environmental, health and safety (ehs)...
TRANSCRIPT
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E u r o p e a n C o m m i s s i o n
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Environmental, Health and Safety
(EHS) Impacts
Technology Sector Evaluation:
Security
Marie-Claire Toufektsian, CEA
Reviewed by: Bryony L Ross & Gordon Fern, IOM
V 2 - January 2011
http://www.observatorynano.eu/
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Contents 1. Introduction 2. General considerations for the EHS Impact of nanomaterials 3. Summary of materials which have potential EHS impact 4. Final Summary / Conclusions 5. References
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1. Introduction
The rapidly changing dynamics of present times and forces in a globally integrated world are a reflection of the numerous challenges facing societies in protecting civilians and civilian infrastructure. Recent acts of aggression in London and Madrid bombings have revealed the weaknesses of security provisions in civilian zones. Risk and threats that have multiple dimensions need to be addressed for maintaining harmony and peace. The disruptions in civil society may arise from natural elements or divisive human forces. Technology can act as an enabler in assisting agencies in operational situations, where limitation of time and unknown quantity of risk presents itself and can enhance capabilities in supporting security missions for maintaining peace and harmony in society. In this way, nanotechnology research and development have a great potential for security capabilities that enable critical security missions.
The ObservatoryNANO report on the technology sector Security summarizes the technologies and applications involving nanotechnologies (Singh, 2009). Based on enhancement of capabilities and missions identified in the European Security Research Advisory Board (ESRAB), the segmentation of nanotechnology applications for security can
be categorised into four sub-sectors:
• Detection
• Protection
• Incident support
• Anti-counterfeiting, authentication and positioning The EHS analysis of the technology sector Security considers nanomaterials outlined within the context of their application and provides a summary of what is known in relation to potential hazard of and exposure to the material in question. For all of those nanoparticles identified as having potential EHS impact, toxicological knowledge is still emerging, although based on what is known to date a reasonable approximation of potential hazard may be made. However, a lack of exposure data was consistently identified as a key knowledge gap across all nanoparticle types for the scenarios and applications in question. As the ObservatoryNANO Project progresses, it is expected that these knowledge gaps will be addressed (at least in part) and thus that later EHS reports will be able to reach more resolute conclusions on the risks posed by those nanomaterials in consideration.
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2. General Considerations for the Environment, Health & Safety Impact of nanomaterials
The key benefit from nanotechnologies is the ability to exploit the specific, novel and sometimes unpredictable properties that arise from structuring matter at this scale. Over the last 10 years, nanotechnologies have received extensive investment, and have emerged as major drivers of science based innovation and industry. This has led to the development of new processes, products and materials for a wide range of applications. In 2004 the UK’s Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering (RS/RAEng) published a seminal review of the “opportunities and uncertainties” presented by nanotechnologies (RS/RAEng, 2004). Whilst indicating that for many nanotechnologies, there were no foreseeable risks to health or to the environment, the report concluded that for “nanoparticles and nanotubes” there were potential risks, and that not enough was known about them. This conclusion was based on evidence gained from many years of research that exposure to particles can cause ill health within individuals or exposed populations. For example, within the occupational setting, exposure to coal dust is evidentially linked to the onset of lung diseases including pneumoconiosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and exposure to asbestos is causative of asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer. In an environmental context, evidence suggests that exposure to the particulate component of atmospheric pollution may be associated with increased hospitalisation rates and cardio-vascular disease (Seaton et. al, 2009). Publication of the RS/RAEng report led to a huge increase in research activity concerning both human health and environmental consequences (Aitken et. al., 2009a). For example, in Europe the Framework 7 NMP programme has funded more than 20 major projects, with a total budget of more that €50million. This research activity has addressed inter alia the toxicity and ecotoxicity of many types of nanoparticles, the kinetics of nanoparticles within biological and environmental systems, the extent to which individuals or the environment can become exposed and the level of risk which would result. These investigations have examined numerous mechanisms, end points and processes and materials, and have generated an extensive body of literature, particularly in relation to toxicology and ecotoxicology. 2.1 Establishing a knowledge on the potential hazard and exposure to nanomaterials Scientific data compiled to date demonstrates that adverse health effects due to exposure to nanoparticles cannot be ruled out (Aitken et. Al., 2009a; 2009b; van Zijverden & Sips (eds.), 2009). However, although awareness for the importance of risk research has increased, critical information still is lacking to enable estimation of the risks posed by nanoparticles with equal certainty to those of other non-nano substances. Nevertheless, hundreds of products containing nanomaterials are currently available commercially, a situation which clearly necessitates investigation of the exposure and toxicity of these materials in the near future. Unfortunately, the research questions to be answered are so numerous that it will take years to compile the relevant data. The potential for nanoparticles to cause damage has also been implicated within the environment, both directly via uptake into plants or organisms (including soil bacteria, eukaryotes, invertebrates and vertebrate species), and indirectly via changes in environmental variables such as pH of aquatic systems, ionic strength or dissolved organic carbon content (Aitken et. al., 2009a). Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and silver nanoparticles have been shown to cause detrimental effects in zebrafish development (Cheng et. al., 2007), and copper nanoparticles have been shown to be highly toxic to fish, daphids and algae (Griffitt et. al., 2008), and to induce stunting of exposed plant seedlings (Lee et. al., 2008).
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Man and the environment can come into contact with the use of nanotechnology through a wide range of application areas. Some of these applications are produced only with the aid of nanotechnology, others contain nanomaterials. For the risk assessor, this second category is important, particularly when the applications contain non-degradable, insoluble, and freely available nanoparticles. For this category of products there are already a great many different areas of potential use, including medical applications, food, and consumer products as well as environmental and energy technology. These applications can improve the quality of life and the environment and can also lead to significantly more sustainable products, but for which it is of particular importance to understand and control potential risk. There are already hundreds of nanotechnology applications on the market. For example, nanoparticles of titanium oxide and zinc oxide are regularly used as UV reflectors in sunscreen creams. Nanotechnology is also used to make clothing crease- and dirt-resistant, and to make electronics ever smaller, faster and more multifunctional. However, the majority of potential applications for nanotechnologies are currently still in the research and development phase and are expected to appear on the market over the coming years. Understanding and effective management of potential risks posed by manufactured nanoparticles and nanomaterials is pivotal for responsible and sustainable development of nanotechnology. This in turn is mandatory for societal acceptance and exploiting the significant economic potential of this technology to the full. 2.2 Risk Assessment considerations for nanomaterials In assessing the risks of non-nano chemical substances and nanomaterials alike, the following general approach is applied:
RISK = HAZARD (TOXICITY) x EXPOSURE The intrinsic hazard (toxicity) of a nanomaterial is determined by a number of factors, such as the ability of a nanoparticle to pass through certain barriers in humans, plants or animals and cause damaging effects. The actual exposure is also determined by various factors such as the form in which the nanomaterial occurs (e.g., either bonded or as ‘free’ particles) he specific setting in which the nanoparticle is being manufactured applied or used (and thus likelihood of contact). Thus, a specific nanomaterial may be hazardous, but if the level of exposure is very small, the ultimate risk will always be limited. For example, a specific nanoparticle bound within ultra-high performance concrete used to construct a bridge will pose less of a potential risk to consumers (i.e. those using the bridge), than the same NP used within antimicrobial food packaging, where the potential for consumer exposure may be increased due to their close contact with the product in which the NPs are bound. Two areas can be distinguished within risk research for nanotechnology. One area aims at risks related to exposure to nanomaterials and the second area aims at risks related to the rest of nanotechnology and its products. There is consensus that the uncertainties about these risks need to be addressed most urgently. In 2009, the Dutch Knowledge and Information Point “Risks of Nanotechnology” (RIVM/KIR nano) recommended to focus research primarily on those questions that provide information critical to the assessment of risks to man and the environment (van Zijverden & Sips (eds.), 2009). Depending on the perspective – worker, consumer, patient, or the environment – the starting points can then be defined for controlling or limiting the risks. From this and other literature on the topic, there may be identified several key challenges for the EHS appraisal and risk management of nanomaterials:
1. There is a high urgency for relevant risk information: One of the pitfalls of emerging technologies is the imbalance between technological development and attention for human health and environmental safety issues as is the case for nanotechnology. Risk information needs to be generated and shared as quickly as
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possible for products on the market, underpinning the societal acceptance of further applications of this technology.
2. Validity of known test systems is questionable, and detection of nanomaterials still problematic. Nanomaterials create a challenge for risk research as they (might) behave differently in regular assessment and testing systems. Equipment and methods to detect nanomaterials allowing large-scale application are lacking.
3. National, international and interdisciplinary integration is a prerequisite. A large variety of research questions need to be addressed before uncertainties about risks for man and the environment are at the same level as for other chemical substances.
Whilst this brief introduction provides an outline of the key issues, it is impossible to outline the current knowledge on the hazard, exposure and risk assessment for nanoparticles in full. Instead the reader is directed towards the ObservatoryNANO Baseline Studies (Ross et. al., 2009) where many of the seminal studies from the last few years are identified and described. 2.3 The ObservatoryNANO Approach: Integrating EHS considerations with development of novel applications for nanotechnologies ObservatoryNANO is concerned with mapping scientific and technological development across 10 core technology sectors, and a key task of WP5 is to undertake an appraisal of these reports and to identify potential emerging environment, health and safety issues therein, thus integrating the development of novel applications with risk research, an approach which is urgently required. There is considerable overlap between those nanoparticles used across these 10 sectors - what differs is their use, which varies according to the application. Therefore the aspect which is specific to the technical sector in considering those novel risks which may arise from development of novel applications, is the potential for exposure. For this reason, the approach which we have adopted is to consider the potential exposure which may arise from the new applications identified. As far as possible, we have considered the life cycle of the applications identified, whether there were possible exposures within the occupational setting, or to consumers or release to the environment. We also considered whether there was the potential for release from disposal. Our review process involved extraction of information from each technology sector report & gathering of additional information from their lead authors. This data was then analysed, and our findings outlined within the subsequent sections of this report. In addition to a short summary of the key exposure issues identified from our analysis, our report includes three key tables as follows:
1. A table summarising all information gathered together with consideration of the potential for exposure arising throughout the lifecycle of each application
2. A table outlining those nanoparticles/nanomaterials in use within each technology sector, according to application
3. A table highlighting those applications where we consider there to be a high potential for release.
Detailed information of the type required to make strong evidence judgments about possible exposures was only very rarely available, and this is indicated in table. In none of the scenarios was actual exposure data available. However, for some applications additional information was available from the peer reviewed literature, and where this has been used this is again indicated within the table. In the majority on settings identified, due to the paucity of data assessment of whether or not exposure is plausible is based on expert judgement and information available from other similar scenarios. In this respect, these judgements should be considered provisional and where possible, effort should be placed on collecting relevant specific primary exposure data. As the ObservatoryNANO
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Project progresses, it is expected that these knowledge gaps will be addressed (at least in part) and thus that later EHS reports will be able to reach more resolute conclusions on the risks posed by those nanomaterials in consideration.
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3. Potential EHS impacts Identified
The f
ollow
ing t
able
outl
ines
and r
anks
the potential
for
exposu
re a
ssocia
ted w
ith t
he u
se o
f nanom
ate
rials
in t
he a
pplicati
ons
show
n.
In t
he a
bse
nce o
f re
al
exposu
re d
ata
, it
is
base
d p
rim
ari
ly u
pon e
xpert
evalu
ati
on o
f th
e i
nfo
rmati
on p
rovid
ed i
n t
he t
echnic
al
report
s. A
s a d
efa
ult
we h
ave i
ndic
ate
d t
hat
there
is
a h
igh p
ote
nti
al
for
exposu
re i
n a
ll o
ccupati
onal
sett
ings
ass
ocia
ted w
ith t
he m
anufa
ctu
re o
f nanom
ate
rials
unle
ss a
dequate
contr
ol
measu
res
are
applied.
In a
pplicati
ons
where
the h
aza
rd (
toxic
ity)
of
the n
anom
ate
rials
are
sim
ilar,
those
wit
h t
he h
ighest
pote
nti
al
exposu
re w
ill
have t
he h
ighest
pote
nti
al ri
sks.
Table 1: Potential EHS Impacts Identified
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Detection
Senso
rs f
or
gas
&
chem
ical
dete
cti
on;
Bio
senso
rs
CN
T*,
SW
CN
T*,
carb
on
nanofi
bre
s*
NPs
deposi
ted a
s a t
hin
fi
lm o
n a
subst
rate
or
use
d a
s com
ponents
of
transi
stors
; very
sm
all
am
ount
of
nanom
ate
rial
per
senso
r
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all u
nle
ss v
ia
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Spectr
osc
opic
gas
dete
cti
on
Magnesi
um
oxid
e*
NPs
use
d a
s pre
-concentr
ati
on m
ediu
m
for
infr
are
d s
pectr
um
dete
cti
on
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
derm
al exposu
re
poss
ible
via
accid
enta
l sp
illa
ge
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
Senso
rs f
or
toxic
in
dust
rial gas
dete
cti
on
NPs
of
meta
l oxid
es*
: ti
taniu
m,
tin,
nio
biu
m,
vanadiu
m,
indiu
m
Nanost
ructu
red t
hin
film
s or
as
NP a
ddit
ives
to
sem
iconducto
rs
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Ele
ctr
ochem
ical
senso
rs
CN
T*,
SW
CN
T,
meta
l N
Ps*
(e.g
. copper)
NPs
enclo
sed into
poly
meri
c o
r gla
ss m
atr
ix
in s
mall q
uanti
ties
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
-
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Spectr
osc
opic
dete
cti
on o
f explo
sives
Moly
bdenum
hydro
gen
bro
nze
*
Susp
ensi
on o
f N
Ps
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
derm
al exposu
re
poss
ible
via
accid
enta
l sp
illa
ge
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
Senso
rs f
or
gas
&
chem
ical
dete
cti
on
Nanosc
ale
carb
on b
lack
NPs
enclo
sed in
poly
meri
c m
atr
ix,
typic
al
concentr
ati
ons
1-1
0 w
t.%
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l Pre
- com
merc
ialized
Pie
zoele
ctr
ic
senso
r fo
r gas
dete
cti
on
ZSM
-5 z
eolite
nanopart
icle
s
Nanost
ructu
red f
ilm
enclo
sed in o
r deposi
ted
on q
uart
z c
ryst
al
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l Pre
- com
merc
ialized
-
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Scin
tillato
rs a
nd
radia
tion
dete
cto
rs
Tit
aniu
m d
ioxid
e
nanotu
bes,
lit
hiu
m,
phosp
hore
, la
nth
anum
halide lanth
anum
fl
uori
de.
NPs
are
use
d a
s com
ponents
of
gel-
like o
r so
lid c
om
posi
tes
em
plo
yed f
or
makin
g
dete
cto
rs.
Typic
al
concentr
ati
ons
of
NP
range f
rom
5 t
o 1
5 w
t %.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- p
ote
nti
al
conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
Pre
- com
merc
ialized
Photo
lum
inesc
enc
e b
ase
d d
ete
cti
on
of
explo
sives
Nanoporo
us
silicon,
CN
T,
QD
s (c
adm
ium
sele
nid
e,
cadm
ium
sulf
ide,
galliu
m
ars
enid
e,
indiu
m
phosp
hid
e,
indiu
m
alim
uniu
m a
rsenid
e).
Nano s
cale
film
s or
CN
T,
QD
s em
bedded into
org
anic
poly
mers
.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Pre
- com
merc
ialized
Surf
ace e
nhanced
Ram
an
spectr
osc
opy f
or
narc
oti
c &
explo
sive
dete
cti
on
Noble
meta
l nanopart
icle
s (i
.e.
gold
, si
lver)
NPs
deposi
ted o
n m
eta
l su
bst
rate
or
colloid
al
silv
er
susp
ensi
on
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
derm
al exposu
re
poss
ible
via
accid
enta
l sp
illa
ge
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
Pre
- com
merc
ialized
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 1
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25/01/2011
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
of
dis
posa
l
Solid s
tate
ra
dia
tion
dete
cto
rs
Cadm
ium
zin
c t
elluri
de
(CZT)
CZT is
ele
ctr
odeposi
ted
in t
he f
orm
of
nanow
ires
onto
a T
iO2 n
anotu
bula
r te
mpla
te in n
on-a
queous
ele
ctr
oly
tes.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Fundam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h
stage
Incident Support
Syst
em
for
neutr
alisi
ng n
erv
e
gas
(1)
Meta
l N
Ps*
(alu
min
ium
, ti
taniu
m,
ceri
um
, si
lver)
, ti
taniu
m d
ioxid
e*,
m
agnesi
um
oxid
e*
NPs
deposi
ted o
n
subst
rate
: so
lid,
poro
us,
carb
on f
ibre
s, t
exti
le
fabri
c.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to m
ediu
m -
pote
nti
al conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
and/or
inhaling
pote
nti
al exposu
re
via
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r te
xti
les
coate
d w
ith
NPs)
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 1
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25/01/2011
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
menta
l re
lease
Deposi
tion
mate
rial fo
r fi
ngerp
rint
dete
cti
on
Gold
NPs*
, m
agneti
c
NPs*
, Silic
a N
Ps*
, Q
Ds*
(c
adm
ium
sulf
ide,
zin
c
sulf
ide,
led s
ulf
ide,
copper
sulf
ide).
Functi
onalise
d N
Ps
or
encapsu
late
d into
vari
ous
com
pounds
inclu
din
g
poly
mers
are
use
d in t
he
form
of
a p
ow
der
or
susp
ensi
on in s
mall
quanti
ties
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Mediu
m t
o h
igh -
pote
nti
al conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
and/or
inhaling -
specif
ic
concern
s w
ith H
SE
issu
es
for
cadm
ium
-base
d p
ow
ders
applicati
ons
(i.e
. at
cri
me s
cenes)
; how
ever
am
ounts
of
nanom
ate
rials
are
very
low
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
Gels
, em
uls
ions
and s
usp
ensi
ons
for
dia
gnost
ics,
dru
g d
elivery
and
blo
od
deto
xif
icati
on
CN
T,
carb
on n
anohorn
, carb
on n
anofi
bre
, so
diu
m
silicoti
tanate
, so
diu
m
tita
nate
, ti
taniu
m o
xid
e,
iron o
xid
e,
magneti
c
NPs,
silver,
gold
, dia
mond,
Cera
mic
, Silic
a,
hexacyanofe
rrate
and Q
Ds.
NPs
are
use
d a
s com
ponents
of
gels
, em
uls
ions
and
susp
ensi
ons
for
dia
gnost
ics,
dru
g
delivery
and b
lood
deto
xif
icati
on.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
pote
nti
al conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
Mediu
m t
o H
igh
dependin
g o
n
the t
ype o
f applicati
on –
pote
nti
al
conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
, or
syst
em
ic
exposu
re
(follow
ing i.v
. in
jecti
on);
may
ente
r in
to
envir
onm
ent
via
accid
enta
l sp
illa
ge
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
to
Mediu
m
- rele
ase
poss
ible
via
entr
y t
o
wast
ew
ate
r st
ream
or
from
st
p
Pre
- com
merc
ialized
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 1
4 o
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25/01/2011
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Syst
em
for
neutr
alisi
ng n
erv
e
gas
(2)
Magneti
c N
Ps,
ZSM
-5
zeolite
, si
licon,
silica,
NaY,
kera
tin n
anofi
bre
s,
poly
vin
ilid
ene f
luori
de
nanofi
bre
s, iro
n
sulp
hid
e.
NPs
deposi
ted o
n
subst
rate
: so
lid,
poro
us,
carb
on f
ibre
s, t
exti
le
fabri
c.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to m
ediu
m -
pote
nti
al conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
and/or
inhaling;
pote
nti
al exposu
re
via
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r te
xti
les
coate
d w
ith
NPs)
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l Pre
- com
merc
ialized
Deposi
tion
mate
rial fo
r fi
ngerp
rint
dete
cti
on
Carb
on b
lack,
tita
niu
m
oxid
e,
zin
c o
xid
e,
euro
piu
m o
xid
e,
zin
c
sulf
ide,s
ilver,
QD
s (c
adm
ium
sele
nid
e,
indiu
m p
hosp
hid
e).
Functi
onalise
d N
Ps
or
encapsu
late
d into
vari
ous
com
pounds
inclu
din
g
poly
mers
are
use
d in t
he
form
of
a p
ow
der
or
susp
ensi
on in s
mall
quanti
ties
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Mediu
m t
o h
igh -
pote
nti
al conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
and/or
inhaling -
am
ounts
of
nanom
ate
rials
are
very
low
Low
– n
o
consu
mer
use
anti
cip
ate
d
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l Pre
- com
merc
ialized
Protection
(personal)
Body a
rmour
Inorg
anic
fullere
nes
(composed of inorganic
elements, not carbon)
NPs
incorp
ora
ted into
poly
mer,
cera
mic
or
meta
l m
atr
ix
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
dir
ect
conta
ct
wit
h
skin
is
unlikely
–
how
ever
derm
al /
inhala
tion e
xposu
re
poss
ible
if
rele
ase
d
Low
- a
lthough
quest
ionable
if
there
will be
consu
mer
use
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
Low
to
Mediu
m: poss
ible
re
lease
via
Pre
-com
merc
ialized
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 1
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
due t
o w
ear
and
tear
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
shre
ddi
ng o
r re
lease
in
to a
ir
via
in
com
pl
ete
com
bus
tion
Deconta
min
ati
on
/
deto
xif
icati
on
pro
tecti
ve
mate
rials
Tit
aniu
m n
anopart
icle
s N
Ps
incorp
ora
ted into
th
in f
ilm
s consi
stin
g o
f org
anic
dendri
mers
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- e
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
/M
ediu
m –
re
lease
depend
ant
on
meth
od
of
dis
posa
l
Curr
ent
stage o
f develo
pm
ent:
fu
ndam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h.
How
ever,
envir
onm
enta
l and/or
hum
an
exposu
re s
hould
be
envis
ioned in c
ase
of
mass
com
merc
ializati
on
or
wid
esp
read u
se
Pro
tecti
ve
clo
thin
g
Magnesi
um
oxid
es
NPs
mix
ed w
ith p
oly
mer
solu
tions
to f
orm
nanocom
posi
te
mem
bra
nes
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m;
pote
nti
al exposu
re
via
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
Low
to
Mediu
m;
pote
nti
al
exposu
re v
ia
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
Low
to
Mediu
m: poss
ible
re
lease
via
sh
reddi
ng o
r re
lease
in
to a
ir
via
Curr
ent
stage o
f develo
pm
ent:
fu
ndam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h.
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 1
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
incom
pl
ete
com
bus
tion
Ballis
tic
pro
tecti
on
CN
T
NPs
incorp
ora
ted into
pro
tecti
ve c
loth
es
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
-N
Ps
unlikely
to
be r
ele
ase
d f
rom
fa
bri
cs
Low
- N
Ps
unlikely
to b
e
rele
ase
d f
rom
fa
bri
cs
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
to
Mediu
m: poss
ible
re
lease
via
sh
reddi
ng o
r re
lease
in
to a
ir
via
in
com
pl
ete
com
bus
tion
Fundam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h
stage
Protection
(Infrastructure &
Equipment)
Fla
me r
eta
rdant
coati
ngs
Nano layere
d d
ouble
hydro
xid
e a
nd m
eta
l oxid
e n
anopart
icle
s (i
.e.
tita
niu
m d
ioxid
e,
silicon
dio
xid
e,
nanocla
y).
NPs
unif
orm
ly d
ispers
ed
in t
he n
anocoati
ng;
% o
f nanom
ate
rials
in c
oati
ng
is s
mall
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m -
pote
nti
al exposu
re
via
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r fa
bri
cs
coate
d w
ith
NPs)
Low
to
Mediu
m;
pote
nti
al
exposu
re v
ia
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r fa
bri
cs
coate
d
wit
h N
Ps)
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
Low
to
Mediu
m: poss
ible
re
lease
via
sh
reddi
ng o
r re
lease
in
to a
ir
via
in
com
pl
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
menta
l re
lease
ete
com
bus
tion
Fla
me r
eta
rdant
mate
rials
CN
T b
ase
d c
oati
ngs
CN
T p
roport
ion w
ithin
com
posi
te c
oati
ng is
<2%
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
to M
ediu
m;
pote
nti
al exposu
re
via
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r m
ate
rial coate
d
wit
h N
Ps)
Low
to
Mediu
m;
pote
nti
al
exposu
re v
ia
abra
sion/ w
ear
& t
ear
(e.g
. fo
r m
ate
rial
coate
d w
ith
NPs)
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
to
Mediu
m: poss
ible
re
lease
via
sh
reddi
ng o
r re
lease
in
to a
ir
via
in
com
pl
ete
com
bus
tion
Fundam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h
stage
Ele
ctr
om
agne-
tic s
hie
ldin
g
CN
T (
SW
CN
T,
MW
CN
T),
carb
on n
anofi
bre
s
Nanom
ate
rials
inclu
ded
in a
poly
mer
matr
ix (
i.e.
10 w
t% o
f carb
on
nanofi
bers
and 1
w/t%
CN
T)
or
em
bedded in
rubber
sheets
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Fundam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h
stage
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Ele
ctr
om
agne-
tic s
hie
ldin
g
Meta
l N
Ps
(Silver,
ti
taniu
m,
nic
kel/
iron
alloy
Ult
ra f
ine N
Ps
inclu
ded in
a s
ilic
on d
ioxid
e m
atr
ix
to p
roduce p
rote
cti
ve
film
s
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Fundam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h
stage
Protection
(Condition
monitoring)
Tra
nsi
stors
, m
em
ory
sto
rage,
sensi
ng,
pro
cess
ing,
com
munic
ati
on
and p
ow
er
supply
CN
T (
SW
CN
T,
MW
CN
T),
N
anocry
stallin
e
mate
rials
, m
eta
l N
Ps,
ti
taniu
m o
xid
e,
zin
c
oxid
e,
vanadiu
m o
xid
e,
cadm
ium
zin
c,
QD
s (c
adm
ium
sele
nid
e),
copper
indiu
m,
lead
zarc
onate
.
NPs
inte
gra
ted w
ithin
ele
ctr
onic
cir
cuit
s w
hic
h
would
then b
e inte
gra
ted
wit
hin
fabri
cs
(buildin
g
or
pro
tecti
ve m
ate
rials
)
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
For
furt
her
info
rmati
on,
see
als
o ICT s
ecto
r
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
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25/01/2011
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Anticounterfeiting
Holo
gra
phic
fe
atu
res
Nanozeolite
*(oxid
e a
nd
non-o
xid
e),
lanth
anum
phosp
hate
*, Q
Ds*
(c
adm
ium
sulp
hid
e,
zin
c
sele
nid
e).
NPs
incorp
ora
ted into
com
posi
te m
ate
rials
–
aro
und 6
% n
anopart
icle
com
ponent.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- L
ong t
erm
s sk
in c
onta
ct
wit
h
such s
ecuri
ty
featu
res
is u
nlikely
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Holo
gra
phic
fe
atu
res
NPs
oxid
es
(Tit
aniu
m,S
ilic
on
Zir
coniu
m)
NPs
incorp
ora
ted into
com
posi
te m
ate
rials
–
aro
und 6
% n
anopart
icle
com
ponent.
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- L
ong t
erm
s sk
in c
onta
ct
wit
h
such s
ecuri
ty
featu
res
is u
nlikely
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
Magneti
c
fingerp
rints
N
ickel base
d m
agneti
c
nanopart
icle
s
NPs
incorp
ora
ted w
ithin
a m
atr
ix t
hen e
mbedded
wit
hin
meta
l, p
last
ic o
r gla
ss
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
Low
–
rele
ase
unlikely
duri
ng
dis
posa
l
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 2
0 o
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25/01/2011
SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Identi
ficati
on
tags/
barc
odes
Meta
l nanopart
icle
s (i
.e.
gold
, si
lver)
, Q
Ds
of
sem
i-conducto
rs
NPs
coate
d w
ithin
a
mate
rial su
ch a
s si
lica
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
Pro
ducts
curr
entl
y
pre
-com
merc
ialize
d;
Auth
enti
cati
on o
f new
curr
ency
Bra
nd p
rote
cti
on
Meta
l N
Ps
(Gold
, Silver,
Copper
of
Pla
tinum
),
nanoclu
sters
, m
eta
l nanoro
ds*
, dif
fracti
ve
nanost
ructu
res
(nanopart
icle
s)
NPs
are
incorp
ora
ted
wit
hin
a m
atr
ix o
r on a
su
bst
rate
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 2
1 o
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Docum
ent
auth
enti
cati
on
Nanosi
zed m
eta
l oxid
es
(i.e
. TiO
2,
ZnO
), C
NTs
NPs
encase
d w
ithin
m
ult
iple
layers
of
the
securi
ty m
ark
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
unle
ss
via
envir
on
menta
l re
lease
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
Curr
ent
stage o
f develo
pm
ent:
fu
ndam
enta
l to
applied r
ese
arc
h.
Authentification
Pri
nte
d
ele
ctr
onic
s,
senso
rs,
coati
ngs,
se
curi
ty &
id
enti
ficati
on
labellin
g
Gra
phene*
NPs
deposi
ted a
s a t
hin
fi
lm o
n a
subst
rate
, very
sm
all a
mount
per
senso
r
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- p
ote
nti
al
conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
and/or
inhaling
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
Fin
gerp
rint
senso
r Carb
on n
anopart
icle
s
NPs
intr
oduced in a
la
ttic
e s
tructu
re;
only
0.0
5% b
y w
eig
ht
is
requir
ed
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
l
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
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om
mi
ss
io
n
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2 o
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SECURITY Sector
Use
Exposure
potential
disposal
Application & NP - Basic Info
Pro
babilit
y o
f re
lease
(Low
-Mediu
m-H
igh)
(e.g
. in
cin
era
ted,
landfi
lled,
recycle
d,
STP)
Sub s
ecto
r Applicati
on
Types
of
NP
Incorp
ora
tion in p
roducts
M
anufa
ctu
rer
Pro
fess
ional use
r Consu
mer
Hum
an
Envir
on
ment
Focus / Notes
Positioning and
Localisation
RFID
tags
Gra
phene*
Nanom
ate
rial use
d a
s conducto
rs in t
he R
FID
com
ponents
whic
h is
then e
mbedded o
n a
su
bst
rate
(e.g
. paper)
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
NPs
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
RFID
tags
Meta
l N
Ps
(e.g
. G
old
, Silver,
Copper)
, CN
T
Nanom
ate
rial use
d a
s conducto
rs in t
he R
FID
com
ponents
whic
h is
then e
mbedded o
n a
su
bst
rate
(e.g
. paper)
Hig
h -
Rele
ase
duri
ng m
anufa
ctu
re
is p
oss
ible
, exposu
re
pre
dom
inantl
y v
ia
air
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
- E
xposu
re
pote
nti
al very
sm
all
Low
–
unlikely
hum
ans
will
com
e
into
conta
ct
wit
h
Low
–unle
ss
wid
esp
read u
se
+
uncontr
olled
dis
posa
l
Pre
-com
merc
ialize
d
* Type o
f nanom
ate
rials
inclu
ded in a
pplicati
ons
alr
eady a
vailable
on t
he m
ark
et
While c
ert
ain
nanom
ate
rial-
base
d a
pplicati
ons
are
sti
ll a
t an e
arl
y s
tage o
f develo
pm
ent
(most
mate
rials
for
pers
onal
or
infr
ast
ructu
res
and e
quip
ment
pro
tecti
on),
m
any pro
ducts
(i
.e.
senso
rs,
dete
cto
rs,
tags
or
anti
counte
rfeit
ing devic
es)
are
pre
-com
merc
ialized or
alr
eady available
on th
e m
ark
et.
W
idesp
read u
se c
an b
e a
nti
cip
ate
d f
or
som
e o
f th
ose
applicati
ons
inclu
din
g d
econta
min
ati
on/deto
xif
icati
on p
rote
cti
ve m
ate
rials
, pro
tecti
ve c
loth
ing a
nd
anti
counte
rfeit
ing a
pplicati
ons.
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 2
3 o
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25/01/2011
4.0 Conclusions
The key nanopart
icle
s id
enti
fied as
carr
yin
g pote
nti
al
EH
S im
pact
acro
ss th
e se
curi
ty te
chnolo
gy se
cto
r are
outl
ined in
ta
ble
2.
A w
ide vari
ety
of
nanopart
icle
s have b
een f
ound t
o b
e u
sed w
ithin
the s
ecto
r; a
mong t
hem
carb
on n
anotu
bes
(CN
T)
and c
arb
on-b
ase
d n
anom
ate
rials
, oxid
es
and m
eta
l nanopart
icle
s as
well a
s quantu
m d
ots
are
consi
dere
d a
s nanom
ate
rials
carr
yin
g t
he h
ighest
EH
S p
ote
nti
al im
pact.
Ta
ble
2:
Nanopart
icle
s carr
yin
g p
ote
nti
al EH
S im
pact,
accord
ing t
o a
pplicati
on
CNT or fiber-
shaped
carbon-based
nanomaterials
Other
carbon-based
nanomaterials
TiO
2
Other Oxides
Metal NPs
Quantum
dots
Other NPs
Detection
CN
T;
SW
CN
T;
Nanofi
bre
s
G
raphene
Carb
on b
lack
●
Magnesi
um
, T
in,
Nio
biu
m,
vanadiu
m,
Indiu
m…
Gold
, Silver,
Copper…
cadm
ium
se
lenid
e,
cadm
ium
su
lfid
e,
indiu
m
phosp
hid
e…
Moly
bdenum
hydro
gen b
ronze,
Zeolite
s, L
ithiu
m,
Phosp
hore
, Lanth
anum
halides
&
fluori
des…
Incident support
CN
T,
Nanohorn
s,
Nanofi
bre
s,
Carb
on b
lack,
D
iam
ond
●
Iron,
Silic
on,
Magnesi
um
, Zin
c,
Euro
piu
m…
Gold
, Alu
min
ium
, Ceri
um
, Tit
aniu
m,
Silver…
cadm
ium
su
lfid
e,
zin
c
sele
nid
e,
led
sulf
ide…
Magneti
c
NPs,
Cera
mic
, Silic
on,
Zeolite
…
Protection
CN
T;
SW
CN
T;
MW
CN
T;
Nanofi
bre
s
●
Silic
on,
Zin
c,
Vanadiu
m,
Magnesi
um
…
Silver,
Tit
aniu
m,
Nic
kel,
Copper
Indiu
m,
Lead
zarc
onate
…
cadm
ium
se
lenid
e
Inorg
anic
fullere
nes
Anticounterfeiting/
Authentification/
Positioning & Localisation
●
Gra
phene,
Nanopart
icle
s ●
Zeolite
, Slicon,
Zir
coniu
m,
Zin
c…
G
old
, Silver,
N
ickel…
sem
i-conducto
rs,
cadm
ium
su
lphid
e,
zin
c
sele
nid
e.
Zeolite
, Lanth
anum
phosp
hate
.
Authentification
●
Gra
phene;
N
anopart
icle
s
G
old
, Silver,
Copper…
-
Eu
ro
pe
an
C
om
mi
ss
io
n
Page 2
4 o
f 27
ww
w.o
bse
rvato
rynano.e
u
25/01/2011
Pro
ducts
in
w
hic
h pote
nti
al
EH
S is
sues
were
id
enti
fied w
ithin
th
e Securi
ty se
cto
r in
clu
de applicati
ons
were
nanom
ate
rials
are
use
d eit
her
as
free
nanopart
icle
s (p
ow
ders
) or
as
nanopart
icle
s deposi
ted o
n s
ubst
rate
s. H
ow
ever,
when n
anopart
icle
s are
bound o
r em
bedded i
nto
a s
olid m
atr
ix,
pote
nti
al
healt
h r
isks
are
very
lim
ited (
Buzea C
et
al.
2007).
For
pers
onnel in
volv
ed in m
anufa
ctu
re o
f th
e p
roducts
, th
e p
rincip
al ri
sk o
f exposu
re a
ppears
to b
e b
y inhala
tion o
r conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
. For
the g
enera
l public,
exposu
re i
s est
imate
d t
o b
e v
ery
low
duri
ng n
orm
al
use
of
most
pro
ducts
, except
in c
ase
of
applicati
ons
develo
ped f
or
incid
ent
support
(i.
e.
dru
g/anti
dote
delivery
syst
em
s, d
iagnost
ics…
) w
hic
h n
ecess
itate
s dir
ect
conta
ct
wit
h t
he h
um
an b
ody (
conta
ct
thro
ugh s
kin
, in
jecti
on).
W
ast
e m
anagem
ent
of
nanopart
icle
-base
d a
pplicati
ons
should
follow
the c
urr
ent
legis
lati
on (
Fra
ter
et
al.
2006).
In c
ase
of
uncontr
olled d
isposa
l, t
he m
ain
ro
ute
s of
pote
nti
al envir
onm
enta
l exposu
re t
o t
he N
Ps
consi
dere
d inclu
de s
oil a
nd w
ast
ew
ate
r conta
min
ati
on.
Pro
ducts
inclu
ded i
n p
ers
onal
pro
tecti
on (
pro
tecti
ve m
ate
rials
and c
loth
ing)
or
anti
counte
rfeit
ing a
pplicati
ons
(tags,
barc
odes,
securi
ty m
ark
s) a
re s
till a
t an earl
y st
a