environmental change and security program report 4

7/31/2019 Environmental Change and Security Program Report 4

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M`ccemzf`c} lb`cn zhe ecyft cbecz! p`pualzf`c! lcj }emutfzv p`}e m`bpaex lcj zlcnfdae mhlaaecne} i`tzhe iltbet fc zhe ]lhea! zhe fcye}zbecz dlcget fc Z`gv ! zhe bfcet fc zhe Gl{dl}} lcj zhe tuddet zlppetfc zheLbl{`c#Lcj zhev pte}ecz mhlaaecne} i`t mfzf{ec} ì zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}# ]pemfifm pt daeb} lte ìzec

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Zhf} m`bpaexfzv f} mecztla z zhe EM]_ Tep`tz lcj zhe lmzfyfzfe} ì zhe Ecyft`cbeczla Mhlcne lcj ]emutfzv_t`kemz# Zhe _t kemz f} c`~ fc fz} iùtzh velt ì ilmfafzlzfcn jfla nue lcj fci`tblzf`c exmhlcne# Zhf} kùtcla f}je}fncej z de l je}g teietecme i`t ptlmzfzf cet}! l te}eltmh te}ùtme i`t }mh alt}! lcj l zelmhfcn z`à i t }zu"jecz}#

Zhf} iùtzh f}}ue ì zhe EM]_ Tep`tz }ez} ùz z ljjte}} zhe}e n la} ~fzh l jf}mu}}f c ì zhe p`pualzf c"ecyft`cbecz"}emutfzv m`ccemzf c} zhtùnhbfntlzf c! zhe ey auzf c ìU#]# p`pualzf`cpàfmv! z~ tenf`cla ml}e}!

lcj lc`zhet fc}zlaabecz fc zhe jedlze ldùz zhe ecyft`cbecz l} l mlu}e ì m`ciafmz# Fc zhe ift}z ì z~` ltzfmae} `cjeb`ntlphfm f}}ue}! ne`ntlphet ]zeye A`cetnlc it`b zhe Ucfyet}fzv ì Yfmz tfl teyf}fz} zhe m`bpaex m`ccem"zf`c} dez~eec ecyft cbeczla mhlcne lcj p`pualzf c jf}palmebecz# He ltnue} i`t ae}} thez tfm ldùz ecyft c"beczla teiunee} lcj ma }et exlbfclzf c ì m`bpafmlzej ebpftfmla tealzf c}hfp}# Mtlfn Al}het ì _`pualzf`cLmzf`c Fczetclzf cla ztlme} U#]# p`pualzf`c pàfmv it b Dumhlte}z zht unh Bexfm Mfzv z` Mlft` lcj eylaulze}eii`tz} z` fbpaebecz zhe Mlft aenlmv ~fzhfc zhe U#]# n`yetcbecz#

]~f}} pelme te}eltmhet Nczhet Dlemhaet }vczhe}f{e} zhe te}uaz} ì hf} m`"jftemzej Ecyft`cbeczla M`ciafmz}_t kemz fc ~hfmh lc fczetclzf`cla zelb ì te}eltmhet} m`cjumzej :? ml}e }zujfe} `c p zeczfla afcg} dez~eececyft`cbeczla mhlcne lcj m`ciafmz# Z~` tenf`cla ielzute} pt`yfje fc}fnhz} `c }pemfifm ml}e} ~fzh na dla mlu}e}lcj m`c}e|uecme}; cumaelt p aauzf`c zhtelz} fc C`tzh~e}z Tu}}fl lcj jei te}zlzf c fc ]ùzhel}z L}fl# Zh`bl}Klcja ì zhe C`t~enflc"dl}ej Deaa`cl Iùcjlzf`c temùcz} zhe `cn`fcn ztfla ì Tu}}flc ecyft`cbeczlaf}zLaexlcjt Cfgfzfc z` je}mtfde zhe mhlaaecne} ì j`be}zfm lcj fczetclzf cla ecyft cbeczla CN@ lmzfyfzv fc Tu}"}fl# M`c}etylzf`c Fczetclzf cla} Gftg Zlad`zz lcj zhe fa} c Meczet} Beaf}}l Dt ~c expafmlze zhe je}ztumzfye

pelme fc Mlbd`jfl lcj Dutbl l} pàfzfmla ilmzf`c} }hlte zhe m`bb`c fczete}z ì i`te}z te}ùtme expa fzlzf`c~hfae iueafcn zheft mlplmfzv i`t pàfzfmla lcj bfafzltv m`ciafmz#Teljet} blv la} zutc z zhe _t kemz} ce~ Fczetcez ~ed}fze z ifcj zhe iuaa zexz ì laa EM]_ pudafmlzf`c}

fcmaujfcn pl}z f}}ue} ì zhe EM]_ Tep`tz lcj zhe Mhfcl Ecyft`cbecz ]etfe}# Zht unh zhf} ~ed}fze lcj fz} `c"afcejf}mu}}f c nt up! l ~fjet nt up ì }mh alt}! ptlmzfzf cet}! lcj fczete}zej fcjfyfjula} mlc pltzfmfplze fc zhejedlze} }uttùcjfcn zhe}e mtfzfmla f}}ue}# Fc pltzfmualt! ~e h`pe fczetclzf`cla m aaelnue} lcj }zujecz} ~faafcmtel}fcnav uzfaf{e zhf} i`tub z` aeltc b`te ldùz ecyft cbecz! p`pualzf c! lcj }emutfzv m`ccemzf`c} it`b laltneavU#]# pet}pemzfye# Zht unh jfla`nue!~e fc zhe Ucfzej ]zlze} blv fc zutc dezzet ucjet}zlcj zheft m`bpaf"beczltv `t m`cztltv pet}pemzfye} `c zhe}e f}}ue}#

Zhf} f}}ue ì zhe EM]_ Tep`tz fczt jume} l cubdet ì ce~ ielzute} fc zhe m`czfcuej eii`tz z fbpt ye zhekùtcla i`t l yltfezv ì lujfecme}# Zhe Upjlze }emzf`c ielzute} ce~ ecztfe} `c n`yetcbecz! lmljebfm! lcjCN@}# e af}z pteyf u}av m`yetej `tnlcf{lzf`c} lz zhe ecj ì elmh }emzf`c lcj teiet teljet} z` zhe _t kemz} ce~Fczetcez }fze i`t m`bpeze pl}z af}zfcn} 1hzzp;//em}p#}f#eju3# Zhe Dfdaf`ntlphfm Nufje z` zhe Afzetlzute lcj zhe

Fczetcez Te}ùtme} }emzf`c} lte m`bpaeze m`bpfalzf`c} it b pl}z f}}ue}# Fc


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ael}e ì iucj} i t fczetclzf`cla ilbfav palccfcn ~l}da`mgej i`t cfce b`czh} lnlfc ucae}} l pte}fjeczflaifcjfcn jezetbfcej zhlz zhe jealv ~l} hlyfcn l cenl"zfye fbplmz`c zhept`ntlb# M`cnte}} zhec ~ùajhlyez lppt ye zhf} m`cmau}f c# Fi zhe pte}fjeczfla jezet"bfclzf c ~l} lppt yej dv M`cnte}}! *=85 bfaaf`c fcdfalzetlap`pualzf c l}}f}zlcme ~ùajdenfc ia`~fcn`cBltmh ! lazhùnh }zfaa lylfaldae `cav fc }blaab`czhav fcmtebecz}#

L} te|uftej dv zhe aenf}alzf`c! _te}fjecz Mafcz`ci`tblaav ztlc}bfzzej l ifcjfcn z`M`cnte}} ~hfmh }zlzejzhlz fz ~l} hf} jezetbfclzf`c zhlz l jealv ~faa mlu}e}etfù}! ftteyet}fdae! lcj ly fjldae hltb z` zhe p`pu"

alzf c pt ntlb# He jtlblzf{ej fc }zltg zetb} ~hlz~l} lz }zlge fi ilbfav palccfcn iucj} ~ete c`z teael}ej|ufmgav; zhe afye} lcj ~eaa"defcn ì blcv zhù}lcj}ì ~`bec lcj mhfajtec lcj Lbetfml} mtejfdfafzv l}zhe aeljet fc ilbfav palccfcn pt ntlb} lt ucj zhe~`taj#


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Zhe exemuzfye dtlcmh it b zhe _te}fjecz `c j`~cbu}z m`czfcue z ~ tg z tedufaj zhe ml}e i t U#]# fc"yàyebecz fc na`dla p`pualzf`c }zldfaf{lzf`c eii`tz}# Dvm`bdfcfcn zhe helazh! tfnhz}! lcj ~`bec} ebp`~et"becz lnecjl ì Mlft ~fzh zhe b te ztljfzf`cla em "c`bfm! ecyft`cbeczla! lcj clzf`cla }emutfzv tlzf`claei`t l U#]# n`yetcbecz t ae! p afmvblget} blv de ldaez`blt}hla zhe }upp`tz ì zhe M`cnte}} lcj zhe Lbetf"

mlc pudafm fc tece~fcn zhe m`bbfzbecz z` fczetclzf clap`pualzf`c l}}f}zlcme l} lc e}}eczfla pltz ì zhf}mùcztv} i`tefnc lfj pt`ntlb#

_t ntlb blclnet}! d`zh fc}fje lcj ùz}fje zhe U#]#n`yetcbecz! bu}z dufaj `c `cn`fcn fcfzflzfye} z` fb"pt ye zhe lylfaldfafzv lcj |ulafzv ì ilbfav palccfcn}etyfme} ~hfae lz zhe }lbe zfbe fcmtel}fcn fcye}zbecz}fc zhe `zhet tept`jumzfye helazh lcj jeyea pbecz fc"zetyeczf c} hfnhafnhzej lz FM_J# Zhe fcmtebeczla lp"pt`lmh lj`pzej dvU]LFJ! teavfcn `c l mlteiua l}}e}}"becz ì tept jumzfye helazh lcj jeyea`pbecz ceej}lcj zhe mlplmfzv ì jeyea pfcn mùcztv n`yetcbecz}z ljjte}} zh`}e ceej} fc l m`}z"eiiemzfye blccet! hl}pt yec z de zhe tfnhz ~lv z `petlzf`claf{e zhe ce~yf}f c ì p`pualzf c pt ntlb} lj`pzej lz zhe Mlftm`cietecme# Duz b te maeltav ceej} z de j`ce fc zheiuzute#

ZheLjbfcf}ztlzf`clcjM`cnte}}bu}z~`tgz`nezhetz` ifcj ljjfzf cla ifclcmfla te}ùtme} i`t fczetclzf clap`pualzf`c l}}f}zlcme fc `tjet i`t zhe Ucfzej ]zlze} z`nez `c zhe up~ltj ztlkemz`tv ceme}}ltv i`t u} z beezùt lppt`ptflze }hlte ì zhe Mlft` iucjfcn n`la}# Zhemtelzf`c ì maeltav ltzfmualzej p afmfe} lcj fcc`ylzfye

pt`ntlb} f}belcfcnae}} ucae}} lje|ulze ifclcmfla }up"p`tz f} lylfaldae i t zh`}e p afmfe} lcj pt ntlb} z dept`petav mlttfej ùz lcj fbpaebeczej# Lcj zhlz }up"p`tz hl} deec }eyeteav almgfcn }fcme


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mùcztv# ]eegfcn ietzfae alcj `t k`d}! zhev mlu}e p afzf"mla! }`mfla! `t ezhc`pàfzfmla m`ciafmz} ùz}fje zheft te"nf`c ì `tfnfc# Zhe fczetclzf claf{lzf`c ì fczetcla m`c"iafmz} mlc la}` de zhe m`c}e|uecme ì ce~ }zlze} mtelzejlizet zhe màalp}e ì lc ebpfte# fzh zhe jf}} auzf`c ìzhe ]`yfez Ucf`c! i`t fc}zlcme! zhe ce~ Mecztla L}flctepudafm} c`~ ilme ~lzet jf}ztfduzf`c m`ciafmz} ~hfmh}ujjecav hlye dem`be fczetclzf`cla m`ciafmz}#

Ifclaav! zhete lte ecyft`cbeczla m`ciafmz} dez~eec}zlze} ~hfmh it b zhe yetv denfccfcn hlye lc fczetcl"zf`cla jfbec}f`c (}ee; ifn#

alvet jepaezf c lcj mafblze mhlcne (fcmaujfcn }el aeyeatf}e& lte p afzfmla m`ciafmz} ~fzh c blk`t bfafzltv jf"bec}f`c} z jlze# Duz z`jlv! fczetclzf`cla jf}puze}ltf}e e}pemflaav dez~eec clzf`c} buzulaav jepecjeczup`c zhe m``petlzfye u}e ì fczetclzf cla tfyet dl}fc}#Lazhùnh zhe ml}e} exlbfcej fc zhe ECM@_ }zujfe}jfjc`z te}uaz fc yfàecz mal}he}! m`c}fjetldae p`zeczflai t bfafzltv lmzf c} pet}f}z} lb`cn }`be uppet lcja`~et tfpltflc} (Dlemhaet ez la#


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}zlze& `cav }etye} l} l tùnh `tfeczlzf`c z ecyft`c"beczla m`ciafmz# Zhe dùcjltfe} lb`cn zhe aeyea} lteafzetlaav iaufj# Mal}}fivfcn l nfyec m`ciafmz lz ku}z `ceaeyea! e}pemflaav `yet zfbe! f} ìzec fbp`}}fdae# Fczet"cla m`ciafmz} blv de iueaej dv fczetclzf`cla eyecz}!~hetel} zhe alzzet blv de zhe te}uaz ì lc e}mlalzfcnj`be}zfm~lt# Liutzhet ifce"zucfcn f} zhetei`teceejej#Fz f} ceme}}ltv z` tealze zhe zvpe ì ecyft cbeczla jen"

tljlzf c z` }`mfèm`c`bfm mhlcne lcj z` pltzfe} z` zhem`ciafmz! hetefc teiettej z` l} lmz`t}# ]eyec fjela zvpe}ì ecyft`cbeczla m`ciafmz mlc de jf}zfcnuf}hej; F#ezhc`pàfzfmla m`ciafmz}7 FF# meczet"petfphetv m`ciafmz}7FFF# tenf`claf}z bfntlzf c/jf}palmebecz m`ciafmz}7 FY#ztlc}d ucjltvbfntlzf`cm`ciafmz}7Y# jeb ntlphfmlaav"mlu}ej m`ciafmz}7 YF# fczetclzf cla ~lzet/tfyet dl}fc}m`ciafmz}7 lcj YFF# fczetclzf cla m`ciafmz} ltf}fcn it bjf}zlcz }ùtme} jue z ce`mà cflaf}z expa fzlzf`c ìte}ùtme} (zhe alzzet m`ciafmz f} }eec l} l yltflcz ì mec"zet"petfphetv m`ciafmz} ]`bezfbe} fz f} jfiifmuaz z`jemfje ucjet ~hfmh mlzen tv l nfyec m`ciafmz f} de}za f} zej# T~lcjl! i `t f c} zlcme! blvde zvpe LFF(ezhc`pàfzfmla m`ciafmz& `t DYF (jeb`ntlphfmlaav"fc"jumej m`ciafmz H`~eyet! i t lclavzfmla maltfzv! elmhml}e f} af}zej fc `cav `ce mlzen`tv#

Zhete f} c fczeczf`c z pt yfje ebpftfmla jezlfa}m`cmetcfcn zhe ml}e} hete# Lc ecm bpl}}fcn zldae fc"maujfcn zhe af}z ì zhe ml}e} tealzej z elmh fcjfyfjulazvpe ì m`ciafmz! zhe fcjfmlzf c ì zhe ecyft`cbeczlajfbec}f`c ì zhe m`ciafmz! zhe pltzfe} fcyàyej! lcj zhem`ciafmz fczec}fzv mlc de iùcj fc zhe lppecjfx# Zhei aa ~fcn }vczhe}f} ì zhe ml}e }zujfe} mlttfej ùz fczhe itlbe~`tg ì ECM@_ teiet} z zhe ml}e} fcmaujejfc zhf} zldae# Zhev pt yfje zhe ebpftfmla dlmgnt ucj

i`t zhenecetlaf{lzf`c} pt yfjej fc zhf} ltzfmae#


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ietzfafzv dv l nt ~fcn cubdet ì tutla pt jumet}! ezh"cfmlaav jeifcej afyfcn }plme f} nfyfcn ~lv z ezhcfmbfxfcn lcj }`mfla }ztlzfifmlzf`c# Zhf} pt me}}! ~hfmhaltneav m`cztfduze} z` ce~mau}zet} ì ezhcfm nt up} ilm"fcn ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfclzf`c! f} ztfnnetej dv jen"tljlzf c ì }mltme te}ùtme}# Fzblv la} de lnntlylzejdv b`jetcf{lzf`c pt`me}}e}! `c"n`fcn pt`ztlmzej yf`"aecme `t ~lt}#

Zhe m`bpezfzf`c `yet jentljej alcj} hl} lc zhetjfbec}f`c zhlz `yetalp} ~fzh meczet"petfphetv m`c"iafmz}# Hune ltel} ì zhe b }z ietzfae alcj lte ucjetmuazfylzf`c i`tb`c`muazute} (i``j lcjb`}z ìzec ml}hmt p}&! `t lte }etyfcn m`bbetmfla putp`}e} ì mecztlan`yetcbecz} (}umh l} fajafie _ltg} L} l te}uaz! fc"mtel}fcnav ae}} pt`jumzfye alcj teblfc} exmau}fyeav i`tald t fczec}fye i``j mt`p}# Tutla p`pualzf`c} puz pte}"}ute `c lylfaldae alcj lcj iutzhet }zte}} zhe alcj}mlpe#H`~eyet! fjeczfzv nt up}~hezhet ztfde}! malc}! `tezhcfm nt up}lte fc necetla c`z ~faafcn z` }uttecjetalcj ~hfmh zhev malfb l} zhe alcj ì zheft lcme}z t}#Hf}z tfmlaav alcj u}e lcj alcj zecute jf}puze} hlyeaej z jeafdetlze yf aecz bel}ute}# Duz `cav temeczav}umh ztljfzf`cla m`ciafmz} hlye deec lnntlylzej dv zhecenlzfye em a`nfmla fbplmz} ì blajeyea pbecz fc zhetutla }emz t zhtùnhùz zhe jeyea`pfcn ~`taj# D zhecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfclzf`c lnlfc}z fjeczfzv ntùp}l} ~eaa l} zhe lylfaldfafzv ì b`jetc }blaa ltb} hlyeblje zhe}e m`ciafmz} eyec b te dtuzla (}ee; lppecjfx!LF#


28/17948

ECM@_! clbeav zhe Itecmh cumaelt ze}z} fc zhe _lmfifm!zhe ~`taj~fje pt`ze}z} ~ete tealzfyeav b`jetlze#Da``jv yf aecme lcj jftemz m`cit czlzf c dez~eec zheItecmh ltbv lcj pt`ze}zfcn ntùp} ( fcmaujfcnNteecpelme&! h`~eyet! `mmuttej `cav fc _àvce}fl! f#e#!fc zhe fbbejflze cefnhd`th``j ì zhe cumaelt expa "}f`c}# Zhe m`ciafmz ~l} m`czlfcej fc zhe a`mla ltecl iltit b zhe meczet ì zhe na dlaav lmzfcn palvet! Itlcme#

Lazhùnh zhf} gfcj ì na`dlaf{ej meczet"petfphetv m`c"iafmz f} lc exmepzf`c (Dh`pla fc Fcjfl lcj `zhet lmmf"jecz} jfj c`z hlye zhe }lbe aeyea ì na dla te}p`c}e&!fz f} fcjeej c z fcm`cmefyldae zhlz fc zhe celt iuzutel}vbbeztfm }`mf em`c`bfm fbplmz} ì mafblze mhlcne!`{`ce alvet jepaezf`c! lcj }el aeyea tf}e ~faa aelj z`}fbfalt m`c}zeaalzf`c} (}ee lppecjfx!L#FF#>"4?7 Malu}


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Lc`zhet fcjfmlz`t ì jeb`ntlphfmlaav fcjumejbfntl"zf c f} zhe maeltfcn lcj muazfylzf`c ì ce~ alcj fc te"b ze bùczlfc}! fc jeazl}! lcj fc emà nfmlaav }ec}f"zfye m`l}zla ltel}# Alcjae}} pe`pae lcj }ebf"c`blj}ntljulaav b`ye fcz pt zemzej {`ce} fc utdlc ltel} `tfcz clzf cla pltg}# ]`mfla ucte}z mlc temut l} zhe}eb`yebecz}pt y`ge mal}he} ~fzh n`yetcbeczla zt``p}lcj m`cztfduze z p afzfmlaav uc}zldae }fzulzf`c} (e#n#!

zhe Bll}lf fc Gecvl lcj fc Zlc{lcfl Lmuze m`ciafmz}`mmut fi zhe jf}mtfbfclzf c f} petmefyej l} ztebecjù}dv zhe lmz`t} liiemzej# Zhe zhte}hàj i`t jf}mtfbfcl"zf`c jepecj} ntelzav up`c zhe petmepzf`c lcj yltfe}it b ml}e z` ml}e# Necetlaav }pelgfcn! jf}mtfbfclzf`cf} petmefyej z de uclmmepzldae ~hec }`mfla lcj/`tezhc`p afzfmla ilmz t} lmmubualze! ilmfafzlzfcn ntùpfjeczfzv dufajfcn (e#n#! dez~eec Decnlaf fbbfntlcz}lcjte}fjecz} ì L}}lb pt yfcme fc Fcjfl

_`pualzf`c jvclbfm} lmmeaetlze zhe fbplmzì `zhetgev ilmz t} }umh l} p`yetzv! fclje|ulze alcj u}e lcjalcj zecute }v}zeb}! ecyft`cbeczla ztlc}i tblzf`c!lcj p` t }zlze peti`tblcme# Zhf} m`c}zeaalzf`c ì ilm"z`t} ecmùtlne} mt }}"d`tjetbfntlzf`c!~hfmhfc zhem`czexz ì yf aecz mùp} lcj mfyfa ~lt}l}}ube} zhei tb ì bl}} iafnhz! (e#n#! fc zhe Ntelz Alge} tenf`c fcLitfml& (}ee; lppecjfx! D#Y# 45"4># Ml}e }zujfe} dv Hlif{/F}alb


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e}f} zhlz ecyft`cbeczla }mltmfzv }fbuazlceù}av fc"mtel}e} em c`bfm jeptfylzf`c lcj jf}tupz} gev }`"mfla fc}zfzuzf`c}# Zhf} f} je}pfze zhe ilmz zhlz ECM@_teiet} z jfiietecz zhe tezfmla m`cmepz} zhlc EMLM_#Jeptfylzf`c m`ciafmz! l} `ce necetla zvpe fczt jumejdv H`bet"Jfx`c! hl} m`bpltldae m`cc`zlzf`c} l} zheECM@_ zvpe}; meczet"petfphetv! ezhc`pàfzfmla! fczet"clabfntlzf`c! lcjna`dla ecyft`cbeczla m`ciafmz}# Zhem`cmepz ì jf}tupzf`c ì gev }`mfla fc}zfzuzf c} f} fc"m tp`tlzej fc zhe m`czexz ì zhf} }zujv ~fzh zhe m`c"mepz} ì bltnfclaf{lzf`c fcjumej dv jf}mtfbfclzf`clnlfc}z metzlfc lmz`t} `c `ce hlcj lcj dv p``t }zlzepeti`tblcme fc metzlfc ltel} `c zhe `zhet#

B te`yet! ecyft`cbeczla m`ciafmz} fc b`}z ml}e}fcyàye tutla p`pualzf`c} fc jeyea`pfcn mùcztfe}}ztunnafcn i`t }utyfyla# B`jetcf{lzf`c lcj l hfnh je"pecjecme `c jentljfcn te}ùtme} mhlaaecne zhe afyeaf"h``j }emutfzv ì tutla j~eaaet}# Zhe pt dldfafzv zhlzm`ciafmz} ~faa e}mlalze f} hfnh ~hec

l blk`t m`cztljfmzf`c exf}z} dez~eec em`c`bfm ex"pemzlzf`c} lcj/`t l altnet jeblcj i t te}ùtme} `c`ce hlcj! lcj afbfzej jeyea pbecz pet}pemzfye}! je"ntljej te}ùtme}! lcj p``t }zlze peti`tblcme `c zhe

`zhet (e#n#! ie~ ìi"iltb lazetclzfye}! almg ì zemhcfmla}gfaa}! lcj ifclcmfla belc}&7

lz ael}z `ce ì zhe lmz t} fcyàyej petmefye} zhe te}`tzz` yf aecme l} zhe de}z lazetclzfye z` `zhet }àuzf c}#

Fz f} ceme}}ltv z fcmauje blcv fi"zhec malu}e}~hec exlbfcfcn yf aecz ùzm`be} ì ecyft cbeczlam`ciafmz}# Ecyft cbeczla jentljlzf`c blv de l dlmg"ntùcj tel}`c i t l metzlfc m`ciafmz! fz blv de l ilmz`taeljfcn z` mhlcceafcn `t maelylne} la`cn afce} dez~eecjf}zfcmz nt up}! lcj fz blv eyec de l ztfnnetfcn ilmz`tz` l m`ciafmz jvclbfm# H`~eyet! pl}}fcn zhe zhte}hàj

ì yf aecme jeifcfzeav jepecj} `c }`mf`pàfzfmla ilmz`t}lcj c z `c zhe jentee ì ecyft`cbeczla jentljlzf`cl} }umh# Mtfzfmla }`mf`pàfzfmla ilmz`t} fcmauje zhe almgì fc}zfzuzf`cla mlplmfzfe} i t pelmeiua m`ciafmz }ezzae"becz! zhe teljfce}} lcj/`t mlplmfzv ì luzh`tfzfe} lcjaeljet} z` `tnlcf{e lcj b`dfaf{e màaemzfye lmz t}! zhe(bf}"& petmepzf`c ì lazetclzfye} z` te} tzfcnz` yfàecme!zhe pteietecme} lcj `pp`tzucfzfe} ì lmz t}! lcj lmz tafbfzlzf`c}# Zhe}e z`pfm} hlye z` de exlbfcej fcb`tejezlfa z dezzet ucjet}zlcj ~hec lcj lz ~hlz p fczecyft cbeczla m`ciafmz} zutc yfàecz#

4# FCEYFZLDAE ]FZULZF@C] LCJ ZHE ALMG @ITENUALZ@TVBEMHLCF]B] (HV_@ZHE]F]Z^@&

^hec m`c}fjetfcn zhe fczete}z} lcj zhe dehlyf tì lmz`t}! lmzf c mlc de }eec l} zhe te}uaz ì z~` m`c"}emuzfye ifazetfcn pt`me}}e} ì jemf}f`c"blgfcn# M`c"metcfcn zhe ift}z ifazet! h`~ jè} ztlc}i tblzf c fciau"

ecme zhe `pp`tzucfzv }ez} ì fcjfyfjula lcj màaemzfyelmz t}0 Tealzej z` zhe }em cj ifazet! h`~ jè} ztlc}i t"blzf`c }hlpe lmz`t} pteietecme} } zhlz yf aecz m`c"iafmz f} m`c}fjetej zhe bemhlcf}b i`t }àyfcn ecyft`c"beczla m`ciafmz0

Fc laa i`tzv ECM@_ ml}e }zujfe}! ztlc}i tblzf c ì}`mfezv"clzute tealzf`c}hfp} ~l} petmefyej l} }etfù}fc zetb} ì d zh jentljlzf`c ì tece~ldae} lcj jf}"mtfbfclzf`c lnlfc}z lmz t} hfnhav jepecjecz `c zheft}htfcgfcn clzutla mlpfzla# Vez `cav efnhzeec ì zhe}eml}e} mt }}ej zhe zhte}hàj ì yf aecme# Fc efnhz ml}e}zhete ~ete ~lt}! ~hetel} fc zec ml}e}! zhete ~ete yf "aecz m`ciafmz} dea`~ zhe zhte}hàj ì ~lt# Fc z~eczv"z~` ECM@_ ml}e}ì ~hfmh c`ce }etye l} m`czt aml}e}cefzhet ~lt c`t yf aecz m`ciafmz~l} pte}ecz# Fceaeyec ì zhe}e ml}e}! bfc t fcmfjecme} ì yf aecz lm"zf c} `mmuttej zhlz ~ete dea`~ zhe zhte}h aj ì yf "aecz m`ciafmz# Cfce ml}e} expetfecmej efzhet bfafzltvzhtelz `t p afzfmla zec}f`c `cav# Lcj fc z~ ml}e}! zhejf}puzej pt kemz} ~ete jt`ppej `t p`}zp`cej#

Lnlfc}z zhf} ebpftfmla dlmgntùcj zhe m`cmau}f cf} telmhej zhlz zhe te} tz z` yf aecme `cav `mmut} fi lcj~hec }`be ì zhe iàa`~fcnifye gev }fzulzf`c} m`fcmfje;

Fceyfzldae ecyft`cbeczla m`cjfzf`c}; Nt up }utyfyla f}

jepecjecz `c jentljej te} utme} i`t~hfmh c` }ud}zf"zuze} lte lppltecz lcj eyeczulaav zhe nt up ilme} lcfceyfzldae lcj zhetei`te je}petlze ecyft`cbeczla }fzu"lzf`c# Fceyfzldfafzv jè} c z }zlcj i`t l jezetbfcf}zfm`t iucmzf cla lppt lmh z hublc dehlyf`t# Fceyfzldaemftmub}zlcme} lte ecyft`cbeczla m`cjfzf`c} up`c~hfmhlc fcjfyfjula `t l màaemzfye lmz t mlcc`z teav up`c tl"zf`claav `t jeafdetlzeav#

]mltmfzv ì tenualz`tv bemhlcf}b} lcj p``t }zlze peti t"blcme;^hec l pàfzfmla }v}zeb f} fcmlpldae ì pt jum"fcn metzlfc }`mfla lcj p afzfmla m`cjfzf`c}! n`la}! }umhl} }u}zlfcldae te}ùtme u}e! dem be uclzzlfcldae# Zhe

}mltmfzv ì tenualz`tvbemhlcf}b} f} efzhet jue z` l almgì }zlze ùzpuz} tenltjfcn te}ùtme blclnebecz lcjafyeafh``j }emutfzv `tjue z` l jf}tupzf c ì (ztljfzf`cla&}`mfla fc}zfzuzf`c} je}fncej z tenualze lmme}} z te"}ùtme}# Bfntlzf`c! i`t fc}zlcme! mlc de l te}uaz ì zheift}z zvpe ì }mltmfzv (}zlze ùzpuz& lcj zhu} pt y`gezhe }em cj zvpe ì }mltmfzv (jf}tupzf c ì fc}zfzuzf c}

Fc}zfzuzf`claf{fcn zhe ecyft`cbecz; Zhe ecyft`cbecz f}fc}ztubeczlaf{ej `tblcfpualzej dvj`bfclzfcn lmz t}z` put}ue }pemfifm nt up fczete}z} } zhlz ecyft`cbec"

H`~eyet pl}}fcn zhe zhte}hàj ì yf " aecme jeifcfzeav jepecj} `c}`mf`pàfzfmla ilmz`t} lcj c`z `c zhe je"ntee ì ecyft`cbeczla jentljlzf`c l}}umh#

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zla jf}mtfbfclzf`c dem`be} lc (fjeà`nfmla& f}}ue ìntùp fjeczfzv# Fc}ztubeczlaf{lzf`c mlc telmh it`b zheup"}ztelbblcfpualzf`c ì zhe }el}`cla ~lzet ia`~ i`tp afzfmla tel}`c} z zhe y auczltv p f}`cfcn ì ~lzette}ùtme}#

@pp`tzucfzfe} z` dufaj `tnlcf{lzf`c} lcj ifcj laafe}; Lmz`t}`tnlcf{e lcj ltb zheb}eaye} fc pàfzfmla }ezzfcn}ì"

zec dehfcj l }zt cn aeljetlcjnlfc laafe} efzhet it bntùp} liiemzej dv }fbfalt pt daeb}! it`b metzlfc (itlz"etcf{fcn& ilmzf`c} ì zhe eafze! `t it b i tefnc ntùp}}umh l} F(C&N@}#

]pfaa`yet it b l hf}z tfm m`ciafmz; Ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbf"clzf c `mmut} ~fzhfc zhe m`czexz ì lc exf}zfcn (hf}z`tfm&m`ciafmz }ztumzute lcj! l} l te}uaz! zhe m`ciafmz temefye}ce~ fbpezu}# Zhf} pu}h mlc m`be efzhet it`b zhe pet"mefyej m`c}e|uecme} ì ecyft`cbeczla ztlc}i`tblzf`c`t it`b fczec}fifej te}ùtme m`bpezfzf`c dez~eec p`"altf{ej lmz`t}#

Zhe}e ifye m`czexz} m`c}zfzuze zhe ltecl i t lmz`t}~h` mh``}e yfàecme l} zheft de}z lazetclzfye z c`c"yfàecz lmzfyfzfe}#

4#


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}`mfezfe}!mùczae}}lcj }`bezfbe} }etfù} ecyft cbec"zla m`ciafmz} lte te}àyej dv aenla lcj pàfzfmla belc}#Cen`zflzf c! m`bpt bf}e! lcj bejflzf`c palv l mec"ztla tàe# Zhe `tnlcf{ej u}e ì i`tme f} c z l mecztlapltz ì pàfzfmla }ztlzenv#

L }zlze} luzh`tfzv z` lmz m`c}f}zeczav yf}""yf} ec"yft`cbeczla ztlc}i`tblzf`c }hùaj ecm`bpl}} l altnelttlv ì em`c`bfm! }`mfla! lcj fc}zfzuzf`cla fc}ztubecz};

l}}e}} }ufzldfafzv lcj }upp`tz mt`p mh fme}! echlcme zhe~`tgldfafzv ì alcj! pt yfje lmme}} z bltgez}! blgemtejfz lcj ml}h lylfaldae! fczt`jume alcj pt`petzvtfnhz}! ezm# B`}z ì }umh fc}ztubecz} lte hltjav lylfa"ldae fc zhe ECM@_ ml}e }zujfe} ~hete lc lppt`ptflzemh`fme ~ùaj }`bezfbe} hlye blje zhe jfiietecme de"z~eec jentljlzf`c lcj }u}zlfcldfafzv# A`mla lcj te"nf cla ltel} fi c`z zhe }zlze l} l ~h ae lte }ud`tjfclzejz` zhe fczete}z ì zhe meczet! ìzecb`te m`cmetcej ldùzljhetfcn z` fczetclzf cla }zlcjltj} `c m`bbetmfla lcjfcye}zbecz al~ zhlc`c fczetclajeyea`pbecz} ùz}fjezhe mlpfzla jf}ztfmz# _ltz} ì zhe bltnfclaf{ej p`pual"zf c }ee zhe }zlze l} l dutelumtlzfm lppltlzu} `t l} lh`}zfae lnecz i`t i`tefnc fczete}z} zhlz paucjet} clzf clate} utme} ~fzhùz tejf}ztfduzfcn zhe teyecue} z` pt`y"fcme} lcj m`bbucfzfe}#

Zhe e}zldaf}hbecz ì }ud}fjfltv m`ciafmz lcj te"}ùtmeblclnebeczbemhlcf}b}~ùajpte}ubeb`tezhlc l bete em`c`bfm jf}ztfduzf`c a`nfm# Vez ptemf}eavzhe almg ì m`ciafmz"te}àyfcn bemhlcf}b pteyecz} fc"c`ylzfye ptlmzfme# Fc blcv palme} zhe tuafcn p afzfmlamuazute laa`~} afzzae alzfzuje z blclne te}ùtme}}ud}fjfltfav! zhe a`~e}z aeyea p`}}fdae (exmepz `c blt"nfcla lcj jentljej alcj} ìbfc`t ylaue L} l m`c}e"|uecme! zhete f} ~fje}ptelj fc}emutfzv m`cmetcfcn

pt`petzv tfnhz}# _t petzv tfnhz} jf}puze} hlye tlteavdeec }àyej }lzf}ilmz`tfav! jeptfyfcn l ptete|uf}fze i`teiiemzfye a`mla}eai"n`yetcbecz lcj }u}zlfcldae te}ùtmeblclnebecz# _t petzv tfnhz} echlcme afyeafh``j }e"mutfzv lcj zhu} m`cztfduze z` ald`t"fczec}fye fbpt`ye"becz ì zhe pt jumzfyfzv ì }ec}fzfye }`fa}#

]zlze} ~fzh p``t peti`tblcme lte uc~faafcn z`ljlpz exf}zfcn fczetclzf`cla tenfbe} z` ce~ mhlaaecne}(e#n#! Cfae tfpltflc} C t lte zhev m`bbfzzej z jea"enlze }ud}zlczfla luzh`tfzv z` }uptl"clzf`cla tenf`cla`tnlcf{lzf`c} zhlz lfb lz lm|uftfcn jf}puze }ezzaebeczmlplmfzfe} (e#n#! Fczetclzf`cla N`yetcbeczlaLuzh tfzv`cJeyea pbecz! (FNLJ& fc zhe H`tc ì Litfml Exf}z"

fcnecyft`cbeczla lnteebecz} ìzec expte}} n``j~faa!duz zhev }h`~ l m`c}fjetldae almg ì dfcjfcn aenlap`~et lcj }ztfmz fbpaebeczlzf c# Zhe }eltmh i t zheael}z m`bb`cjec`bfclz`t! ~elg eci tmebeczbemhl"cf}b! lcj itee tfjet} mhltlmzetf{e tenf`cla lntee"becz}#

elg }zlze} lte c`z m`bbfzzej z` l}}ubfcn pàfzf"mla te}p`c}fdfafzv i`t zhe em a`nfmla mtf}f}# N`yetcbecz}fc}zelj zecj z` mùcz `c fczetclzf claf{fcn te}p`c}f"dfafzv i`t zhe mtf}f} lcj ~lfzfcn i`t i`tefnc l}}f}zlcme#Jue z zhe ~elgce}} ì mfyfa }`mfezv `c zhe `zhet hlcj!

(te"& ptfylzf{lzf`c ì }zlze p`~et `mmut} zht unh teal"zfyeav }blaa lcj fclmme}}fdae maf|ue}u}utpfcnzhe }zlze}b`c`p av `c zhe u}e ì i tme lcj mhlcnfcn fz} iucm"zf`c fcz l }pelthelj lnlfc}z zhe p`pualzf c expetf"ecmfcn ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfclzf`c# @cav fc teal"zfyeav ie~ ml}e} f} zhe jf}ljylczlnej ntùp mlpldae ìte}p`cjfcn ~fzh `tnlcf{ej yf aecme z zhe p``t pet"i`tblcme ì zheft }zlze lcj/`t z zhe t`ddetv ì a`mla

clzutla mlpfzla dv clzf`cla eafze}#

4#= Fc}ztubeczlaf{fcn zhe Ecyft`cbeczla _t`daeb

Jue z zhe ntelz fbp`tzlcme ì }lie ~lzet }uppavi`t yuacetldae }zlze}! fczetclzf`cla tfyet dl}fc} lte el}"fav fc}ztubeczlaf{ej l} pàfzfmla belc} ì pte}}ute `tdalmgblfa# L} jf}mu}}ej eltafet! l }zt`cn uppet"tfplt"flc }zlze mlc mlttv zht unh ne`pàfzfmla fczete}z} lnlfc}zfz} a`~et"tfpltflc cefnhd`t# I t fz} pltz! zhe a`~et tf"pltflc maeltav hl} ie~et belc} ì pte}}ute lylfaldae#H`~eyet! fz mlc }ef{e zhe ~lzet f}}ue fc `tjet z je"cùcme zhe uppet"tfpltflc }zlze} ucezhfmla dehlyf t#Zhf} }ztlzenv heap} z mtelze fczetclzf`cla l~ltece}}lcj z` bfzfnlze zhe l}vbbeztv dez~eec zhe lmz t}#

Fc ml}e} ~hete helyv ecyft`cbeczla jlblne f}mlu}ej dv zhftj pltzfe} (e#n#! bfcfcn m`bplcfe}&! zhept zemzf`c ì clzute pt ye} z` de n``jb`dfaf{fcn ilm"z`t i`t a`mla nt up}# Zhf} }ztlzenv la} mlc de deceif"mfla demlu}e ecyft cbeczla m`c}mfù}ce}} f} te~ltjej`c l na dla aeyea (dv zhe UC! FCN@}! ezm# U}fcn zheemà nfmla y`mldualtv! lazhùnh pteyfù}av m`cmetcejafzzae ~fzh clzute pt zemzf c! f} ìzec zhe `cav ~lv i tbltnfclaf{ej nt up} z` nez lzzeczf`c m`cmetcfcn zheftnecetlaav ~`t}ecfcn afyfcn m`cjfzf`c} (e#n#! Gec ]lt`"

f~l lcj zhe @n`cf fc zhe Jeazl ]zlze ì Cfnetfl@pp }fzf`c ntùp} zecj z` fc}ztubeczlaf{e emà`nf"mla mtf}e} fc zheft mtfzfmf}b ì zhe }zlze# @tnlcf{ej lm"z`t} fc `pp`}fzf`c }`bezfbe} u}e }enbecz} ì nt up}ilmfcn ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfclzf`c i`tuazetf`t pàfzf"mla b zfye}# Tebclcz} ì m`bbucf}z nuettfaal}! c`~ilmej ~fzh temtufzfcn pt`daeb}! }fje ~fzh zhejeblcj}ì pt`ze}zfcn iltbet} lnlfc}z jei te}zlzf`c lcj exp tzdu}fce}}# Lcj jue z` zhe peceztlzf`c ì lnecz} i`t ùz"}fjefczete}z}! fcjfnecù} pe`pae}~fzh ma`}e lcjbvzhf"mla clzute tealzf c}hfp} }ee l p afzfmla ljylczlne fcblgfcn ecyft`cbeczla jf}tupzf c mecztla fc zheft mtfzf"mf}b ì zhe b`jetcf{fcn }zlze# Zhu}!~hfae ieeafcn uc"

m`bi`tzldae~fzh zhe fcifaztlzf`c ì zhe b`jetc ~`taj!zhev ebphl}f{e zhe muazutla lcj }pftfzula jfbec}f`c}ì jeep hublc"em a`nfmla tealzf`c}hfp}# Zhe je}ztum"zf`c ì }lmtej b zhet eltzh dv i`tefncet} f} tekemzejl} exztebeav fbb`tla lcj l} l zhtelz z hublcfzv#

4#: @pp`tzucfzfe} z Dufaj @tnlcf{lzf c} lcj IfcjLaafe}

Fc}ztubeczlaf{fcn `t blcfpualzfcn ecyft`cbeczlaztlc}i`tblzf`c f} c`z pte}ubpzfyeav expa }fye# Lbfaf"

Ielzute} " Nczhet Dlemhaet


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zltv m`ciafmz `cav ebetne} fi }pemfifm iluaz afce} lmmec"zulze fz! fi p altf{fcn lmzf c} jtfye fz i t~ltj lcj fintùp} lte `tnlcf{ej lcj b`dfaf{ej# Fc `tjet z` j }àeljet}hfp lcj ltb} lte te|uftej#

Fz f} c`ze~`tzhv zhlz zhe zhte}hàj ì `tnlcf{eju}eì i`tme fc ecyft cbeczla m`ciafmz} f} tealzfyeav hfnh fcm`bpltf}`c z` zhe altne lbùcz ì ecyft`cbeczla jf}"mtfbfclzf`c `mmuttfcn zhtùnhùz zhe ~`taj# Nfyec zhe

aeyea ì ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfclzf c~fzh lz ael}z 5??bfaaf`c ì zhe p` te}z pe`pae afyfcn fc emà nfmlaav }ec"}fzfye {`ce} (ldùz :?? bfaaf`c fc tutla lcj ldùz


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belc} zhe m`ciafmz~ùajc`zhlye `mmuttej fc zhe }lbe~lv`t eyec lz laa~fzhùz ecyft`cbeczla jentljl"zf`c defcn lc fbp`tzlcz yltfldae#9 Zhe eylaulzf c la}`fcjfmlze} zhlz zhe tàe ì ecyft`cbeczla jf}mtfbfcl"zf`cjepecjfcn `c zhe fcjfyfjula ml}emlc de |ufzejfiietecz# Fz} t ae tlcne} it b jf}mtfbfclzf c defcn ldlmgntùcj tel}`c z` zhe p`fcz ~hete fz f} l pt`xfblzeztfnnet z` l yf aecz m`ciafmz# Fc zhe mlu}la lclav}f}! zhete"

i`te! fz f} mtfzfmla z` maeltav jf}zfcnuf}h lb`cn zhe yltf"ù} fbplmz} ecyft cbeczla jentljlzf c hl} `c zhe m`c"iafmz dehlyf t ì lmz t}#

=#


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]emtemv y}# zhe Ceej i`t Emà`nfmla Fci`tblzf`c; Mhlaaecne} z Ecyft`cbeczla

Lmzfyf}b fc Tu}}fl

dv Zh`bl} Klcja

C@^HETE F] ZHE M@CCEMZF@C DEZÊEC ECYFT@CBECZLA _T@ZEMZF@C LCJ CLZF@CLA ]EMUTFZV MAELTET ZHLC FC ZHEml}e ì~elp`ctv l} l p aauzet# Eyec ~fzhfc zhf} mlzen`tv ì ecyft`cbeczla zhtelz}! zhete f} l hfetltmhv#Lz zhe z`p! d zh fc zetb} ì ecyft`cbeczla ptf`tfzfe} lcj fczetclzf`cla }emutfzv! lte ~elp`c} ì bl}}je}ztumzf c# Zhev tepte}ecz c`z `cav mal}}fm ecyft`cbeczla pt daeb} helazh hl{ltj} lcj zhtelz} z` }pemfe}duz la}` mtelze lc `d}zlmae z` em`c`bfm ~eaa"defcn# _au}! zhev zecj z` liiemz cefnhd`tfcn clzf`c} z` zhe }lbejentee l} zhe mùcztv `c~h`}e }`fa zhev lte pt jumej `t }z tej#Cumaelt! df a`nfmla! lcj mhebfmla lmmfjecz} lteztuav na dla pàauzet}! zht unh ztlc}p`tzlzf c ì m`czlbfclcz} fc `melc muttecz} lcj fc zhe lzb`}phete#

D zh El}z lcj e}z lte ntlppafcn ~fzh zheft M aj lt aenlmfe}! lcj b te }pemfifmlaav ~fzh zhe m`}z ì }lie"nultjfcn lcj }z tfcn cumaelt ~l}ze# Fc zhe pteylfafcn em`c`bfm }fzulzf`c! zhe `d}zlmae} z` jelafcn lje|ulzeav

~fzh zhe M aj lt hetfzlne lte eyec b te }fncfifmlcz i`t Tu}}fl zhlc zhe e}z#Fz f} fc zhf} m`czexz zhlz zhe C`t~enflcCN@! zhe Deaa`cl Iùcjlzf`c! fcfzflzej fz} lclav}f} ì zhe ]`yfez M aj

lt aenlmv `c lcj ltùcj zhe G al pecfc}ual# Z~ blk`t tep`tz}]ùtme} ì Tljf`lmzfye M`czlbfclzf`c fcButblc}g lcj Ltghlcnea}g Mùczfe}! lcj Zhe Tu}}flc C`tzhetc Iaeez; ]ùtme} ì Tljf`lmzfye M`czlbfclzf cte"}uazej it`b zhf} eii`tz# Zhe tel}`c} i`t i`mu}fcn `c zhf} tenf`c lte c`z } aeav ecyft`cbeczla# C`t~lv} fczete}zfc zhe C`tzhetc Iaeez} cumaelt aenlmv }zeb} it b zhe mùcztv} yfmfcfzv z zhe }z`tlne }fze} lcj f} zhu} l} bumhfc}pftej dv clzf`cla }emutfzv l} dv pute ecyft`cbeczla m`cmetc}# Zhf} f}}ue hl} ztlc}mecjej afge ie~ `zhet} zhetelab} ì mal}}fm ecyft cbeczla pt daeb} lcj tealzej helazh hl{ltj}! b`yfcn fcz zhe ifeaj} ì jfpa`blmv lcjfczetclzf cla }emutfzv# Tu}}fl telmzej }zt cnav z` Y aube FF ì zhe tep`tz! ltte}zfcn m`"luzh`t Laexlcjt Cfgfzfc#

Zhf} ltzfmae ~faa! zht unh zhe Cfgfzfc ml}e! expa`te h`~ lc fcjfyfjula ecyft cbeczla `tnlcf{lzf`c yeczutejzht unh zhe bfceifeaj} ì fczetclzf cla }emutfzv lcj jfpa`blmv! i`tnfcn `dyfù} l} ~eaa l} ucafgeav laaflcme}la`cn zhe ~lv# I`t ecyft cbeczla `tnlcf{lzf`c}! zhete lte z~ ae}}`c} z` de aeltcej; @ce! zhe fcmtel}ej bfxfcn

ì clzf`cla }emutfzv f}}ue} ~fzh ecyft`cbeczla m`cmetc}blge} fzb`te jlcnet u} z`~`tg fc zhe ifeaj dv ~fjec"fcn zhe tlcne ì pt daeb} ecyft cbeczlaf}z} mlc ecm uczet# Z~`! ecyft cbeczla nt up} hlye z` dufaj tealzf`c"}hfp} fc l bumh ~fjet tlcne ì ltel} zhlc ecyft`cbeczla p afmv la ce# Deaa cl U]L} ilx af}z fcmauje} zhe }zlzejepltzbecz! zhe clzf`cla }emutfzv m`bbucfzv! zhe fczetclzf cla liilft} m`bbucfzv fc M`cnte}}! zhe m`cnte}"}f`cla hublc tfnhz} mlumu}! lcj l ntùp ì `pfcf c aeljet} fc zhe ltel} ì jeb`mtlzf{lzf`c lcj em`c`bfm ztlc}"i`tblzf`c it b l palccej z` l bltgez em`c`bv#

Zhete f} la} l ae}}`c z` de aeltcej i`t p afzfmflc} lcj clzf`cla }emutfzv }pemflaf}z}#^hfae zhe na dlaf{lzf c ìztlje f} h`zav jedlzej! zhe }pteljfcn ì ecyft`cbeczla pt daeb} fcz zhe m`bb`c}zhe `melc} lcj zhe lzb`"}phetef} ~eaa ucjet ~lv# Zhe }epltlzf`c ì zhe}e fczetclzf cla ecyft cbeczla ml}e} it`b fczetclzf cla }emu"tfzv pàfmv! i`t }eblczfm `t fjeà nfmla tel}`c}! fcyltfldav m`be} dlmg z` hlucz u}# Zhe eltafet zhe}e pt daeb} lteljjte}}ej fc fczetclzf`cla cen zflzf c}! zhe dezzet#

ZHE ]M@_E @I ZHE _T@DAEB

fzh zhe ecj ì zheMàj lt! |ue}zf`c} petzlfcfcn z` zhejentljlzf`c ì zhena`dla m`bb`c}! ztlc}dùcjltvp aauzf`c! lcj zhe jepaezf`c ì te}ùtme} ì fbp tzlcme z cefnhd`tfcn clzf`c} hlye dem`be b te pteylaeczz`pfm} ì fczetclzf cla jf}mu}}f`c} zhlc cumaelt lccfhfalzf`c# Ie~ jedlze zhe betfz} ì zhf} mhlcne fc ptf tfzfe}#Zhe pt dldfafzv ì l cumaelt }ztfge lnlfc}z Lbetfmlc } fa f} b`te teb`ze zhlc eyet# Dv m`cztl}z! zhe tf}g ì lc

Zh`bl} Klcja f} zhe Jftemz t ì Deaa`clU]L! zhe ^l}hfcnz`c"dl}ej }f}zet `tnlcf{lzf`c ì zhe C`t~enflc Deaa`cl Iùcjl"zf`c# I`t ljjfzf`cla fci tblzf c! lmme}} zheft ~ed}fze lz hzzp;//~~~#deaa`cl#c`#

Ecyft`cbeczla Mhlcne lcj ]emutfzv _t`kemz Tep tz! F}}ue


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ecyft cbeczlaav jf}l}zt u} lmmfjecz l} l m`c}e|uecmeì Màj lt lmzfyfzfe} f} bumh hfnhet zhlc pteyfù}avgc`~c`t ljbfzzej#

Ecyft`cbeczla lcj clzf`cla }emutfzv m`cmetc} de"m`be b`}z jftemzav fczetz~fcej ~hec zhe bfafzltv lcjfz} lmzfyfzfe} lcj }v}zeb} mtelze zhe ecyft`cbeczla hl{"ltj# Zhe fclje|ulze }z tlne ì cumaelt ~elp`c} lcj`zhet m`czlbfclzej blzetfla} tlf}e} |ue}zf`c} ì h`~

ilt }emtemv fcbfafzltv liilft} mlc aenfzfblzeav deblfc"zlfcej#

L altne lbùcz ì cumaelt lcj mhebfmla hl{ltj}

exf}z}! fc zhe i`tb ì lmzula ~elp`c }v}zeb} (~lthelj}!d`bd}! bfce}! ezm#&! tealzej fzeb} }umh l} cumaelt }ud"bltfce telmz`t}! lcj `zhet m`czlbfclzejblzetfla}# ZheU#]# Jepltzbecz} ì Ecetnv lcjJeiec}e lte~te}zafcn~fzh zhe}e pt daeb}! lcj b`te }pemfifmlaav zhe m`}z ìjem bbf}}f`cfcn cumaelt ~l}ze# Zhe ~`taj} altne}zjeiec}e m`cztlmz t! A`mgheej Bltzfc! f} ucldae z` iua"ifaa fz} m`cztlmz `c lnteebecz} zhlz te|ufte maelcfcn up

l m`czlbfclzej }z tlne }fze fc Fjlh` Ilaa}# Zhe m`}zyl}zav exmeej} zhe


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lte fc zhe *9?? bfaaf`c tlcne (Bfcz{! Zhe Lbetfmlc expetfecme ìiet} l n``j fcjfmlz`t

ldùz zhe mhlaaecne} fc Tu}}fl! ~hete zhe n`yetcbeczhl} z` jela~fzh lc eyec altnet cubdet ì }udbltfce}!d`bdet}! lcj bf}}fae} zhlc zhe _eczln`c lcj JÈ# Fcljjfzf`c! Tu}}fl} em`c`bv f} fc ztlc}fzf c# Eyec zheb`}z `pzfbf}zfm l}}e}}becz} j c`z }unne}z zhlz Tu}"}fl~faa de ldae z pubp l} bumh b`cev fcz fz} maelcup

pt ntlb l} zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}# Lz pte}ecz! Tu}}fl ilaa}ilt }h`tz ì iucjfcn eyec zhe b`}z dl}fm ceej}# Fc zhefbbejflze iuzute! fz f} maelt zhlz zhe m`}z ì l tel}`c"ldav }lie maelcup ì Tu}}fl} cumaelt ~l}ze bu}z deucjet~tfzzec dv zhe fczetclzf`cla m`bbucfzv#

Z fcmtel}e zhe ~`taj} fczete}z fc m`cit`czfcn zhf}Tu}}flc pt daeb! zhe Deaa`cl Iùcjlzf c fcfzflzejfz} lclav}f}ì zhe ]`yfez Màj lt aenlmv `clcj ltùcjzhe Gàl pecfc}ual# Fc


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tep`tz hl} ljjej lc ucfczecjej iùtzh telab; hublctfnhz} lcj jeb`mtlmv# Tu}}flc }emutfzv pàfme ltte}zej`ce ì zhe m`cztfduz t} z` zhe tep`tz i`t laaenej clzf cla}emutfzv dtelmhe}# ]fcme zhlz zfbe! Deaa`cl hl} i`tnejlaaflcme} ~fzh nt up} c`z ztljfzf`claav gc`~c i`t ec"yft`cbeczla ~`tg! }umh l}Lbce}zv Fczetclzf`cla lcjHublc Tfnhz} lzmh# ]fbfaltav! ztljfzf`cla ecyft c"beczla nt up} hlye ljjej hublc tfnhz} z zheft afce

ì ~ tg! l} exebpafifej dv zhe ]fettl Maud} HublcTfnhz} pt ntlb lcj! ladefz c`z dv mh`fme! Deaa`clzhtùnh zhe jeiec}e ì fz} ebpa`vee!LaexlcjtCfgfzfc#

ZHE ]^FCN @I ZHE _ECJUAUB

Fc zhe petf`j ì

efncet}0 C`z m`fcmfjeczlaav! zhe `cav Deaa`cl ebpa`v"ee} eyet hltl}}ej dv zhe I]D lte zhe z~` Tu}}flc cl"zf`cla} `c zhe }zlii! Gujtfg lcj Cfgfzfc# Gujtfg hlj zàelye Tu}}fl lcj c`~ ~`tg} i`t Deaa cl fc C t~lv#

Lz zhlz zfbe! zhe I]D plfj yf}fz} z cubetù} lm"zfyf}z}# @c `ce `mml}f c! zhe ìifme ì zhe ce~}plpetB`}m`~ Ce~} ~l} tlc}lmgej lizet zhe plpet pudaf}hejzhe te}eltmh ìYfaBft{`vlc`y! l }mfeczf}z! `c mhebfmla~elp`ctv# Tu}}fl hlj ku}z }fncej zhe mhebfmla ~elp"`c} m`cyeczf`c# Bft{`vlc`y n z ìi el}fav# Zhete ~l}c ~tfzzec al~ `c }zlze }emtez} lz zhlz zfbe! lcjB`}"m`~ Ce~} ~l} lc fciaueczfla plpet# Ceyetzheae}}! lizetzhe fcmfjeczBft{`vlc`y jemfjej z`b`ye z` zhe Ucfzej

]zlze}# Duz Deaa`cl d`te zhe dtucz ì zhe }emutfzv lppl"tlzu}~tlzh! blvde demlu}e Cfgfzfc} deztlvla ì zheb`zhetalcj ~efnhej helyfet jue z` hf} bfafzltv pl}z#He ~l} l i`tbet clyv mlpzlfc# Fc


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~ùaj mtelze lc uclmmepzldae clzf`cla }emutfzv tf}g i`tp`pualzf`c} fc zhe cumaelt mùcztfe} zheb}eaye}! l}~eaal} fc clzf`c} fc ma }e tlcne ì l cumaelt }z tlne ilmfafzv`t ~elp`c} pt`jumzf c }fze# ]em cj! zhe ce~ Tu}}flcal~ `c }zlze }emtez} f} }` dt ljav~`tjej zhlz! fc zhe`tv!lmzfyf}z} `t CN@} mùaj de lmmu}ej ì dtelmhfcn cl"zf`cla }emutfzv al~} fi zhev }fbpav bel}ute zhe tljfl"zf`c aeyea} ltùcj mfyfaflc cumaelt p`~et fc}zlaalzf`c}

lcj }pemfla phv}fmla fc}zlaalzf`c} ~hfmh hlye }fncfif"mlcme i`t jeiec}e (Al~ `c ]zlze ]emtez}!


50/1795?

c`c"ecyft`cbeczla m`c}zfzuecmfe}# Deaa`cl hl} zlagejz blcv l U#]# }eclz`t `t tepte}eczlzfye ~fzh c a`yea`}z i`t zhe ecyft cbeczla b`yebecz# Jelt Màaelnueaezzet} mftmualzej fc zhe Hù}elcj ]eclze temefyej ~fjedfpltzf}lc }upp`tz! lcj c` maelt fjeà`nfmla muttecz f}jf}metcfdae lb`cn zhe }fnclz`tfe}# ]eclz t Zej ]zeyec}(T"Lal}gl& f} l} }upp`tzfye l} ]eclz`t Zej Geccejv(J"Bl}}#&z~` neczaebec ucjùdzejav `c zhe`pp`}"

fcn ecj} ì zhe p afzfmla }pemztub# Fc zhe Hù}e! je"iec}e hl~g Tepte}eczlzfye Mutz eaj`c (T"_l#& hl}heapej l} bumh l} ecyft`cbeczlaf}z Tepte}eczlzfyeJlyfj ]glnn} (J"Mà # Yfme _te}fjecz La N te hl}zlgec up zhe Cfgfzfc ml}e fc ptfylze ~fzh zhec Tu}}flc_tfbe Bfcf}zetYfgz`t Mhetc`bvtjfc!~hfae Mlcljflc_tfbe Bfcf}zet Kelc Mhtezfec hl} j`ce } fc pudafm#

Eyetvzhfcn f} fc l clbe# Deaa cl }h`~ej n``jpàfzfmla fc}zfcmz ~hec zhe `tnlcf{lzf`cje}pfze zheiùcjet} ~faj jlv} l} vùzh lmzfyf}z}ebdltgej `cl ptlnblzfm plzh! dufajfcn m`lafzf`c} tlzhet zhlc }h`mg"fcn lcj lafeclzfcn# Zhe nt up f} m`bbfzzej z ecyf"t`cbeczla pt zemzf`c lcj ucl}hlbej ì mlaafcn fz}eailc ecyft cbeczla `tnlcf{lzf`c# Duz dv ljjte}}fcn ec"yft cbeczla pt zemzf c fc l }mfeczfifm ~lv! Deaa`cl hl}nlfcej l tepuzlzf c zhlz laa ~} fz} }zlii z` zlag z`pàfzf"mflc}~h`~ùajc`z c`tblaav fczetlmz~fzh b`}z `zhetecyft cbeczla `tnlcf{lzf`c}#Nteecpelme! ku}z z` clbe`ce! hl} j`ce fbp`tzlcz~`tg fc dtfcnfcn ecyft`cbec"zla m`cmetc} z zhe lzzeczf`c ì l bl}} lujfecme#Nteecpelme la}` peti`tb} l ~fje tlcne ì }etfù} lml"jebfm te}eltmh `c ecyft`cbeczla f}}ue}# Ceyetzheae}}!fz} tepuzlzf c f} `ce ì }ec}lzf`claf}b! tenltjae}} ì zhebetfz} ì l }pemfifm tep`tz `t mlbplfnc# Fc zhe Cfgfzfcml}e! Deaa cl hl} blclnej z plfcz l pfmzute ì nec"

etla! fczetclzf cla pàfzfmla fczete}z `yet zhenteec dlmg"nt ucj up`c ~hfmh fz `petlze}# Dt lj }upp`tz ~l}el}fet z `dzlfc `c }umh l iùcjlzf c#

Lbce}zv Fczetclzf`cla hl} lj`pzej Cfgfzfc l} lptf}`cet ì m`c}mfecme! lcj Hublc Tfnhz} lzmh f}~ tgfcn zhe ml}e it b fz} B }m ~ ìifme# Zhe ]fettlMaud} hublc tfnhz} mlbplfnc f} ~`tgfcn hltj `c zhef}}ue! lcj jeb`mtlmv nt up} lcj i`tbet jf}}fjecz}}upp`tz Cfgfzfc it`b~fzhfcTu}}fl#Blcv je ilmz U#]#ìifmfla} }upp`tz Deaa`cl dv zlgfcn zhe dlccej C`tzh"etc Iaeez tep`tz z Tu}}fl `tu}fcn fz} lclav}f} lcj cub"det} fc zheft ltnubeczlzf`c# Zhe tep`tz f} zhe ift}z lcj`cav d``g z de dlccej fc p`}z"m`bbucf}z Tu}}fl#

_t bfcecz Tu}}flc}! afge i`tbetVeaz}fc }mfecme ljyf}etLaexevVlda`g`y! lte `pecav }upp`tzfye ìCfgfzfc lcjDeaa`cl#

C ecyft`cbeczla nt up mlc zlge `c zhe Tu}}flc}emutfzv lppltlzu}# Zhf} f}~hv ecyft`cbeczla `tnlcf"{lzf`c} ~faa hlye z i`tne laaflcme} ~fzh `zhet `tnlcf"{lzf`c} z fcmtel}e zheft aeyetlne# Deaa cl} m``petl"zf`c~fzh l h`}z ì hublc tfnhz} ljy`mlze}! }upp`tzet}ì jeb`mtlzf{lzf`c lcj em`c`bfm m`cyet}f c fc Tu}"}fl! lcj fczetclzf`cla tealzf`c} expetz}! f} lc eltavb`jea ì zhf} ce~ m`lafzf`c# Fz hl} deec blje ceme}"

}ltv dv zhe b`yeì ecyft cbeczla f}}ue} fcz zhe jlc"netù} pàfzfm "bfafzltv telab# Lcj! CN@} teblfc}blaa lcj tealzfyeav p`~etae}} yf}""yf} l z`zlafzltflc}v}zeb# Tu}}fllppelt} z` hlye zutcej zhe zfje z`~ltj}l jeb`mtlmv lcj zhe n`yetcbecz f} c z fcjfiietecz z`mtfzfmf}b# Duz zhe Cfgfzfc ml}e f} `cav zhe denfccfcn#

B@CEV ZLAG]

Z dtelg zhe fcjfiietecme }`be clzf c} exhfdfz z`pàfzfmla pte}}ute! `t z` fbpt`ye zhe eiiemzfyece}}ì a`d"dvfcn it`b zhe CN@ }fje! m`lafzf`c} }hùaj fcmaujepalvet} it`b ùz}fje zhe ifeaj ì zlaget} lcj zhfcget}#B`cev zlag}! lcj b`}z luzh`tfzltflc tenfbe} }zlv fcp`~et demlu}e fz f} ifclcmflaav lzztlmzfye i`t zhe je}"p z}# Cfnetfl f} l ml}e fc p fcz# Zhe bfafzltv tenfbe~ùaj c z h aj `c fi zhe `fa teyecue} jfj c z n tfnhzfcz zhe eafze} p`mgez}# ^hec ecyft`cbeczla lmzfyf}zGec ]lt " f~l ~l} }eczecmej z jelzh! he temefyej}upp`tz it b zhe hfnhe}z p afzfmla lcj b`tla jfncfzlt"fe} ltùcj zhe na`de# Ceyetzheae}}! ]lt " f~l ~l}hlcnej# Fz f} b te afgeav zhlz Cfnetfl ~ùaj hlye aez]lt " f~ln` fi ]heaa} pte}fjeczM`tceafu}Hetg}zt`zethlj blje hf} m`bplcv} ifclcmfla }upp`tz ì zhe Cf"netflc n`yetcbecz m`czfcnecz up`c ljhetecme z` dl"}fm hublc tfnhz}#

Deaa cl zhetei te ~`tg} ~fzh fcju}ztv z mtelze lm`lafzf`c dez~eec l pudafm p a fmv n`la `c zhe `cehlcjecyft`cbeczla pt`zemzf`c lcj cumaelt }liezvlcj ifclcmfla fczete}z} `c zhe `zhet# Zhe maelcup ceej}fc c`tzh~e}zetcTu}}fl lte ec`tbù}lcj e}zetc m`b"plcfe} }hùaj nez l altne }hlte ì m`cztlmz} jue z` zheftgc`~"h`~ lcj zemhc a`nfe}# Zhe jealv c`~ f} p afzf"

mla# H`~ mlc zheU#]# lcj Eut pelc n`yetcbecz} `yet"m`be jfiietecme} `yet ~`tg }hlte lcj }upetyf} tv lu"zh`tfzv7 h`~ mlc zhe e}z} m`cmetc} `yet afldfafzv fcml}e ì lc lmmfjeczde zlgec fcz lmmùcz7h`~ mlc iucj"fcn deblje lylfaldae fc l mafblze ì fcmtel}fcn }gepzf"mf}b z`~ltj} i`tefnc lfj0 Deaa`cl lcj`zhet CN@}~faazeaa al~blget} ~hv zhf} f}}ue f} fbp`tzlcz z` clzf`cla}emutfzv# Fcju}ztv ~faa de dezzet fc m`cyfcmfcn l m`c"nte}}f`cla tepte}eczlzfye zhlz maelcup iucjfcn i`tcumaelt }z tlne }fze} fc Tu}}fl f} c`z l ~l}ze ìb`cev#Lbetfmlc zemhcà nv exp`tz} lte mtelzfcn k`d} lz h`be!~hfae lz zhe }lbe zfbe blgfcn zhe ~`taj l }liet palmez afyed zh fc zetb} ì jf}ltblbecz lcj zhe ecyf"

t`cbecz#M`bplcfe} afge A`mgheej Bltzfc! e}zfcnhù}e!

Necetla Eaemztfm! lcj Dldm`mg lcj fam`x lte zhe de}za`ddvf}z} i`t zhe em`c`bfmbe}}lne fc zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}#Iutzhetb`te! zhevp`}}e}}b`te ifclcmfla te} utme}lcjhlye ie~et te}ztfmzf`c} zhlc CN@} ~hec a`ddvfcnM`cnte}}# Itecmh! Dtfzf}h! C t~enflc! lcj ]~ejf}hcumaelt maelcup m`bplcfe} lte i`mu}fcn `c zhe du}f"ce}} `pp tzucfzfe} pte}eczej dv zhe Tu}}flc }z tlnebe}}#@c zhf} f}}ue lz ael}z! ecyft`cbeczlaf}z} lcj du}f"ce}}e} lte clzutla laafe}# ]hùaj ecyft cbeczlaf}z} n`

Ielzute} " Zh`bl} Klcja


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52/17954

Ielzute} " Zh`bl} Klcja

clbe ìM``petlzfye Zhtelz Tejumzf`c mtelzej `ce zhtelzit`b lc`zhet! }pecjfcn dfaaf`c} ì zlxplvetjàalt} fc zhept`me}}0

DFDAF@NTL_HV

Nlu}all! K`c#Zhe Cfgfzfc Ml}e# @}a !C`t~lv; Deaa cl Iùc"jlzf`c!


53/179

I`te}z _aucjet fc ]ùzhel}z L}fl;

Lc Ecyft`cbeczla ]emutfzv Cexu} fcDutbl lcj Mlbd`jfl

dv Gftg Zlad`zz lcj Beaf}}l Dt`~c

L TENF@CLA _ET]_EMZFYE

NE@NTL_HFM EC@TBFZV! _@AFZFMLA LCJ EM@C@BFM M@B_AEXFZV! LCJ DF@A@NFMLA JFYET]FZV HEA_ JEIFCE ZHE L]FLlcj _lmfifm zhelzet# _`pualzf`c pte}}ute}! em a`nfmla jentljlzf c lcj jepaezf`c! lcj zhe lmmeaetlzej

jeblcj i`t ~lzet! zfbdet! bfcetla}! lntfmuazutla alcj! if}hetfe}! lcj `zhet clzutla te} utme} lte }ecj"fcn }h`mg ~lye} lmt`}} teb ze }ztezmhe} ì zhe _lmfifm lcj upalcj it czfet} ì L}fl# Zhe t``z mlu}e} ì zhezhtelz} z`bumh ìL}fl} df a`nfmla jfyet}fzv! pltzfmualtav fc zhe tenf`c} b`te uc}zldae lcj luzh`tfzltflc mùc"ztfe}! mlc de necetlaf{ej fc zhtee~`tj}; m`cyet}f`c! m`c}ubpzf`c lcj m`ttupzf`c# Clzutla te}ùtme} lte zhtelz"ecej b te zhlc eyet dei te l} l te}uaz ì zhe pt me}} ì m`cyet}f c ì clzutla te} utme} fcz `zhet i tb} ìem`c`bfm mlpfzla# ]ùzhel}z L}fl f} expetfecmfcn lc ucptemejeczej lppezfze i`t ~``j! ~fajafie! lcj `zhetclzutla te}ùtme pt jumz} lcj }etyfme}# A mla m`bbucfzfe} lte mlunhz fc zhe m`cucjtub ì jepecjfcn `cclzutla te} utme} ~hfae defcn altneav bltnfclaf{ej it b zhe p afzfm} lcj ptlmzfme}! ìzec faaenla lcj ptejlz tv!ì n`yetcbecz} lcj exztlmzfye fcju}ztfe} zhlz pt iùcjav fbplmz zhe a`mla te}ùtme dl}e}#

Fc blcv ltel} ì ]ùzhel}z L}fl! clzutla te}ùtme jepaezf`c f} telmhfcn mtfzfmla pt`p`tzf c}# Zhe tlpfjjezetf tlzf`c lcj a`}} ì bumh ì L}fl} i`te}z! } fa! ~lzet! lcj `zhet clzutla te}ùtme} f} dlalcmej! fc pltz! dvzhe tf}e fc blcv clzf`cla em`c`bfm lcj }`mfla jeyea pbecz fcjfmlz`t}# H`~eyet! zhe tenf`c} clzutla te}ùtmefczec}fye em`c`bfe} lte itlunhz ~fzh m`c}e|uecme} zhlz! tenltjae}} ì p`zeczfla em`c`bfm deceifz}! ztlc}mecjm`cyeczf`cla em`c`bfm i`teml}z} lcj ucfjfbec}f`cla fczetclzf`cla lcj clzf`cla }emutfzv zhfcgfcn lcjpàfmvblgfcn#

Lc `bfcù} exlbpae ì zhf} f} zhe Fcj`ce}flc i te}z ifte}# Dutcfcn hl} deec l m`bb`c bezh`j ìmaeltfcn i`te}zalcj lmt }} zhe Zt pfm}# Uczfa ! l pltzfmualtav jtv velt jue z` Ea Cf`! zhe em`c`bfm deceifz}ì i`te}z dutcfcn~ete }eec dvblcv l} ùz~efnhfcn zhe ecyft cbeczla lcj }`mfla m`c}e|uecme}# H`~eyet! zhej`~czutcì zhe Fcj`ce}flc em`c`bv lmmeczulzej zhe jeep"t `zej pt`daeb} ~fzh lc em`c`bv dl}ej `c nt ~zhiueaej dv zhe lmmeaetlzej m`cyet}f c ì clzutla te}ùtme l}}ez} lcj l pàfzfmla }v}zeb ~fzh afzzae lmmùczldfafzv#Fz hl} deec e}zfblzej zhlz zhe eiiemz ì zhe}e ifte} fc zhe ~`t}z hfz ltel} f} zhe e|ufylaecz ì elmh blc! ~`blc!lcj mhfaj }b`gfcn iùt plmg} ì mfnltezze} l jlv# Lppt`xfblzeav 4?bfaaf`c pe`pae ~ete liiemzej dv zhe }b`gemtelzej fc altne pltz dvblcv~eaa"m ccemzej m`bplcfe} zhlz ~ete m`cyetzfcn Fcj`ce}fl} i`te}zalcj} fcz lntf"muazutla palczlzf`c}# Zhf} kuxzlp`}fzf`c ì ecyft`cbeczla! }`mf "em`c`bfm! lcj p afzfmla jfaebbl} f} fcmtel}"fcnav fcjfmlzfye ì l ztecj zht unhùz zhe tenf c#

Zhe tezfmlaav! lz ael}z! zh`}e mùcztfe} ~fzh lducjlcz clzutla te}ùtme} mlc }pltg jeyea`pbecz lcj ce~i`tb} ì fcye}zbecz u}fcn altne"}mlae clzutla te}ùtme exztlmzf`c# Fjelaav! l} clzutla te}ùtme} lte m`cyetzejfcz ce~ mlpfzla! zhe te}uazfcn fcye}zbecz lcj ~elazh mlc aelj z` }`mf`"em`c`bfm pt`nte}} lcj p`}}fdav p afzfmla}zldfafzv# H`~eyet! ~fzhfc zhe m`czexz ì ]ùzhel}z L}fl} jeyea pfcn em`c`bfe}! fcm be it b zhe mlpzute ìclzutla te}ùtme} mlpfzla m`cyet}f c jè} c z ìzec ia ~ z ìifmfla n`yetcbecz m iiet} `t a`mla m`bbucfzfe}#

Gftg Zlad`zz f} zhe ]ecf t Jftemz t i`t zhe L}fl/_lmfifm tenf`c lz M`c}etylzf`c Fczetclzf`cla# _tf t z` zhf} p`}fzf c! he ~l}Tenf`claJftemz t i`t L}fl lz zhe ^`taj Te} utme} Fc}zfzuze ~hete he pudaf}hej ~fjeav `c fczetclzf`cla ecyft cbeczla al~lcj p afmv# Beaf}}l Dt ~c temeczav m`bpaezej het Bl}zet ì ]mfecme fc Te}ùtme Blclnebecz lcj Ljbfcf}ztlzf c lz

Lczf mh Ce~ Ecnalcj Ntljulze ]mh`à#

Ecyft`cbeczla Mhlcne lcj ]emutfzv _t kemz Tep tz! F}}ue : (]ptfcn


54/1795:

Zhe ptfylze ~elazh lbl}}ej dv p afzfmla lcj em`c`bfmeafze} dteej} m`ttupzf`c lcj ucjetbfce} d zh a`cn"zetb tenf`clajeyea`pbecz lcj zhe pt }pemz} i`t }zldae!mfyfa }`mfezfe} l} eyfjecmej dv zhe "68 ifclcmfla mtf"}f} t`mgfcn L}flc em`c`bfm}#

Zhf} ztecj jè} c`z d`je~eaa i`t zhe ecyft cbecz#Zhe iucjlbeczla }ztumzute} ì mfyfa }`mfezv}umh l}lc fcjepecjecz kujfmfltv }v}zeb! pàfzfmla lmmùczldfa"

fzv! n``j n`yetclcme! lcj eiiemzfye lcj e|ufzldae ec"i tmebecz ì zhe al~ ì zhe alcjlte mtfzfmla z zhe}u}zlfcldae blclnebecz ì mùcztfe} clzutla te"}ùtme}#

Zhe ztlc}i`tblzf`c ì ptej`bfclczav tutla }`mfez"fe} zùtdlc`ce} hl} aej z`jtlblzfmjeb`ntlphfm lcj}`mfla mhlcne}# Cenlzfye hublc helazh eiiemz} lcj`zhet fbplmz} ì p aauzf`c necetlzej altneav dv fcju}"ztflaf{lzf`c lcj te}ùtme m`cyet}f c hlye d`zh hfnhem`c`bfm lcj }`mfla m`}z}! l} jeb`c}ztlzej dv zhezhfmgce}}ì }b n lcj }mltmfzv ìp`zldae~lzet fcblcvltel} ì zhe tenf`c# Zhe h`ttecjù} ztliifm m`cne}zf cde}ezzfcn Klgltzl! Dlcng`g! lcj Blcfal f} ebdaeblzfmì zhe}e cenlzfye m`}z}# Jei te}zlzf`c fc zhe _hfafp"pfce}! Zhlfalcj! lcj Yfezclb hl} aej z bl}}fye et "}f c lcj ia `jfcn fc }eyetla altne ~lzet}hej}# Zhù"}lcj} hlye jfej l} l jftemz te}uaz ì zh`}e ia `j}7 zhf}cubdet f} fcmtel}ej dv zhe }ptelj ì jf}el}e zhlz te"}uaz} it`b zhe tf}fcn ~lzet}# Fc ljjfzf c! jei`te}zlzf ccenlzfyeav fbplmz} lntfmuazute pt jumzfyfzv lcj if}h"etfe} l} ~eaa l} zhe emà nfmla fczentfzv ì ~lzet}hej}lmt }} zhe tenf`c#

Zhe tf}fcn ecyft`cbeczla m`}z} l}}`mflzej ~fzhtlpfj! ucpalccej jeyea pbecz lcj }ud}e|uecz em "c`bfm ztùdae} ì zhe~elazhfet ]ùzhel}zL}flc em`c`"

bfe} bfnhz }etye l} l hltdfcnet lnlfc}z emà nfmlaldu}e# Zhe a`~e}z fcm`be mùcztfe} fc zhf} nt up ìclzf`c}! }umh l} Al }! _lpulCe~ Nufcel! Mlbd`jfl!lcj Dutbl< lte em`c`bfmlaav ucjeyea`pej duz tfmhavecj`~ej ~fzh clzutla te} utme} }umh l} i`te}z}! bfc"etla}! lcj lntfmuazutla pt jumz}# C z m fcmfjeczlaav!zhe teblfcfcn i`te}z }z`mg} fcblfcalcj ]ùzhel}zL}flexf}z ptfbltfav fc zhe p``tet mùcztfe} ì zhe tenf`c#H`~eyet! temecz ztecj} fcjfmlze zhlz zhe}e }ztunnafcnmùcztfe} lte c`z `cav tepelzfcn zhejeztfbeczla dehly"f`t ì zheft cefnhd`t}! duz zhev lte la} ìzec j fcn }`z zhe deceifz ì lcj ~fzh zhe }upp`tz ì zh`}e mùc"ztfe} zhlz hlye lateljv jepaezej zheft `~c te}ùtme}

dev`cj tem`yetv# Blalv}flc! Fcj`ce}flc! Zhlf! lcjMhfce}e a`nnfcn m`bplcfe} lte lb`cn zhe b`}z lmzfyefc zhe muttecz a`nnfcn paucjet fc Mlbd`jfl! _lpulCe~ Nufcel! lcj ea}e~hete# Dutbl lcj Al`} lte te"p`tzejav expetfecmfcn tlpfj jei te}zlzf`c fc }eyetlatenf`c} ì zhe mùcztv# H`~eyet! fc zhe}e }zfaa teal"zfyeav helyfav i`te}zej mùcztfe}! a`nnfcn tlze} lcjplzzetc} lte jfiifmuaz z` l}}e}} ptfbltfav jue z` zhebfx"zute ì bfafzltv fcy ayebecz fc a`nnfcn lcj phv}fmlaf}àlzf`c#

MLBD@JFL LCJ DUTBLZ~` fc}zfzuzf cla df`jfyet}fzv lclav}e}! zhe `taj

Te}ùtme} Fc}zfzuze} Al}z It`czfet I`te}z} Tep`tz! lcjM`c}etylzf`c Fczetclzf`cla}Na`dla Df`jfyet}fzv H`z}p z}Lclav}f}! tlcg Mlbd`jfl lcj Dutbl lb`cn zhe z`pptf tfzv mùcztfe} fc blfcalcj ]ùzhel}z L}fl# Lz zhe


55/179

zhlz jeifce} zhe ecyft`cbeczla }emutfzv cexu} fc zhetenf`c#

MLBD@JFLZhe tlze ì a`nnfcn zht unhùz Mlbd jflc hf}z tv

deafe} zhe m`ciafmz ì zhe zfbe}# Fc zhe alze

Fc ]epzebdet ì zhlz }lbe velt! zhe ]CM f}}uej lb`tlz tfub `c a`n exp`tz}# L} ì


56/179


57/179


58/17958

CAJ# Zhe ]A@TM te}p`cjej dv jf}tenltjfcn zhe te"}uaz} lcj yf`aeczav hltl}}fcn lcj fbptf}`cfcn CAJtepte}eczlzfye} lcj `zhet ljy`mlze} `i mhlcne#

Zhe ]A@TM hl} c`~ deec fc p`~et i`t lab`}z zecvelt}#


59/179


60/1799?

m`cietecme} lte z`gec lmzf c} i`t zhe lppt`yla ì j "c`t mùcztfe} lcj lnecmfe}# Fz hl} deec }unne}zej zhlzìifmfla} mhltnej ~fzh eci tmebecz ì ecyft`cbeczlaaenf}alzf`c lte ìzec jezettej dv zhe tenfbe it b iua"ifaafcn zheft te}p`c}fdfafzfe}# Bfafzltv }pecjfcn m`czfc"ue} z }fncfifmlczav fcmtel}e Dutbl} exzetcla jedz~hfae m`c}ubfcn l jf}pt p tzf`clze petmeczlne ì a`n"nfcn teyecue}# Lz zhe }lbe zfbe! fc zhe ilme ì Mhfcl}

lnnte}}fye lmzf`c} fc Dutbl! zhe muttecz tenfbe }eeb}z hlye `cav }eaemzfye m`cmetc i`t Dutbl} a`cn"zetbclzf`cla }`yetefnczv fczete}z}#

Zhe p`}fzf`c ì zhe fbp`tzet ì ]ùzhel}zL}flc zfb"det f} iucjlbeczla z` bumh ì zhe muttecz ptejlz`tva`nnfcn fc Mlbd`jfl lcj Dutbl# Zhe muttecz mvmae ìm`cyet}f`c! m`c}ubpzf`c lcj m`ttupzf c fc ]ùzhel}zL}fl fcy aye} zhe m aald`tlzf`c ì zhe ~`taj} fcju}"ztfla clzf`c}# ^hfae zhe b`te em`c`bfmlaav jeyea`pej]ùzhel}z L}flc mùcztfe} blv de jftemzav te}p`c}fdaei`t zhe blk tfzv ì zhe a`nnfcn ztlje! l }fncfifmlcz pt "p`tzf`cì zhe ztlje fc pt me}}ej clzutla te} utmept`j"umz} eyeczulaav ecj} up fc zhe bltgez} ì zhe Eut`pe!zhe Ucfzej ]zlze} lcj Klplc# Dutbe}e lcj Mlbd`jflc~``j mùajlppelt fc zhe i`tb ì lii tjldaehltj~``jiutcfzute fc A`cj`c! pfmzute itlbe} fc Ce~ V tg! `t}mlii ajfcn i`t m`c}ztumzf`c fc Z gv`! zhu} na`dlaf{fcnzhe mvmae ì }uppav lcj jeblcj#

Ztlje }lcmzf c} lte `ce ì zhe b`}z m`czt`yet}flapàfmv z` a} defcn fbpaebeczej# ZheUcfzej ]zlze} lcj}eyetla Eut pelc mùcztfe} temeczav eclmzej }lcmzf`c}lnlfc}z Dutbl! dl}ej ptfbltfav `c hublc tfnhz}ldu}e}# Fc zhe Ml}e ì Mlbd`jfl! zhe MN} z~eczv"`ce bebdet clzf c}!~hfmhbeez lcculaav z`jezetbfcezhe betfz} ì ifclcmfla l}}f}zlcme! la} hlye m`c}fjet"

ldae aeyetlne fc pte}}fcn i`t i`te}z pàfmv tei tb}#M`c"zt aafcn jlblnfcn a`nnfcn hl} deec l ptf tfzv ì lfjlcj ztlje cen zflzf`c} ~fzh Mlbd`jfl fc zhe al}z z~`velt}#

]fbfaltav!L]ELC hl} }h`~clc fczete}z fcpt`b`z"fcn fbpt`yej ecyft cbeczla pàfmfe} fc zhe tenf`c! e}"pemflaav fc afnhz ì zhe fbplmz ì zhe Fcj`ce}flc i`te}zifte}# Mlbd`jfl! Dutbl! lcj Al`} ~ete exzecjej fc"yfzlzf`c} z` k`fc L}} mflzf`c ì ]ùzhel}zL}flcClzf c}(L]ELC& fc


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Ecyft`cbeczla Jentljlzf`c lcj Bfntlzf`cZhe U#]#"Bexfm Ml}e ]zujv

Zhe Clzutla Hetfzlne Fc}zfzuze

Fc EM]_ Tep`tz F}}ue =! ~e pudaf}hej zhe fcfzfla ifcjfcn} ì zhe Clzutla Hetfzlne Fc}zfzuze} (CHF&U#]#"Bexfm` Ml}e]zujv `c Je}etzfifmlzf`c lcj Bfntlzf`c# I aa ~fcn f} l jezlfaej lmmùcz ì zhe m`cmau}f c} lcj tem`bbecjlzf c} z`pàfmvblget} it`b CHF} ifcla tep`tz eczfzaej Ecyft cbeczla Jentljlzf`c lcj Bfntlzf`c; Zhe U#]#/Bexfm` Ml}e]zujv# Zhf} tep`tz pte}ecz} zhe ifcjfcn} ì l iùt"velt fcye}zfnlzf`c aej dv Bfmheaae Aefnhz c ì zhe CHF! l c`cpt ifz!pudafm fczete}z ecyft`cbeczla `tnlcf{lzf`c# CHF }eeg} z dt`ljec ucjet}zlcjfcn ldùz zhe fczettealzf c}hfp dez~eec zhe}`mfla! em`c`bfm! jeb`ntlphfm! lcj clzutla te}ùtme blclnebecz"tealzej jezetbfclcz} ì ztlc}clzf`cla bfntlzf`c#

J EZETBFCFCN ZHE T@@Z MLU]E] @I BFNTLZF@C HL] DEM@BE ZHE I@MU] @I @IIFMFLA FCYE]ZFNLZF@C] FC C@TZHLbetfml# Bexfmlc lcj U#]# lnecmfe} lnteej fc


62/17994

U#]# Lmzf`c lcj @pp`tzucfzfe} i`t _àfmv Tei`tb# Zhealzzet f} tealzej z` }pemfifm pt`ntlb} `c ecyft cbecz!lntfmuazute! lcj m`bbucfzv jeyea`pbecz#

L# _@ZECZFLA I@T U#]# LMZF@C;_@AFMFE] LCJ _T@NTLB]

F# M``petlzfye _t ntlb}

@ut ifcjfcn} jeb`c}ztlze l }zt cn m`ttealzf c de"z~eec alcj te}ùtme jentljlzf`c! p`yetzv lb`cn tu"tla hù}ehàj}! zhe almg ì mlplmfzv z iltb! lcj bf"ntlzf`c d`zh ~fzhfc Bexfm lcj lmt }} zhe U#]# d`tjet#Zhe petyl}fye jezetf`tlzf`c ì alcj} fc Bexfm fc zhetutla jtvalcj} }hùaj de yfe~ej l} lc fbp`tzlcz m`c"ztfduz`t z bfntlzf`c ia ~} (~hezhet }el}`cla `t pet"blcecz Vez! U#]# p afmfe} lcj pt ntlb} tealzej z`Bexfm j c z ljjte}} zhf} pt daeb fc lc fczentlzejil}hf`c# B`}z pt ntlb}! d`zh ptfylze lcj pudafm! }eegz ljjte}} `cav `ce ilmez ì zhe pt daeb! }umh l} je"i`te}zlzf`c lcj a`}} ì df`jfyet}fzv fcBexfm # ]`be ìzhe}e hlye denuc fczentlzfcn p`pualzf`c"tealzej f}}ue}duz `cav fc l ie~ mftmub}zlcme}# Necetlaav! m`bbu"cfzvjeyea pbecz f}}ue} lte zltnezej zhtùnh uctealzejmhlccea} lcj mlttv jfiietecz ptf`tfzfe} lcj lnecjl}it`b zh`}e tealzej z` ecyft cbeczla pte}etylzf`c# Zheafcg dez~eec zhe}e f}}ue} lcj zhe p afmv ì tejumfcntutla bfntlzf`c! ~hete fz f} m`c}fjetej lz laa! f} ìzecb`te thez tfmla zhlc l ilmz`t fciauecmfcn pt`ntlb je"yea`pbecz#

U#]# dfalzetla l}}f}zlcme lcj iucjfcn it b ptfylzeiùcjlzf`c} necetlaav iàa`~} zhf} plzzetc# U#]# pàf"mfe} lcj pt ntlb} tealzej z` bfntlzf`c `t fbbfntlzf`c

}fbfaltav j`c`z teljfav m`c}fjet zhe t` z mlu}e} tealzejz` ecyft`cbecz `t p`pualzf c ztecj}# B`}z ì zhe U#]#fbbfntlcz pàfmv fcfzflzfye} meczet `c zhephv}fmla d`t"jet ltel# Vez! `pp`tzucfzfe} exf}z i`t dfclzf`cla pt "ntlb jeyea`pbecz fc laa ì zhe}e ltel}# @ut ifcjfcn}}unne}z zhlz zltnezfcn ìifmfla pt ntlb jeyea pbeczlcj l}}f}zlcme fc lb te fcc`ylzfye lcj fczentlzej il}h"f`cblv c`z `cav vfeajp`}fzfye te}uaz} i`t ecyft`cbeczlcj m`bbucfzv jeyea`pbecz fcBexfm ! duzblv pt`yel b te }ùcj a`cn"zetb fcye}zbecz fc tejumfcn bf"ntlzf`c zhlc zh`}e i`mu}fcn }àeav `c pte}mtfpzf`c}la`cn zhe d`tjet#

Zhe tem`bbecjlzf`c} fc zhf} tep`tz lte c`z belcz

z }etye l} l plclmel i t laa bfntlzf`c! ecyft`cbeczlcj jeyea`pbecz pt daeb} c zej# Tlzhet! zhev ltebelcz z }etye l} l itlbe~ tg i`t jedlze `c pàfmvtei`tb# Nfyec zhe }mltmfzv ì dfalzetla te}ùtme}! m``p"etlzfye U#]#"Bexfm` pt ntlb} }hùaj ljjte}} fb"pt yej tutla jeyea`pbecz lcj lntfmuazutla pt`jumzfy"fzv# Fc zetb} ì l}}utfcn fbpt yebecz} fc alcj jentl"jlzf`c! p`yetzv! lcj bfntlzf`c! zhf} mlc de m`c}fjetej`c z~ ztlmg};


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pt`yebecz ì lntfmuazute! p`pualzf`c fcfzflzfye}! lcjbfntlzf`c hlye ztljfzf`claav c`z m`c}fjetej h`~ de}zz` ljjte}} }umh fczentlzej f}}ue}# _te}fjecz [ejfaa }Laaflcme i`t zhe Mùcztv}fje! jf}mu}}ej dea ~! blvde l }zltz# Zhe iàa`~fcnjf}mu}}e}p`zeczfla tei`tb ìU#]# p afmfe} lcj pt ntlb} l} l denfccfcn p fcz i tljjte}}fcn zhe f}}ue} zhlz zùmh up`c U#]# i`tefncpàfmv fczete}z}#

@ce exlbpae ì~hete fczet" `t fcztl"lnecmv m` t"jfclzf c fc U#]# p afmfe} lcj pt ntlb} mlc de dezzetzltnezej fc ljjte}}fcn zhe}e f}}ue} f} ~fzh tenltj z`zhe U#]# Lnecmv i`t Fczetclzf`cla Jeyea`pbecz(U]LFJ Fc teyfe~fcn pt ntlb ~`tg fc Bexfm ! i`texlbpae!U]LFJpt`ntlb}fc p`pualzf`c! em`c`bfmje"yea`pbecz! lcj zhe ecyft`cbecz j c z ljjte}} zhetealzf`c}hfp dez~eec alcj jentljlzf c! p`pualzf`c! `tbfntlzf`c pt daeb}# Fc ilmz! zhev lppelt c z z lj"jte}} bfntlzf`c# @ce tel}`c blv de zhlz bfntlzf`cf}}ue} lte }ec}fzfye `t! fc }`be ml}e}! hfnhav m`czt yet"}fla l} tealzej z` mt`}}"d tjet i`tefnc pàfmv# C`cezhe"ae}}! zhete f} afzzae fc U]LFJ pt`ntlb} pte}eczav zhlz}eeg} z ljjte}} zhe ecyft`cbeczla f}}ue} ì lntfmua"zutla alcj jentljlzf`c fc jtvalcj ltel}# Zhe ecyft c"becz pt`ntlb f} i`mu}ej `c mafblze mhlcne lcjdf`jfyet}fzv! z~` fbp`tzlcz pt`ntlb} z` }lv zhe ael}z!duz ~hfmh! ~fzhùz afcglne} z` lntfmuazutla jtvalcjblclnebecz f}}ue}! ~faa j afzzae z ljjte}} zhe }fn"cfifmlcz pt daeb} fjeczfifej fc zhf} tep`tz# Zhe em "c`bfm jeyea`pbecz pt ntlb }fbfaltav jè} c z lj"jte}} alcj jentljlzf c fc tutla ltel} ~hfmh f} m`cztfd"uzfcn z` a`~ lntfmuazutla pt`jumzfyfzv lcjbltnfcfaf{lzf c ì tutla jtvalcj}# Ejumlzf cpt`ntlb}}upp`tzej dvU]LFJla}` almg teietecme z` zhe}e f}}ue}#

_`pualzf`c pt ntlb} lte defcn muz eczfteav! zhùnhzhete U]LFJ f} c`~ te|ue}zfcn lc exzec}f c z` zhe velt4???#

_ltz ì zhe pt daeb lppelt} z afe fc zhe ilmz zhlz~fzhfc zhe U]LFJ dutelumtlmv zhete f} l maelt }epltl"zf`c dez~eec lntfmuazutla pt ntlb} lcj ecyft`cbec"zla pt`ntlb}# L} zhe Bexfm ml}e }zujv faau}ztlze}! uc"}u}zlfcldae lntfmuazutla alcj blclnebecz mlc aelj z`}eyete } fa et }f`c lcj jei te}zlzf`c! `t maeltfcn ìalcj} i`t ljjfzf`cla ntl{fcn `t mt`p muazfylzf`c# Zhf}liiemz} zhe |ulafzv ì d zh alcj lcj ~lzet te}ùtme}#Vez! zhe }epltlzf`c ì zhe}e pt ntlb} zecj} z` }upp`tzzhe }epltlzf`c ì pt kemz} z ljjte}} zhe}e f}}ue} lcj

~fzhfc zhe Bexfm pt`ntlb zhete lte c`~ c lntfmua"zutla alcj blclnebecz f}}ue} zltnezej i`t iucjfcnexmepz l} lcmfaaltv eii tz} ì l ie~ df`jfyet}fzv pt kemz}#

B te`yet! zhete f}c` m`cmetzej yf}f`c zùzfaf{eU#]#iucjfcn pt`ntlb} z` zltnez ltel} fc Bexfm ~hete ec"yft`cbeczla fbpt`yebecz lcj ejumlzf`cblv }etye z`fbpt`ye m`bbucfzv jeyea`pbecz lcj afbfz nt ~fcnaeyea} ì ùz"bfntlzf`c# Nfyec zhe afbfz} ì utdlc fc"itl}ztumzute z l}}fbfalze tutla bfntlcz} fc blcv ìBexfm } il}ze}z nt ~fcn mfzfe}! zhf} f} l mtfzfmla f}}uei`t zheBexfmlc n`yetcbecz# Fz mùaj }etye l} l iùc"

jlzf c i`t U#]#"Bexfm` m``petlzf`c# Fc }ub! zhete f}lc utnecz ceej i`t dezzet fczentlzf c ìU#]#"}p`c} tejp afmfe} lcj pt ntlb}! d zh fc zetb} ì i`tefnc p af"mfe} lcj l}}f}zlcme# Lnecmfe} mùaj denfc ~fzh l }etf"ù} teyfe~ ì h`~ muttecz pt ntlb} lcj p afmfe} mlcde dezzet fczentlzej#

=# U}e} ì Tebfzzlcme} i`t Fbpt`yfcn A`mla Jeyea`p"becz lcj Fc}zfzuzf cla Mlplmfzv

@ce fcc`ylzfye belc} dv~hfmh zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}mlc mlzlav{e ecyft`cbecz lcj jeyea`pbecz fcfzflzfye}z tejume bfntlzf`c blv de zht unh zhe u}e ì tebfz"zlcme}! ~hfmh c`~ z zla lcv~hete dez~eec *


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altneav `c }emz`tla f}}ue}e#n# te}eltmh `c lntfmuazutlapt`jumzfyfzv hl} c z ztljfzf`claav i`mu}ej la} `c te"alzejecyft cbeczla jentljlzf c! }umhl} jei te}zlzf`c!`t `c m`cztfduz`t} z bfntlzf`c! }umh l} almg ì ejuml"zf`c `t ilbfav palccfcn pt`ntlb}# Zhf} fc zutc hl} aejz p afmfe} zhlz j c z lppt lmh zhe}e pt daeb} fc lcfczettealzej il}hf`c# Zhe fcyet}e f} la} ztue~hecpt ntlb} z` ltte}z jei te}zlzf`c lte fbpaebeczej! zhev

j` c`z teljfav fczentlze f}}ue} ì m`bbucfzv jeyea p"becz# e hlye `d}etyej zhlz zhf} jvclbfm f} denfc"cfcn z` mhlcne# Iutzhet te}eltmh~faa heap fjeczfiv `p"p`tzucfzfe} i`t fczentlzej pt ntlb} `c zhe ifeaj aeyea!lcj mlc }unne}z h`~ de}z z hltb`cf{e p afmfe} lcjpt`ntlb} lz zhe clzf`cla `t dfclzf cla aeyea#

Zhe iutzhet jeyea pbecz ìbezh`jà`nfe} i`t fc"zentlzfcn ecyft cbeczla! p`pualzf`c pte}}ute lcjbf"ntlzf`c ptejfmzf`c} f} ì pltzfmualt fbp`tzlcme fc lj"jte}}fcn zhe f}}ue} ì p`yetzv lcj bfntlzf`c lb`cnBexfmlc iltbet} lcj ald`tet}# Jlzl }h`~ zhlz ecyf"t`cbeczla }zte}} yltfldae} lte ì }fncfifmlcz fbp`tzlcmedemlu}e zhev mlc mtelze fcmeczfye} z` bfntlze# _`pual"zf`c pte}}ute `c zhe ekfj p`pualzf c lcj zhe fcmtel}"fcn tlze ì jei`te}zlzf`c blv la} te}uaz fc fcmtel}ejbfntlzf`c# _àfmfe} zltnezfcn zhe lbeaf tlzf`c ì ecyf"t`cbeczla }zte}} lcj p`pualzf c pte}}ute `c zhe alcjmùaj palv pfy zla tàe} fc tejumfcn fcmeczfye} z bf"ntlze z zhe C`tzh# Fi fbpaebeczej pt petav! zhev~ùaj ~`tg dv tezlfcfcn bfntlzf`c#

D# @__@TZUCFZFE] I@T _@AFMVTEI@TB LCJ_T@NTLBJEYEA@_BECZ

??!??? lcj 6??!??? pe`pae l velt lte aelyfcn tutlajtv"alcj ltel} ~hfmh lte zhtelzecej dv `t ucjetn`fcn je"}etzfifmlzf`c pt me}}e} (pt`me}}e} ì }`fa et`}f`c> Zhehfnh aeyea}ìbltnfclafzv!8 a`~ aeyea} ì ejumlzf c! lcjm`czfcuej p`pualzf`cpte}}ute} fc tutla ltel} la}` palvl tàe fc zhf} jvclbfm#

Zhf} }unne}z} zhe ceej i`t fbpt yej lcj b te~fje}ptelj ejumlzf`c lcj ztlfcfcn pt ntlb} fc zhetutla ltel}! fcmaujfcn duz c z afbfzej z pt ntlb} z`fbpt`ye lntfmuazutla blclnebecz ptlmzfme}! } fa m`c"

}etylzf`c! lcj ~lzet u}e# Zhete f} la} l ceej z pt "b`ze zhe u}e ìn``j ietzfaf{et}! hfnh vfeaj }eej}! lcj l}ud}zlczfla yltfezv fc mt p}# Ebphl}f} }hùaj la}` depalmej `c zhe tejumzf`c ì~lzet fczec}fye jtv alcj mt`pmuazfylzf`c lcj }ud}zfzuzf`c ì jtùnhz te}f}zlcz mt`p}fc ltel}~hete }lafcf{lzf`c f} l pt daeb! lcj ~hete zhealcj lcj mafblze mlc }upp tz }`be i`tb ì muazfylzf`c#Jeyea`pbecz ì fcmeczfye pt`ntlb} z` }upp`tz ztlc}f"

zf`c z`~lzet m`c}etyfcn fttfnlzf`c }v}zeb} f} la}`~lt"tlczej# M`c}etylzf`c }etye} z pt zemz }mltme ~lzet}uppafe} ~hfmh lte mtfzfmla fc ltfj ltel}! pltzfmualtavmecztla lcj }ùzh Bexfm`7 fc zhe c`tzh! tepalmfcn fcei"ifmfecz }v}zeb} mùaj tejume }lafcf{lzf`c ì alcj lcj~lzet te}ùtme} dv afbfzfcn zhe lppafmlzf`c ì ~lzet~hfmh zecj} z`b`dfaf{e }laz} clzutlaav pte}ecz fc }`fa}#

Zhe Bexfmlc n`yetcbecz hl} ucjetzlgec eii`tz}fcblcv ì zhe}e ltel}! fcmaujfcn fz} e}zldaf}hbecz ì l] fa} M`c}etylzf`c ]etyfme fc


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d# Fbpt`yej I`te}z Blclnebecz lcj Alcj Zecute

B`}z ì zhe Bexfmlc i te}z}! blcv ì ~hfmh ltezhtelzecejdv `yet"hltye}zfcn! lte a`mlzej `c ekfj alcj!~hete bumh ì zhe pt petzv f} m`bbucla lcj m``p"etlzf c ~fzh `zhet m`bbucfzfe} fc i`te}zalcjblclne"becz hl} deec pt daeblzfm# Zhf} almg ì m``petlzf`c

hl} aej z `yetu}e ì alcj! fcmaujfcn `yethltye}zfcnlcj } fa et }f`c# @ce } auzf c blv de z jftemz p afmveii`tz} lz te} ayfcn pt petzv tfnhz} `c zhe}e alcj} lcjeiiemzfyeavblclnem`bb`c pt`petzv te} utme}#


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68/17998

]àyfcn Mhfcl} Ecyft`cbeczla _t`daeb};_àfmv @pzf`c} it`b zhe

`tgfcn Ntùp `c Ecyft`cbecz fc

U#]#"Mhfcl Tealzf`c}dv Llt`c Itlcg

ZHE _E@_AE] TE_UDAFM @I MHFCL (_TM& F] DEM@BFCN LC FCMTEL]FCNAV FB_@TZLCZ _ALVET FC FCZETCLZF@CLA LI"ilft}! nfyec fz} }zlnnetfcn 5 petmecz ì Mhfce}e ecetnv pt jumzf c! m`cztfduzfcn z`}etf u} utdlc lft p aauzf`c zhtùnhùz Mhfcl# Lmm tjfcn z zhe `taj Dlcg! lz ael}z ifye ì zhe cfce b }z

p aauzej mfzfe} fc zhe ~ taj lte Mhfce}e lcj 5?? blk`t mfzfe} fc Mhfcl j c z beez `taj Helazh @tnlcf{lzf`c(^H@& lft |ulafzv }zlcjltj} (Bui}`c! 7 Mhfcl Ecyft`cbecz ]etfe}! Lft pàauzf`c fc Defkfcn f} }fx zfbe}~`t}e zhlc fc Ce~ V tg Mfzv! lcj ~hfae Defkfcn hl} `cav `ce"zeczh zhe cubdet ì luz b`dfae} l} A`}Lcneae}!fz} luz b zfye ebf}}f`c} lte lab`}z l} ntelz (Bui}`c! 7 `taj Dlcg!


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cubetù} ecnlnebecz }ztlzenfe}i`tU#]#pàfmvblget}!lcj hfnhafnhzej zhe m`czexz fc ~hfmh zhe}e }ztlzenfe}mùaj de fbpaebeczej#

F# ZHE^@TGFCNNT@U_ @C ECYFT@CBECZ FCU#]#"MHFCL TEALZF@C]

Zhe ``jt ~^fa}`cMeczet} `tgfcnNtùp `c

Ecyft`cbecz fc U#]#"Mhfcl Tealzf c}! m` tjfclzej dvzheEcyft`cbeczla Mhlcne lcj ]emutfzv _t kemz fc pltz"cet}hfp ~fzh zhe Meczet}L}fl _t`ntlb! f} lc `cn`fcnbuazfjf}mfpafcltv i`tub i`tjf}mu}}f`cì ecyft`cbec"zla lcj i`tefnc p afmv m`cmetc}# Zhe lfb} ì zhe ^ tg"fcn Nt up lte z`; ( dfaaf`c!~fzh U#]# iftb} }ztunnafcn z` nlfc l i` z"hàj (L}fl Ecyft`cbeczla Du}fce}} Kùtcla! ^hfae teb`yfcn lfj te}ztfmzf`c} i`t Mhfcl ~ùaj

el}e zhf} dutjec! `tgfcn Nt up bebdet} la} }un"ne}zej l cubdet ì lazetclzfye ~lv} z heap fbpt yezhe muttecz }fzulzf`c;

E}zldaf}h lmmepzej fczetclzf`cla ecyft cbeczla nufje"afce} lcj bfcfbub }pemfifmlzf`c} i`t pt kemz} iucjejdv @tnlcf{lzf`c i`t Em`c`bfmM``petlzf`c lcj Jeyea"`pbecz (@EMJ&bebdet mùcztfe}!jeyea`pbecz lnec"mfe}! `t fczetclzf`cla dlcg}# Zhe}e nufjeafce} ~ùajl}}f}z fc hlazfcn altne! ecyft`cbeczlaav uc}ùcj

pt kemz} lcj ~ùaj la} heap pt yfje l aeyea palvfcnifeaj i`t fczetclzf`cla du}fce}}e} pt`p`}fcn pt kemz} fcjeyea`pfcn mùcztfe}7

_t yfjehfnh aeyea n`yetcbeczla }upp`tz i`t ecyft`c"beczlapt kemz} lcj du}fce}} yeczute} fcMhfcl z` }h`~zhe Mhfce}e zhlz zhe}e pt kemz} lte m`c}fjetej l ptf t"fzv dv zhe U#]# n`yetcbecz7 lcj

Expa te zhe p`}}fdfafzfe} i`tbuazfalzetla k`fcz m`bbet"mflaf{lzf c pt kemz}# I`t exlbpae! l pt kemz mùaj mlpf"

]pemfla Tep`tz}


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]pemfla Tep`tz}

Klcultv


72/179>4

Mhfcl `c ecyft`cbeczla f}}ue}~faa ilmfafzlze zhe ztlc}"iet ì Lbetfmlc ecyft`cbeczla zemhc a`nfe} z` Mhfcllcj ~faa iutzhet }upp`tz zhe ~ tg ì ecyft`cbeczlaCN@} e}zldaf}hfcn pltzcet}hfp} lcj pt ntlb} fc zhe_TM#

Zhe beezfcn} ì zhe `tgfcn Nt up `c Ecyft`c"becz fc U#]#"Mhfcl Tealzf c} hlye fjeczfifej gev ec"nlnebecz `pzf c}~hfae la} expa tfcn Mhfcl} ecetnv

}emz`t mh fme} lcj ~lzet"tealzej pt daeb}# `tgfcnNt up bebdet} deafeyej zhlz }upp`tz i`t U#]# du}f"ce}}e}bltgezfcn ecyft`cbeczla zemhcà nfe} fcMhfcl}hùaj de l ptf tfzv i`t zhe U#]# n`yetcbecz# ]fcme zheU#]# n`yetcbecz f} mutteczav uc~faafcn z` fcmtel}e }fn"cfifmlczav fz} ifclcmfla m`bbfzbecz} z` }upp`tz ecyf"t`cbeczla pt`zemzf`cbel}ute} `t zemhcà`nv ztlc}iet}z`Mhfcl! fz }hùaj lzzebpz z `pecj``t} i`t zh }e ~h`mlcclbeav ptfylze iftb}# Fc j fcn } ! zhe Ucfzej]zlze} mùaj heap dtfcn ecyft`cbeczla tebejflzf`czemhc a`nfe} lcj lazetclzfye iuea }ùtme} z zhe Mhf"ce}e ~hfae `pecfcn bltgez} i`t U#]# iftb} lcj pt j"umz}#

Lz zhe }lbe zfbe! zhe U#]# n`yetcbecz lcjCN@}}hùaj }upp tz lcj l}}f}z Mhfcl fc jeyea`pfcn p afmvmhlcne} fc zhe ecetnv lcj ~lzet }emz`t}! e}pemflaavzht unh buazfalzetla i`tl `c zhe ecyft cbecz# `tg"fcn fc zlcjeb~fzh ptfylze du}fce}}e}!CN@} lcj iùc"jlzf`c} ìiet zhe de}z exzetcla h`pe i`t ecmùtlnfcnMhfce}e }u}zlfcldae jeyea`pbecz#

M``petlzf`c `c l yltfezv ì aeyea} f} ceme}}ltv i`t~lzet |ulafzv lcj |ulczfzv fc Mhfcl z fbpt ye#Mhfcl} ~lzet pt`daeb} lte c`z jf}}fbfalt it`b zh`}eexpetfecmej fc zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}7 lmljebfm lcj n`y"etcbeczla exmhlcne} mùaj ntelzav tejume ~lzet }h`tz"

lne jfiifmuazfe} dv fczt`jumfcn ce~ fttfnlzf`c zemh"cf|ue} lcj m`bptehec}fye ~lzet}hej blclnebeczpalc}# Fc blcv ~lv}! Mhfcl} ~lzet pt`daeb} ~faa de}àyej b`te zht unh pàfmv mhlcne} zhlc zemhc a`nf"mla ifxe}#

Zht unh m`czfcuej ecnlnebecz lcj expafmfz }up"p`tz i`t ecyft cbeczla pt kemz}! zhe Ucfzej ]zlze} mlcpt`yfje l itlbe~`tg ~fzhfc~hfmh du}fce}}e}!CN@}!lcj iùcjlzf`c} mlc }umme}}iuaav pt`b`ze Mhfce}e ec"yft cbeczla fbpt yebecz}# ]umh m``petlzf c f} yfzlafi zhe Ucfzej ]zlze} lfb} z eiiemzfyeav l}}f}z zhe Mhf"ce}e fc zheft em`c`bfm lcj ecyft`cbeczla jeyea`p"becz# @cav ucjet }umhl }mecltf mlc zhe Ucfzej ]zlze}

h`pe z hlye l p`}fzfye fciauecme `c iuzute Mhfce}eecetnv mh fme} lcj `c l Mhfce}e jeyea`pbecz plzzetczhlz f} ecyft`cbeczlaav }ec}fzfye i`t d zh Mhfcl lcjzhe ~`taj#

TEIETECME]Mhfcl; B`yfcn L Bùczlfc fc Ecyft`cbeczla

Mhlcne}# L}fl Ecyft`cbeczla Du}fce}} Kùtcla 5 (@mz/C`y/Jem &;


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^fa}`c Meczet Beezfcn}

hlye ecnecjetej jutfcn zhe pl}z lab`}z z~ jemlje}#Zhu}! ~hfae Defkfcn f} tlmfcn z tejte}} zhe cenlzfyefc}zfzuzf`cla lcj ecyft`cbeczla tlbfifmlzf`c} ì zhetei tb} zht unh mlbplfnc}! exh`tzlzf`c}! lcj ce~al~}! fz f} c`z ~faafcn (`t fc }`be ml}e} c`z ldae& z`fbpaebecz p afmfe} zhlz bfnhz }a ~ zhe plme ì em "c`bfm jeyea pbecz! }umh l} tlf}fcn zhe ptfme ì~lzet!fcmtel}fcn p aauzf`c jf}mhltne iee}! `t jey`zfcn }uiif"

mfecz }zlze ifclcmfla te} utme} i`t a`mla ~lzet m`c}etyl"zf`c `t ~l}ze blclnebecz pt kemz}#

Fc zhf} }mecltf ì `yetlaa jfbfcf}hfcn }zlze mlplm"fzv lcj nt ~fcn jeblcj i`t te}ùtme}! zhe fbplmz ì~lzet }mltmfzv `c }zlze mlplmfzv bfnhz de expemzej z`de jtlblzfm# H`~eyet! fz f} c`z# Fc }`be te}pemz}! zhep`zeczfla cenlzfye tlbfifmlzf`c} lte bfzfnlzej dv `p"p`tzucfzfe} pte}eczej zht unh zhe ztlc}i`tblzf`c ì}zlze mlplmfzv dv zhe tei`tb}# C`cezheae}}! zhete ltefbp`tzlcz }fncla} zhlz `yet zhe a`cnet zetb! ~lzet }mlt"mfzv blv fcjeej }fncfifmlczav jfbfcf}h }zlze mlplmfzvfc }eyetla gev ltel}#

D zh jeblcj" lcj }uppav"fcjumej }mltmfzfe} ì~lzet lte fcmtel}fcn jeblcj} `c zhe }zlze i t ce~ fc"itl}ztumzute }umhl} jlb}! mlcla}!~l}ze~lzet ztelzbeczilmfafzfe}! lcj fttfnlzf`c }v}zeb}# Zhf} f} palmfcn ntelzet}zte}} `c zhe if}mla }ztecnzh ì zhe }zlze# Defkfcn hl}lzzebpzej z }hfiz l ntelzet p tzf`c ì zhe dutjec ìifclcmfcn zhe}e pt kemz} `c z zhe a`mla lcj pt yfcmflan`yetcbecz} l} ~eaa l} zhe fczetclzf cla m`bbucfzv#Fc blcv ml}e}! h`~eyet! zhe pt`yfcme} almg zhe te"}ùtme} z blge }umh }ud}zlczfla fcye}zbecz}# EyecDefkfcn hl} deec }zvbfej dv zhe `yet~heabfcn m`}z}

l}}`mflzej ~fzh fz} je}ftej tfyet jfyet}f`c pt kemz# Fcte}p`c}e z` zhe nt ~fcn te}p`c}fdfafzv ì a`mla aeljet}z` plv fcitl}ztumzute m`}z}! zhev hlye u}ej Mhfcl} fc"zentlzf`c ~fzh zhe fczetclzf cla m`bbucfzv z` zutc z`zhe fczetclzf cla m`bbucfzv i`t }ud}zlczfla iucjfcnl}}f}zlcme i`t zhe}e fcitl}ztumzute pt kemz}#

^hfae zhe }h tz"zetb fbpafmlzf`c} ì zhf} dehlyf tlppelt tealzfyeav decfnc! zhete lte p zeczflaav |ufze

}etf u} a`cnet tlcne tlbfifmlzf c} i`t }zlze mlplmfzv#Ift}z! zhe luz`c`bv ì zhe }zlze blv de jfbfcf}hej dvl ntelzet teaflcme `c i`tefnc aecjet}# Zhe}e aecjet}c`z`cav pt`yfje ifclcmfla lfj duz la} fc}f}z `c ljjfzf clapàfzfmlaav }ec}fzfye bel}ute} }umh l} ptfmfcn tei`tb#Fc ljjfzf c! l jfbfcf}hej t ae i`t Defkfcn fc zhe ifclcm"fcnì pt`kemz} lcjntelzet jepecjecme `c a`mla }ùtme}ì iucjfcn la} }unne}z} l a`cnet"zetb jemafce fc zhetelmh ì zhe }zlze zhlz ~faa c z de afbfzej z te}ùtmeblclnebecz f}}ue}# A`mla aeljet}! e}pemflaav lz zhe pt "yfcmfla aeyea! hlye dem`be fcmtel}fcnav y`mla fc zheft`pp`}fzf c z }`be }zlze p afmfe}# I t exlbpae! zhe]fmhulc n`yetcet} y`mla te}p`c}e z Defkfcn} fclj"e|ulze ifclcmfla m`cztfduzf`c i`t te}ezzaebecz ecnec"jetej dv zhe Zhtee N tne} Jlb fcjfmlze} l zhtelz zàenfzfblmv ì zhe }zlze# Fc fz} b`}z exztebe i`tb! zhf}a`}} ì aenfzfblmv lcj jemafce fc zhe telmh ì zhe }zlzem`cztfduze z` }`mfla fc}zldfafzv lcj yf aecz jeb`c}ztl"zf`c} ì zhe } tz zhlz hlye `mmutej lb`cn zh`}e }alzeji`t te}ezzaebecz `t lateljv jf}palmej la`cn zheVlcnz{eTfyet#

D zh jeblcj" lcj }uppav"fcjumej ~lzet }mltmfzvte}uaz fc }ud}zlczfla fczetpt`yfcmfla m`ciafmz# M`czfc"

ZHEML]E ]ZUJV @IDFHLT! FCJFL

dv Zh`bl} H`bet"Jfx`c lcj Ylaetfe _etmfyla

Je}pfze t`du}z em`c`bfm nt`~zh fc zhe al}z ie~ velt}! Fcjfl f} de}ez dv l jluczfcn m`bdfclzf c ì pte}}ute}#_`pualzf c nt ~zh }zudd`tcav teblfc} lt ucj 4 petmecz7 zhe mùcztv nt ~} dv bfaaf`c pe`pae l velt!~hfmh belc} fz} p`pualzf c jùdae} eyetv =5 velt}# Jeb`ntlphet} e}zfblze zhlzeyec ucjet zhe b`}z`pzfbf}zfm e}zfblze}Fcjfl} p`pualzf`c ~faa c`z }zldfaf{e dea`~ dfaaf`c# Mt palcj }mltmfzv lcj jentljl"zf`c liiemz altne ltel} ì zhe mùcztv# ^hfae jlzl `c zhe }zlze ì Fcjfl} i`te}z} lte ì a`~ |ulafzv! iuea"~``j}h tzlne}! jei`te}zlzf`c lcj je}etzfifmlzf`c mlc de iùcj `yet ~fje ltel}#

Te}ùtme }mltmfzfe} fc blcv tutla ltel}! m`bdfcej ~fzh fclje|ulze `pp`tzucfzfe} i`t lazetclzfye eb"pa`vbecz! hlye pt jumej tutla"utdlc bfntlzf`c# Zhe nt`~zh tlze ì Fcjfl} mfzfe} f} celtav z~fme zhlz ì zhemùcztv} p`pualzf c# Zheft fcitl}ztumzute} lte `yetzlxej; Jeahf c`~ hl} lb`cn zhe ~`t}z lft p aauzf`c ì

lcv utdlc ltel fc zhe ~`taj! p`~et lcj ~lzet lte tenualtav uclylfaldae! nltdlne f} aeiz fc zhe }zteez}! lcj zhe}e~lne }v}zeb mlc hlcjae `cav l itlmzf c ì zhe mfzv} ~l}ze~lzet#Fcjfl} temecz utdlc yf aecme ~l} m`cmecztlzej fc zhe p``te}z }aub}# B`te`yet! fz ~l} c`z eczfteav m`b"

bucla yf aecme; Hfcju} jftemzej blcv ì zheft lzzlmg} lnlfc}z temecz Hfcju bfntlcz} it b tutla ltel}# Zhetlpfjav nt ~fcn utdlc p`pualzf`c la}` aelj} z` eyetb te m`bpezfzf c i`t afbfzej k`d} fc n`yetcbecz lcjdu}fce}}# Lzzebpz} z` hàj l metzlfc petmeczlne ì n`yetcbecz k`d} i`t a`~et ml}ze} hlye mlu}ej fczet"ml}zem`ciafmz#

Zhe}e pte}}ute} expte}} zheb}eaye} fc l }`mfla ecyft cbecz lateljv }zte}}ej dv m`ttupzf`c lcj m`bbu"cla lcfb`}fzv# _ afzfmla pltzfe}! fcmaujfcn zhe M`cnte}} _ltzv! fcmtel}fcnav pt b`ze zhe fczete}z} ì `cavcltt ~ }emz`t} ì }`mfezv# Zhe mecztla n`yetcbecz fc Jeahf lcj blcv }zlze n`yetcbecz} lte ~fjeav pet"mefyej l} fcmlpldae ì beezfcn zhe }`mfezv} ceej} lcj hlye a`}z bumh ì zheft aenfzfblmv#


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fa}`c Meczet Beezfcn}

uejp`pualzf`c nt`~zh! l}~eaa l} fcmtel}fcn jeblcj}it b fcju}ztv lcj lntfmuazute! m`cztfduze z` jfbfcf}hzhe m`hetecme ì zhe }zlze dv ecnecjetfcn l nt ~fcncubdet ì fczetpt`yf}f cla malfb} z zhe}e ~lzet te"}ùtme}# Tf}fcn pàauzf`c aeyea} la}` te}uaz fc nt ~fcnfczetpt`yf}f`cla jf}puze} `yet zhe te}p`c}fdfafzv lcjm`}z} ì ztelzbecz ilmfafzfe} lcj maelc"up m`}z}# Zhe}ept`daeb} lte ecjebfm ~fzh afzzae pt }pemz i`t fbbejf"

lze te}àuzf c# B`te`yet! Defkfcnhl} vez z`jeyea`p lceiiemzfye bemhlcf}b i`t te}àyfcn }umh m`ciafmz}#

lzet }mltmfzv lcjpàauzf c la}` `mml}f`claav hlyeztfnnetej yf aecme fc tutla lcj utdlc ltel}# Zhete f}c` eyfjecme zhlz zhe}e lteb`te zhlc f} alzej fcmfjecz}~fzh afbfzej tlbfifmlzf`c} `yet zhe a`cn zetb# Fz f}~`tzh beczf`cfcn! h`~eyet! zhe exztebe }mecltf fc~hfmh }emutfzv m`czfcue} z` nt ~! e}pemflaav fc utdlcltel}! lcj l b te }u}zlfcej mhlaaecne z zhe }zlze f}p`}ej# Fc m`czfculzf`c ~fzh l m`cztlmzf`c fc zheem`c`bv lcj zhe m`czfcuej }ptelj ì m`ttupzf c lcjldu}e ì p`~et lz d zh zhe eafze lcj a`mla aeyea}! lbumhb`te zhtelzecfcn i`tb ì utdlc mfyfa yf aecme! fcyày"fcn bfntlcz ~`tget}! ucebpa`vej }zlze eczetptf}e~`tget}! ntlfc"}h tz utdlc j~eaaet}! lcj jf}ntuczaejpel}lcz}! bfnhz ltf}e#

Fc zhe ifcla lclav}f}! ~lzet }mltmfzv pt dldav jè}c z p`}e l }ud}zlczfla `t jftemz mhlaaecne z }zlze ml"plmfzv# B`te`yet! l} pt`yfcmfla lcj a`mla tenf`c} nt`~~elazhfet! zhev blv tepalme zhe meczet l} zhe ptfbltvfcfzflz`t lcj ifclcmfla }p`c} t ì ecyft`cbeczla pt "zemzf`c p afmfe}# Zhu}! ~hfae }zlze mlplmfzv blv de jf"bfcf}hej fc }`be te}pemz}! `zhet eaebecz} ì zhe }zlzeblv ebetne z te}p`cj b`te eiiemzfyeav z tenf cla~lzet jeblcj}# Fc zhf} m`czexz!~lzet }mltmfzv fc Mhfcl

}hùaj de m`c}fjetej l a`cn"zetb zhtelz z` m`czfcuejem`c`bfm nt ~zh lcj }zlze mlplmfzv zhlz hl} vez z delmgc`~aejnej iuaav dv zhe Mhfce}e aeljet}hfp# Eyec} ! fz teblfc} l mhlaaecne zhlz Mhfcl blv ~eaa beez l}zhe em`c`bfm lcj pàfzfmla tei`tb pt me}} ey aye}#


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hlye mtelzej l ~hàav ce~ mal}} ì ejumlzej! fcmtel}"fcnavb`dfae! utdlc! lcj fci tbej pe`pae~fzhntelzetexpemzlzf c} i`t p afzfmla pltzfmfplzf`c lcj ae}} zàet"lcme i t luz`mtlzfm `t m`ttupz dehlyf`t `c zhe pltz ìn`yetcbecz ìifmfla} lcj lnecmfe}#

Zhe m`cmecztlzf`c ì clzutlate}ùtme"dl}ej~elazhfc zhe hlcj} ì l }blaa pàfzfmla"em c`bfm eafze! fc~hfmhzhe pte}fjecz} ilbfav f}yetv pt bfcecz! f}ucjet nt ~"

fcn lzzlmg it`b blcv pltz} ì }`mfezv# Zhe p`~et lcjm`c}pfmuù} m`c}ubpzf`cì zhe}e eafze} izecezhcfmMhfce}e fc aelnue ~fzhbebdet} ì zhepte}fjecz} ilb"fav lcj`zhet tenfbe ifnute}f} fcmtel}fcnav uclmmepz"ldae z` l necetla pudafm a`cn }u}pfmf u} ì zhe mùcztv}~elazhv Mhfce}e bfc`tfzv7 z zhe tf}fcn bfjjae mal}}~hfmh }ee} fz} `~c du}fce}} pt }pemz} m`c}ztlfcej dvmt cvf}b7 lcj z eaebecz} ~fzhfc zhe bfafzltv lcj mf"yfaflc }zlze eafze fz}eai ~h }ee zhe nt`~fcn p`~et lcjpt ifae ì zhe Mhfce}e m`cna betlze} lcj zhe gfj} l}`d}zlmae} z` l }b``zh pte}fjeczfla }umme}}f c! lcj l} lp zeczfla }ùtme ì necetla }`mfla ucte}z lcj p afzfmla`pp`}fzf`c#

_te}fjecz ]èhltz ! >5! hl} deec fc p`~et }fcme


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fa}`c Meczet Beezfcn}

zhe p afzfmla lcj em`c`bfm }ztlzenfe} ì zhe Ce~ @t"jet# Zhev hlye deec l }ud}zlczfla }ùtme ì }zlze tey"ecue! l te}ùtme i`t pàfzfmla plzt`clne! l }liezv ylayei`t }mltmfzfe} ì alcj lcj te}ùtme} fc jec}eav p`pu"alzej Klyl! lcj l yehfmaezht unh zhe pàfmfe} lppafejz` zhebi`t peceztlzfcn Ce~ @tjet fjeà nfmla! p "afzfmla! }emutfzv lcj em`c`bfm `dkemzfye} fcz zhe hfc"zetalcj}# Fc }h tz! i`te}z alcj}! te}ùtme}! lcj p afmfe}

hlye deec l gev ltecl i`t zheCe~@tjet} pt`ntlb ìem`c`bfmjeyea pbecz! pàfzfmla m`czt a! lcj }`mfla lcjfjeà`nfmla ztlc}i`tblzf`c#

Ucjet zhe}e mftmub}zlcme}! fz f} c`z }utptf}fcn zhlzi`te}z} hlye dem`be zhe ltecl i t fcmtel}fcn aeyea} ìm`ciafmz! }`bezfbe} yf aecz! dez~eec zhe fczete}z} ìa`mla m`bbucfzfe} `c zhe `ce hlcj! lcj zh`}e ì zhe}zlze! fz} mafecz} lcj lnecz} `c zhe `zhet# Laa`mlzf c ìzhe hune te}ùtme tecz} jetfyej it`b m`bbetmfla i`t"e}z expa fzlzf c}umh l} zhe *


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Z lbeaf tlze nt`~fcn }mltmfzfe} ì tece~ldae te"}ùtme}! bfcfbf{e zhe }ptelj ì }mltmfzv"fcjumej m`c"iafmz}! lcj pt zemz zhe mlplmfzv ì zhe }zlze it b et "}f c! zhe Ce~ @tjet bu}z zlge fz} fcnecufzv nlp }e"tf u}av! lcj zlge }zep} z ma }e fz# Ilfaute z uciezzetzhenecetlzf`c lcj jeafyetv ì fcnecufzv ceejej z` jela~fzh zhe m`bpaex mhlaaecne} ì zhe cexz ie~ jemlje}~faa }zucz zhe ldfafzv ì d`zh }zlze lcj }`mfezv z` mùczet

zhe fbplmz} ì nt ~fcn te}ùtme }mltmfzv# Zhe}e mhla"aecne} fcmauje fczec}fivfcn }`mfla m`ciafmz} (}`be yf "aecz&! fbpejfbecz} z zhe m`czfcuej nt ~zh ì zheem`c`bv! tf}fcn }`mfla jf}}lzf}ilmzf`c lcj }etfù}zhtelz} z zhe aenfzfblmv lcj `yetlaa mlplmfzv ì zheFcj`ce}flc }zlze# Ilfaute} ì fcnecufzv lte afgeav z`tefci tme zheb}eaye}; almg ì mtelzfye }zlze ljlpzlzf`cz fcmtel}fcn }mltmfzv lcj m`ciafmz blv fc zheb}eaye}eyec iutzhet afbfz zhe }zlze} ldfafzv z te}p`cj eiiem"zfyeav# L} m`ciafmz} nt ~ b te }eyete! zhe }zlze blvmuz fz}eai ìi it`b fcc`ylzfye } auzf`c} zhlz bfnhz `zh"et~f}e ltf}e it`b a`mla m`bbucfzfe} lcj `zhet eaebecz}ì mfyfa }`mfezv#

Zhf} ceej c z de# Fcj`ce}fl} tfmh te}ùtme} lcjfcmtejfdae jfyet}e muazute} pt`yfje zhe dl}f} i`t tlpfjlcj }u}zlfcej fcmtel}e} fc fcnecufzv e|ula z` zhe mhla"aecne} ì tf}fcn p`pualzf c lcj m`c}ubpzf`c! l ifxejte}ùtme dl}e! lcj nt ~fcn }mltmfzfe}# Zhe hf}z tv ìKlyl! ~hete celtav


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6 Blv

Mfyfaflc"Jeiec}e _ltzcet}hfp} `cEcyft`cbeczla F}}ue};

_l}z Ae}}`c} lcj ]umme}}e}!_`zeczfla _fzilaa}! lcj @pp`tzucfzfe}

GECZ DUZZ]! U#]# Ltbv lt Màaene} Meczet i`t ]ztlzenfm Aeljet}hfp]HETTFN@@JBLC! Jepuzv Ucjet}emtezltv ì Jeiec}e i`t Ecyft`cbeczla ]emutfzvBLTM MHU_GL! L}}f}zlcz ]emtezltv ì Ecetnv i`t _àfmv lcj Fczetclzf`cla Liilft}

K@CLZHLCBLTN@AF]! ]ecf`t Ljyf}`t i`t Tenf`cla _àfmv Fcfzflzfye}! Jepltzbecz ì ]zlze^FAAFLB CFZ[E! L}}f}zlcz Ljbfcf}ztlz`t i`t Fczetclzf`cla Lmzfyfzfe}! Ecyft`cbeczla _t`zemzf`c Lnecmv

J@J T@AE/M@CZTFDUZF@C/M@B_LTLZFYE ]ZTECNZH]/IUZUTE _ALC]]HETTF ^ # N@@JBLC

Zhe Jepltzbecz ì Jeiec}e hl} l a`cn hf}z tv ì ~ tgfcn z pt zemz zhe ecyft`cbecz# Zhete lte c`~ `yetefnhz zhù}lcj ecyft`cbeczla pt ie}}f`cla} ~ tgfcn fc zhe Jepltzbecz ì Jeiec}e# ]eclz`t Fchìe! mhlft ìzhe Ltbej ]etyfme} ]udm`bbfzzee `c Bfafzltv Teljfce}}! }lfj al}z b`czh zhlz ecyft cbeczla f}}ue} liiemz zhe|ulafzv ì afie! bfafzltv ztlfcfcn! lcj teljfce}} ì ùt bfafzltv ilmfafzfe}#

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J@E T@AE/M@CZTFD

environmental change and security program report 4

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