erosional forces. erosion wearing away of surface materials by gravity, water, wind, or glaciers....
TRANSCRIPT
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Erosional Forces
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Erosion
• Wearing away of surface materials by gravity, water, wind, or glaciers.
• Deposition- process where sediments are dropped by erosion agents as they lose energy.
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• Mass movement occurs as gravity moves materials down a slope as one large mass.• Examples: Slumping, Creeping, Rock
Falls/Slides, & Mudflows
Steep slopes can be made safer with vegetation, drainage pipes, and walls of concrete or railroad ties.
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Glaciers
• Large masses of ice and snow that slowly move on land causing erosion.
• Plucking- erosion process caused by moving glaciers picking up boulders, gravel, & sand.
• Scour & scrape the soil and bedrock.
• Grooves & striations indicate the direction a glacier moved.
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•Glaciers deposit a mixture of different sized sediments (till) when they retreat.oMoraine- a ridge, or pile, of deposit left at the end of a glacier.oOutwash- material deposited in layers by the meltwater of a glacier, with largest pieces closer to the glacier..oEskers – outwash deposit formed as meltwater rivers within the ice deposit sand & gravel within their channels.
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Zone of AccumulationZone of Accumulation
Zone of WastageZone of Wastage
CrevassesCrevasses
SnowlineSnowline
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• Types of GlaciersContinental Glaciers-huge masses of ice
and snow that cover large areas of land.
•Covers 10% of Earth near the poles. (Antarctica & Greenland)
• Ice Ages - periods of widespread glaciation over the last 2 to 3 million yrs.
•Thicker than some mountain ranges.
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Valley Glaciers- exist in mountain ranges.
• Cirques- bowl-shaped basins in the sides of mountains.
• Arête- a long ridge that forms when two valley glaciers erode a mountain side-by-side.
• Peaks- form when valley glaciers erode a mountain from several directions.
• Valleys formed by glaciers are “U” shaped
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The
Wind
• Scatters dust or volcanic ash over thousands of kilometers.
• Deflation- wind removes small particles of loose sediment, leaving behind heavier materials.
• Abrasion- wind behaves like a sandblaster blowing sand grains against rocks wearing them down.
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• Windbreaks – rows of trees planted to slow down wind in order to reduce erosion.
• Dunes – mounds of sediment drifted by wind.
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Water Erosion
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Surface WaterRunoff• Rainwater that doesn’t soak in to the
ground or evaporate.• Affected by:
Amount of rainfall Length of time it falls Steepness, or slope, of the land Amount of vegetation
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Rivers & Streams
• River system –network of groundwater & streams that come together to form a system.
• Drainage Basin- area of land from which a stream or river collects runoff. The Mississippi River drainage basin is
the largest in the United States
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Young River Flows swiftly through a narrow
valley. May have rapids & waterfalls. Erodes the bottom faster than the
sides. “V” shaped valleys
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Mature Stream Flows smoothly through the valley. Erodes more on the sides. Forms meanders & oxbow lakes. Carves a flat, broad valley floor
called a floodplain.
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Old Stream Flows smoothly through a floodplain it
has carved.
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meandersmeanders
oxbow lakeoxbow lake
flood plainflood plain
valley wallvalley wall
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• Delta – fan shaped area formed by sediments that are deposited as water empties into an ocean or lake.
• Alluvial Fan – fan shaped area formed by sediments that are deposited as water empties from a mountain valley onto a flat open plain.
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Groundwater• Groundwater is water that soaks into the
ground and collects in the pores of the underlying soil.
• Soil and rock are permeable if water can pass through the pore spaces. (Sandstone)
• Soil and rock are impermeable if water can not pass through the pore spaces. (Granite)
• Aquifer – a layer of permeable rock that lets water move freely. Zone of Saturation : area where all the
pores are filled with water. Water Table : upper surface of the zone
of saturation.
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Zone of Zone of AerationAeration
Water TableWater Table Zone of Zone of SaturationSaturation
AquiferAquifer
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Thethe
•Wells are used to pump groundwater from an aquifer to the surface.Artesian wells – wells that don’t require a
pump because the water is under pressure.Spring – free flowing water because the
water table is so close to the surface.Geyser – hot spring that erupts peroidically,
shooting water & steam into the air.
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• Caverns are formed by Carbonic acid dissolving limestone rock, thereby enlarging cracks to form chambers.Stalactites– Calcium carbonate deposits
that hang from a cave’s ceiling.Stalagmites – Calcium carbonate deposits
that form on a cave’s floor.
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Other Features:Other Features:
Cave PopcornCave Popcorn
Soda StrawsSoda Straws
Cave PearlsCave Pearls
ColumnsColumns
DraperiesDraperies
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Ocean Shoreline Shoreline Forces– Waves pound
against pound against shores.
– Currents move sediments along the shoreline.
– Tides carry sediment out to sea & bring in new sediment.
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Rocky Shorelines Rocks & cliffs
C. Sandy Beaches Beaches –deposits of sediments
parallel to the shore. Barrier Islands – fragile sand deposits
that parallel the shore but are separated from the mainland.