Chapter 20Miss Isler

World History I

How did European thinkers express new ideas?

Brought ideas together from the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution

Belief in the use of reason and scientific method

Isaac Newton Discovered the law of gravity Owed his success to Kepler and Galileo-

Kepler- planet’s motion around the sun Galileo- motion of pendulums and acceleration of

balls rolling down a slope Newton discovered that the same force

ruled the motions of the planets, the rolling balls, the pendulum, and all matter on Earth.

Gravity= objects attract one another, depending on mass and distance

Philosophes- group of people who said people could apply reason to all aspects of life, just like Newton Reason- absence of intolerance, prejudice Nature- natural laws of economics, politics,

motion Happiness- happy if live by nature’s laws. Do not

accept misery like before Progress- because use science, humans can be

perfect Liberty- through reason, society could be free

If follow these- Enlightened

Real name Francois Marie Arouet

Hates Monarchy Read John Locke- English

Enlightenment writer Emphasized reason

and natural rights of humans

Mocked French ways in his writings

Candide- most famous, satiric novel, shows hypocrisy of religion, useless idea of optimism

Paris the cultural, intellectual center of Europe

Salons= social gatherings Wealthy hostesses invited poets, charming

conversationalists, etc. for conversation Most famous hostess is Marie

Therese Geoffrin How Enlightenment thoughts spread

Denis Diderot- creator of the Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia brought together all current and enlightened thinking on technology, science, mathematics, music, art, medicine, government, law, geography, etc.

Louis XV did not like the Encyclopedia (thought provoked too much thought), so banned further editions

Fashionable to have scientific instruments in house- look through telescopes to stars

Discovery of Oxygen Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity

(or how to refine it) James Cook of England charted the

Pacific, Australia, Hawaii

Baroque- “odd”, more ornate than art of the Renaissance

Baroque music shows drama and complexity

Johann Sebastian Bach

After Baroque, more classical, united melodies with sonatas Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven

How did European thinkers express new ideas?

Section 2 Essential Question: What does it mean to

be Free?

Physiocrats- french economic theorists, governments should allow…

Free Trade- the flow of commerce in the world market without government regulation

Economy would prosper without government regulation

Wealth of Nations- free economy more prosperous Law of self-interest Law of competition Law of supply and demand

Market economy- natural laws are free to operate, good produced at lowest price.

Studied Rome- said fall was related to loss of political liberties

Britain best because governed by 3 groups: Executive- king Legislative- Parliament, law makers Judicial- judges

Separation of powers On the Spirit of Laws- says checks and

balances is key to success of a government

Jean Jacques Rousseau- French The Social Contract- “Man is born free,

yet everywhere he is in chains.” Best government was ruled with the

consent of the people Locke more conservative, Rousseau liberal

because he believed people should be sovereign (dominant) and liberty and justice will survive in a state where the “general will” of the people was all powerful.

What does it mean to be Free?

Section 3 Essential Question: What were the

characteristics of an Enlightened Despot?

Enlightened Despots meant favoring religious tolerance, making economic and legal reforms, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than by divine right

Frederick II of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia

Began war of Austrian Succession

Frederick the Great Friends with Voltaire Granted religious freedom

to Catholics and Protestants, but discriminated against Polish and Prussian Jews

Reduced, but not abolish torture

Made his goal of his reign that he wanted to serve and strengthen his country

His attitude appealed to the philosophes

1767- called nobles, free peasants, and townspeople to frame the constitution

Wanted to stop capital punishment, end torture, abolish serfdom

Never improved life of the peasants- by end of her reign, 95% of Russia’s people were serfs

Used war frequently- against philosophe’s ideas

Partition of Poland Catherine’s Achievement-enlarged

Russia by 200,000 square miles

Were Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the great Enlightened? If so, how? Why not?

Section 4 Essential Question: What was unique

about the British Government?

Philosophes saw England’s government as most progressive

Glorious Revolution gave England a Constitutional Monarchy- power of the ruler is limited by the law

Great Britain= England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales

Development of the Cabinet- an executive committee that acted in the ruler’s name, but really represented the majority party in Parliament

George I and II were not English- never learned English. They needed help from Parliament to rule. Sir Robert Walpole helped, and he ushered in the Prime Minister- the ruler of the majority party in Parliament

Past Prime Ministers= Pitt the Elder Pitt the Younger Duke of Wellington Disraeli Gladstone Balfour Asquith Winston Churchill Margaret Thatcher Tony Blair Gordon Brown- current

1763- Britain’s strongest colonial and naval power in Europe

Sugar trade from west indies most profitable

Canada largest part of the British empire Colonies existed to enrich the lives of

people back in England Colonies could only sell their products to

British companies- no one else

Stamp Act- colonies in America had to pay British to have stamps on letters, official documents, newspapers, everything important

Colonies had no representation in Parliament, so why were they taxes?

Colonies used Enlightenment ideals and realized- what the British were doing to them was not right!

Explain the British government system.

Section 5 Essential Questions: Why did America

decide to fight for independence against the British?

Stamp Act angered colonists Boston Tea Party- tax on tea 1st Continental Congress- wrote complaints

to King George III- he did nothing 2nd Continental Congress formed Lexington and Concord- shot hear ‘round

the world 1/3 of colonists actually supported the war Declaration of Independence 1776

Declaration signed 1776 Based on Locke’s Enlightenment ideas that

people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler- happened in Glorious Revolution

“We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed…

with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of

happiness” Those who signed this document were

considered to have committed treason- punishable by death

1. Motivation2. Guerilla Warfare- hit and run, behind trees,

etc3. Geography- fighting an oversea war was

expensive4. British general mediocre. George Washington

(general of the Colonies’ Army) was fantastic

5. France- biggest reason for our winning

1781- 13 colonies ratified a constitution- plan of government

Articles of Confederation- created a weak government deliberately. After being ruled so tightly under Britain, they didn’t want a strong government

Only stated Congress- no president

1787- wrote Constitution Set up a federal system- power was divided

between national and state governments

“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish

justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the

general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosterity, do

ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. “

Constitution could not be passed by 9/13 of the states. Added the Bill of Rights in order to appease problems between the Federalists (supporters of the constitution) and the Anti-federalists (non-supports of the constitution)

Bill of Rights protests the rights of the individual citizens against a powerful central government (Anti-federalists thought government was already too central)

New government was a Republic in form, Democracy in principle.

Why did America decide to fight for independence against the British?

What were the 5 reasons for America’s success?