waste stream potential Oil-waste recycling & energy recovery

no data available

incomplete data

15,1

In general, used oil can be generated and recycled to lubricants or fuel oil. Also it is burnt for energy recovery due to the high calorific value and thus saves valuable primary energy sources. Waste oils are hazardous waste and therefore a highly visible form of pollution.

In 2004, the individual EU 27 member states still not only wasted used oil at between 32% and 96% of its potential but also polluted the environment!

36

Oil containing waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Oil containing waste stream


400,000

150,00030,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 6≥ 6 - < 12≥ 12 - < 18≥ 18 - < 24≥ 24


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal not available



Germany 1,852,000 1,059,000 57%

Italy 985,000 196,000 20%

United Kingdom 859,000 366,000 43%

France 818,000 390,000 48%

Spain 555,000 261,000 47%

Hungary 449,000 82,000 18%

Belgium 229,000 140,000 61%


Romania 178,000 29,000 16%

Sweden 176,000 64,000 36%

Total EU 27 7,394,000 3,033,000 41%



Country

Share of recycling

and energy recovery


37

Solvents

In 2004, the total amount of waste solvents generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at least at 1.6 Mt, originating mainly from the chemical, paint and coatings industry as well as from the pharmaceutical sector. This corresponds to an average of 3.3 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of at least 1 Mt (approx. 2 kg per capita) was recycled or energy recovered. This means that on average 61% of the generated waste solvents already replaced primary raw materials or energy sources. In this case, however, for several member states the data basis is not available or incomplete.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain are the countries with the highest waste solvents potential, jointly sharing a waste solvents potential of 74% (1.2 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 79% (0.77 Mt).

The new EU member states generated at least 10% (0.16 Mt) of the total solvents waste poten-tial in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling and energy recovery rate of at least 38% (61,000 t).

Solvents waste recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

2.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0


Solvents waste stream potential Solvents recycling / energy recovery

incomplete data

no data available

no data available

incomplete data

incomplete data

incomplete data

incomplete data

3.3

Waste solvents are hazardous waste and impact negatively on our environment. Recycling or energy recovery of solvents therefore reduces not only air and water pollution but also saves energy and primary material.

In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states still wasted potential of between 30% and 75%!

38

Solvents waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Solvents waste stream


100,000

40,00010,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 0,5≥ 0,5 - < 2,0≥ 2,0 - < 4,0≥ 4,0 - < 6,0≥ 6,0




Germany 420,000 291,000 69%

France 284,000 169,000 60%

United Kingdom 197,000 137,000 70%

Italy 187,000 112,000 60%

Spain 120,000 67,000 56%


Belgium 77,000 46,000 60%

Hungary 64,000 24,200 38%

Poland 64,000 24,200 38%

Ireland 28,000 16,000 57%

Total EU 27 1,637,000 1,001,000 61%



Country

Share of recycling

and energy recovery


? ?

?

?

?

?

Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Portugal and Malta not available; data for Greece, Bulgaria, Estonia and Lithuania incomplete January 2008

39

Ashes & slag

In 2004, the total amount of ashes & slag generated in the EU 27 member states can be estimated at 131 Mt, originating mainly from the ferrous and non-ferrous metal production as well as from combustion and incineration processes. This corresponds to an average of 268 kg per capita.

Of these, a share of 83 Mt (approx. 169 kg per capita) was recycled and used in a wide range of applications, from cement production to aggregates use in road or landfill construction. This means that on average 63% of the generated ashes & slag already replaced primary raw mate-rials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Germany, Greece, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Italy are the countries with the highest ashes & slag potential, jointly sharing a potential of 53% (70 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries amounts to 53% (44.4 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 25% (33.5 Mt) of the total ashes & slag potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 54% (18.2 Mt).

Ashes & slag recycling potentials (in kg per capita / 2004)

169

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600


Ashes & slags waste stream potential Ashes & slags recycling / immobilisation / pre-treatment


4,000

268

4,060

Recovery of ashes & slag saves substantial amounts of primary raw material and reduces significantly waste amounts to be disposed with known negative impacts on the environment.

Ashes & slag are a valuable resource. In 2004, however, the individual EU 27 member states wasted potential of between 14% and 85%!

40

Ashes & slag potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Ashes & slag waste stream

disposalrecycling & immobilisation

6,000,0002,500,000600,000

in tonnes / 2004

< 100≥ 100 - < 250≥ 250 - < 500≥ 500 - < 750≥ 750


January 2008 Data for Latvia available only for Solid municipal waste, data for Lithuania incomplete, data for Portugal estimated


Recycling, immobilis. and pre-treatment

Germany 25,322,000 21,660,000 86%

Greece 14,311,000 2,156,000 15%

United Kingdom 10,517,000 6,761,000 64%

Poland 10,116,000 7,002,000 69%

Italy 9,667,000 6,767,000 70%

Spain 7,289,000 4,893,000 67%

Bulgaria 7,066,000 4,659,000 66%

The Netherlands 5,958,000 5,036,000 85%

Estonia 5,506,000 1,125,000 20%

France 5,178,000 2,973,000 57%

Total EU 27 131,359,000 82,945,000 63%



Country

Share of recycling, immobilis. and pre-

treatment(rounded in tonnes/2004)

41

Mineral waste

In 2004, the total amount of mineral waste generated in the EU 27 member states can be esti-mated at 1,794 Mt, originating mainly from mining and demolition & construction areas as well as from industrial sources. This corresponds to an average of 3,665 kg per capita. As ashes and slag are analysed separately, they are not considered in the mineral waste category here.

Of these a share of 769 Mt (approx. 1,570 kg per capita) was recovered. This means that on average 43% of the generated mineral waste already replaced primary raw materials.

At country level the generation and rate of recycling differ. Overall, the five member states Ro-mania, France, Germany, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom are the countries with the highest mineral waste potential in general, jointly sharing a potential of 76% (1,300 Mt). In 2004, the share of recovery in these countries even amounted to 72% (543 Mt).

The new EU member states generated 40% (695 Mt) of the total mineral waste potential in the EU 27 and achieved a recycling rate of 21% (145 Mt).

Mineral waste recycling potentials* (in kg per capita / 2004)

1,571

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000


Minerales waste stream potential Minerales recycling

30,000 24,000

incomplete data

no data available no data

available

3,665

30,000

* Pre-treatment data for Bulgaria and Romania (stowing material etc.) is currently not available; the recovery rate could be higher.

Mineral waste is generally inert and mainly non-hazardous. It is a valuable source for restoration and immobilisation, but can also be used as recycled material for road construction etc. The ap-plication of mineral waste saves substantial amounts of primary raw material

In 2004 the individual EU 27 member states wastes between 6% and up to nearly 100% of the mineral waste potential!

42

Mineral waste potentials in the EU 27 and status of waste management in 2004

EU 27 - Mineral waste stream

disposalrecycling, immobilisation etc.

100.000.000

40.000.00010.000.000

in tonnes / 2004

< 500≥ 500 - < 1.000≥ 1.000 - < 2.500≥ 2.500 - < 10.000≥ 10.000


Total waste

potential

Recycling, immobilis. and pre-treatment

Romania* 344,221,000 67,181,000 20%

France 331,894,000 238,923,000 72%

Germany 235,305,000 155,356,000 66%

Bulgaria* 232,338,000 2,090,000 1%

United Kingdom 183,118,000 79,122,000 43%

Poland 78,180,000 58,652,000 75%

Spain 78,099,000 14,780,000 19%

Sweden 65,467,000 11,406,000 17%

Italy 56,883,000 40,367,000 71%

Finland 46,335,000 13,467,000 29%

Total EU 27 1,794,408,000 769,210,000 43%



Country

Share of recycling, immobilis. and pre-

treatment(rounded in tonnes/2004)

January 2008

Data for Latvia and Portugal not available; data for Lithuania incomplete; Pre-treatment data for Bulgaria and Romania (stowing material etc.) is currently not available; the recovery rate could be higher.

43

Do you have further questions?

Please do not hesitate to contact us – We provide orientation.

44

Holger Alwast Prognos AG 10623 Berlin, Goethestrasse 85 Phone: (030) 52 00 59-234 Email: [email protected] Dr. Baerbel Birnstengel Prognos AG 10623 Berlin, Goethestrasse 85 Phone: (030) 52 00 59-215 Email: [email protected] Dr. Werner Baumann Institut für Umweltforschung (INFU) / Universitaet Dortmund 44221 Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 Phone: (0231) 755 40 95 Email: [email protected]

european atlas of secondary raw material - prognos ag · based on a waste stream-oriented view, the...

Documents