euro ap chapter 21 unit review
TRANSCRIPT
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Natalie Booth
Karen Clark
Euro AP, Period 3
8 February 2010
1. What is the Scientific Movement of the time? Who represents this
movement and what did they do?
Industrial Revolution
The main scientific progress of the time was the Industrial Revolution. Britain was the leading
country in this movement with their Textile Industry. They also had successful iron making, ship
building, and china production. Britain had the most concentrated industrial areas on the
continent. The British Midlands were their large manufacturing districts. During the 1830s,
Belgium, France, and Germany also participated in the Industrial Revolution and all of these
countries steam engine use was growing.
George Stephenson/Railways
An appropriate person to represent these industrial advances is George Stephenson, the
creator of the locomotive. He invented it in 1814, although his improved design did not surpass
other competitors until 1829. His invention led to the main advance of the Industrial
Revolution: railroads. During the 1830s and 1840s railways were opened in England, Belgium,
France, and Germany. This improvement in transportation allowed faster and cheaper
movement of materials and products. The railways actually brought about more
industrialization because they increased demand for supplies like iron and steel and also for a
skilled labor force. This demand for metals even led to ironclad ships and iron machinery, rather
than made of wood.
2. What are the greatest social issues of the time? Who are the
leaders of these movements and what is the outcome of these
movements?
The Labor Force
T
he shift in jobs due to the Industrial Revolution caused many artisans and workers to faceunemployment. These people had to confront the changes in their communities. Many artisans
joined the wage-labor force where many laborers could work together and each gets paid. This
was most common in factory settings where the factory owner purchased machinery and
materials while the workers contributed their labor for a wage. The result was an increased
division of labor. With each artisan producing a small part of the final product, an individuals
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skills became less valuable. It also made it more difficult for urban workers to ever become in
charge of their own workshops.
British Chartism
In the late 1830s when British workers were under economic pressure, they began reformcalled Chartism. The most important leader of this movement was Feargus OConnor who made
speeches across Britain. William Lovett and other London radical artisans formed the London
Working Mens Association. They issued the Charter that asked for six different reforms
concerning equality for workers and the House of Commons. These were political reforms, but
these workers banded together socially and participated in strikes and petitions. A newspaper
was published called the Northern Star. City councils were formed and many local successes
occurred, but overall Chartism failed and people abandoned the movement.
Child Labor
Many people became concerned about children working in factories. Many workers joined
together and the English Factory Act of 1833 was issued. This forbade children under age nine
to work, and children between nine and 13 could have only a nine hour workday with the
factory paying for two hours of education a day for these children. After this movement
workers united against adults workdays and then women in factories.
Change in Marriage
Women moving to cities and entering the wage economy had wider opportunities for marriage.
Parents did less arranging of the marriages. Usually a young womans occupation would be
domestic service. If a woman did work in a factory, supervised dormitories were popular. These
attracted young women to work in factories by convincing their parents that the daughters
would be safe. Womens life in the cities had less family ties and more available young men.
Consequently, illegitimate births increased. When women became married, they usually did not
work in the industry. It was even more common to send a child to factory work than a married
woman. Married women only worked outside the home if forced by family needs or illness.
Overall, the working class adopted the idea of the upper classes that genders had different
working spheres, originally popularized by Rousseau.
Socialism (overall)
During this time period, early socialism began. There are many types of socialists (elaborated on
in question 4 about philosophical spokesmen), but they all generally approved of industrialism.
They did believe that mismanagement, low wages, and misdistribution of goods were problems
with the unregulated industrial system. Furthermore, the socialists believed human society
should be organized as a community and not many selfish individuals.
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Feminists in France
Between 1848 and 1851 many Parisian woman demanded reform of their social conditions.
Many clubs were formed that emphasized womens rights. Some women even tried to vote in
elections.T
hese women activists were from both the middle class and working class.T
heyconducted street demonstrations and organized a newspaper called The Womens Voice. Then
a society was organized with the same name as the newspaper. Eventually they were defeated.
Radical Students in the Vienna Uprising
In March 1848, students inspired by Louis Kossuths speeches led a series of revolts in Vienna.
The army could not restore order and Metternich even resigned. When promised a moderately
liberal constitution, the radical students still were not satisfied and they formed many
democratic clubs.
3. What are the greatest political events of the time period?
British Chartism
In Britain, the London Working Mens Association was formed. They issued the Charter that
demanded six specific reforms. Their desires included universal male suffrage, annual election
of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts and the abolition of
property qualifications for the House of Commons as well as payment of salaries to members of
this House. Petitions, strikes, speeches, and a newspaper all took place in support of Chartism.
Factory reforms
When people became concerned about child laborers in Britain, the English Factory Act of 1833
was issued. This forbade children under age nine to work, children nine to 13 could work a
maximum of nine hours a day, and the factory had to pay for those childrens education. After
this act, adults began wanting similar rights so they could spend time with their children. In
1847, Parliament changed the adult work hours from 12 to 10 hours a day. Then reforms
concerning women belonging in the home rather than the workplace began.
New Police Forces
Although police forces did not perform a political role, most countries ignored that and police
forces became one of the largest groups of government employees. In 1828, Paris got
professional police forces, and a year later, the British parliament approved legislation,
sponsored by Sir Robert Peel, that put police in London.
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Prison Reform
Previously, European jails were local, or criminals would be sent to prison ships called hulks.
Men, women, and children were housed together and also people having committed minor and
serious offenses were housed together. In the early 1800s people such as John Howard and
Elizabeth Fry demanded reforms in England while Charles Lucas did the same in France. Reformcame slowly to Europeans and they used models from the United States such as the Auburn
system (from New York) and the Philadelphia system. Mainly prisoners became more isolated
most famously in the Pentonville Prison in London.
Louis Napoleon
In 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected as the president in a French state. He was the
nephew of the original great emperor. He had mostly been living outside France, but the new
French disorder gave him an opportunity to enter the countrys politics. Nicknamed Little
Napoleon, he was dedicated more to his fame that republican organizations. After a coup and
then a new election, in December 1852 Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III of
France.
Vienna Uprising
In March 1848, Louis Kossuth made a speech attacking Austrian domination and calling for
Hungarys independence. Many radical students were inspired by his speech and they revolted.
The army could not restore order and Metternich resigned. Emperor Ferdinand promised a
moderately liberal constitution and the students were still unsatisfied, forming many
democratic clubs. The Habsburg government most feared an uprising of the serfs. The
Hungarian diet then abolished serfdom that March.
Magyar Revolt
The Hungarian diet passed the March Laws that mandated religious equality, jury trials, election
of the lower chamber of the diet, free press, and taxes to the nobility. Emperor Ferdinand
approved these measures although he basically had no choice. In addition, the Magyars wanted
a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains. To attain this they exercised local
autonomy and attempted to annex many eastern territories of the Habsburg Empire. The
Vienna government sent Count Joseph Jellachich to help the national groups that were
rebelling against the Hungarians. These events show an example of the clash between
liberalism and nationalism.
Rebellion in Northern Italy
A revolt against Habsburg domination began on March 18 in Milan, Italy. Austrian commander
General Count Joseph Wenzel Radetzky retreated from the city. King Charles Albert of
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Piedmont (wanted to annex the province that Milan was capital of) helped the rebels. The
Austrians defeated Piedmont and suppressed the revolt, so that for the time being, Austria held
its position in northern Italy.
Revolution in PrussiaBy March 1848 disturbances had erupted in Berlin as well. Fredrick William IV did not turn his
troops on the Berliners. He even announced limited reforms, but even so several citizens were
killed. The king called for a Prussian Constituent Assembly to write a constitution. He then
appointed a cabinet lead by David Hansemann, a respected moderate liberal. But, the assembly
was radical and democratic and in April it was dissolved and Fredrick proclaimed his own
constitution. This included three-class voting, and all adult males were allowed to vote, but
according to his ability to pay taxes.
The Frankfurt Parliament
In May, representatives from all the German states met in St. Pauls Church in Frankfurt to
change the organization of the German Confederation. The Frankfurt Parliament was meant to
write a moderately liberal constitution for a united Germany. They refused to restore the
protection the guilds had afforded, and this cost the parliament the support of the industrial
workers and artisans. In September the parliament had to all in troops to suppress a revolt in
the city by workers. The parliament struggled over the issue of unification; they argued over
whether Austria should be included. Then in March of 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament produced
its constitution and offered the crown of a united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia.
He declined and soon after the parliament dissolved.
4. Who are the philosophical spokesmen/spokeswomen of the time?
What is their point of view? (Include their writings, if any)
Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
Saint-Simon was a utopian socialist. He believed modern society would require rational
management. In addition, wealth, property and enterprise should be under an administration
rather than its owners. His ideal government would have had a big board of directors. Hebelieved in the management of wealth rather than its redistribution. His work On the
Reorganization of European Societywas published in 1814.
Robert Owen
Owen was also a utopian socialist. He believed in the environmentalist psychology of the
Enlightenment represented by John Locke. He thought if human beings were put in good
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Friedrich Engels
Engels was a friend of Marx. In his works he showed a devastating picture of industrial life. He
and Marx together wrote a pamphlet for a secret Communist League, The Communist
Manifesto,1848. He was a communist because he was much more radical than a socialist. He
supported the abolition of private property. One of his works isT
he Condition of the WorkingClass in England,1845.