enlargement of the european union. the founding members european coal and steel community –...
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The Founding Members
• European Coal and Steel Community– Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950– Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris– France, W. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, Italy• Went on to sign Treaties of Rome– ECSC– EURATOM– EEC
• Came to be known as EC • EFTA (Outer seven): Austria, Denmark,
Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
• UK changed policy on joining on EC– Issued for accession in 1961– “Non” to the UK accession by French President de
Gaulle (1963 and 1967)• Due to fear of US influence
1973 - First Enlargement
• Accession of UK, Denmark, Ireland, Norway• UK– French President de Gaulle no longer in office so
UK no longer has barriers for entry– Colonies – the question of Gibraltar
• Norway– Question put to referendum – rejected– Still adopts policies – Schengen, Europol etc– Contributes to budget, member of EEA
1981 and 1986Mediterranean Enlargements
Democracy returns to Greece, Spain and Portugal
Greece joins in 1981 Spain and Portugal in 1986 1985 – Greenland leaves the EC 1987 – Turkey and Morocco apply
Morocco not seen as European Turkey’s accepted, only received candidate status in
2000, negotiations started in 2004
1981 and 1986Mediterranean Enlargements
• With the accession of the countries in 1981 and 1986:– Population increased by 10%– The area of the EU members increased by 20%– The total GDP of the member states increased by
6.8%– But the GDP per capita fell by 3.42%
Fourth Enlargement - EU-15
• Prior to enlargement of 1995, East+West Germany reunified in 1990– East Germany part of EC, under “Germany”
• EC becomes EU in 1993 - Maastricht• Accession of Austria, Finland, Sweden• Copenhagen criteria established due to
candidacy of numerous post-communist countries– Democracy / free market / adoption of EU Law
Fourth Enlargement - EU-15
• With the accession of the countries in 1995:– Population increased by 6%– The area of the EU members increased by 35%– The total GDP of the member states increased by
6.5%– For the first and only time in any enlargement of
the EC/EU, the GDP per capita increased, by 0.20%
2004: The Big Bang
• In 2004, 10 Eastern, mostly post communist, countries joined the EU– Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Luthuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.– Less developed states were fear of Western, more
developed members• Restrictions of certain members on travel/working
rights of eastern people in their countries• Denmark, Finland, Austria
The Fifth Enlargement
With the accession of the countries in 2004: Population increased by 20%, largest single
expansion in terms of number of people The area of the EU members increased by 18%,
largest single increase in terms of km2 The total GDP of the member states increased only
by 8.8% It was the largest fall of GDP per capita in any
enlargement. The accession of the less developed Eastern countries caused a 9% fall in GDP per capita
Sixth Enlargement - 2007
The accession of Bulgaria and Romania Were supposed to join in 2004 Romania
Government and judiciary reforms not completed Bulgaria
More efforts needed in fight against corruption, human trafficking and reforming judicial sector
Sixth Enlargement - 2007
• With the accession of the countries in 2007:– Population increased by 6.5%– The area of the EU members increased by 8.5%– The total GDP of the member states increased by
2%– GDP per capita fell by 4%
• Eastern enlargement of 2004-2007 ended the conventional view “Europe ended where the Iron Curtain divided it”
2013: Croatia• After Slovenia, Croatia is the second country
from ex-Yugoslavia to join the EU. • The European perspective remains open to
the entire Western Balkans region.
Future Enlargement of the EU
• Western Balkans, Turkey and Iceland• Two concepts after the Eastern enlargement: – ‘absorption capacity’– ‘enlargement fatigue’
Candidate and potential candidate countries
Area(1000 km² )
Population(million)
Wealth (gross domestic product
per person)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 51 3.8 7 300
Montenegro 13 0.6 10 500
Iceland 100 0.3 29 500
Kosovo under UN Security Resolution 1244
11 2.2 :
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
25 2.1 9 200
Albania 27 3.2 7 300
Serbia 77 7.3 8 400
Turkey 770 73.7 13 600
The 28 EU countries together
4 290 508 25 700
State Status AssociationAgreement
MembershipApplication
Candidatestatus
Negotiationsstart
Screeningcompleted
Acquis Chapters
open/closed
Albania Candidate 2009-04-01 (SAA) 2009-04-28 2014-06-24 – – –
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Potentialcandidate Signed (SAA) – – – – –
IcelandNegotiationssuspended
1994-01-01 (EEA) 2009-07-16 2010-06-17 2010-07-27 2011-06-21 27/11
KosovoPotentialcandidate
Initialled (SAA) – – – – –
Macedonia Candidate 2004-04-01 (SAA) 2004-03-22 2005-12-17 – – –
Montenegro Negotiating 2010-05-01 (SAA) 2008-12-15 2010-12-17 2012-06-29 2013-06-27 12/2
Serbia Negotiating 2013-09-01 (SAA) 2009-12-22 2012-03-01 2014-01-21 (Started) –
Turkey Negotiating 1964-12-01 (AA) 1987-04-14 1999-12-12 2005-10-03 2006-10-13 14/1
Why Enlargement?
• According to the 2014 Strategy Paper:– makes Europe a safer place– helps improve the quality of people’s lives– makes EU more prosperous
• three pillars:– rule of law– economic governance – public administration reform.
Steps towards joining
• When a country is ready it becomes an official candidate for membership
• The candidate moves on to formal membership negotiations following unanimous decision by the EU Council
• When the negotiations and accompanying reforms have been completed to the satisfaction of both sides, the country can join the EU
Steps towards joining
• The conditions and timing of the candidate's adoption, implementation and enforcement of all current EU rules (the "acquis communautaire").
• 35 chapters negotiated separately• financial arrangements • transitional arrangements
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 1: Free movement of goodsChapter 2: Freedom of movement for workersChapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide servicesChapter 4: Free movement of capitalChapter 5: Public procurementChapter 6: Company lawChapter 7: Intellectual property lawChapter 8: Competition policyChapter 9: Financial servicesChapter 10: Information society and mediaChapter 11: Agriculture and rural developmentChapter 12: Food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policyChapter 13: Fisheries
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 14: Transport policyChapter 15: EnergyChapter 16: TaxationChapter 17: Economic and monetary policyChapter 18: StatisticsChapter 19: Social policy and employmentChapter 20: Enterprise and industrial policyChapter 21: Trans-European networksChapter 22: Regional policy and coordination of structural instrumentsChapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rightsChapter 24: Justice, freedom and securityChapter 25: Science and researchChapter 26: Education and culture
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 27: EnvironmentChapter 28: Consumer and health protectionChapter 29: Customs unionChapter 30: External relationsChapter 31: Foreign, security and defence policyChapter 32: Financial controlChapter 33: Financial and budgetary provisionsChapter 34 - InstitutionsChapter 35 - Other issues
Screening
• Commission carries out a detailed examination, together with the candidate country, of each chapter.
• The findings by chapter are presented by the Commission to the Member States in the form of a screening report.
• open negotiations directly or require that certain conditions – opening benchmarks - should first be met
Negotiating positions
• before negotiations can start, the candidate country must submit its position and the EU must adopt a common position
• EU sets closing benchmarks in chapters which need to be met by the Candidate Country before negotiations in the policy field concerned can be closed.
• If criteria fulfilled, chapter “provisionally closed”
Concluding the negotiations
• Closing the chapters– No negotiations on any individual chapter are
closed until every EU government is satisfied with the candidate's progress in that policy field
– whole negotiation process is only concluded definitively once every chapter has been closed.
Accession treaty• the document that cements the country's
membership of the EU• To be binding, it has to;– win the support of the EU Council, the Commission,
and the European Parliament– be signed by the candidate country and
representatives of all existing EU countries– be ratified by the candidate country and every
individual EU country, according to their constitutional rules (parliamentary vote, referendum, etc.).
Importance of Western Balkans Enlargement
• Security: disputes on territories, sovereignty and ethnic minorities still persist in the region
• Credibility of the EU as an international actor • “use the power of its enlargement process to
transform the Western Balkans, opening a new chapter after a shameful decade of failure in the region”
Integration Process
• Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) policy framework in 1999
• Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAA) with Croatia, Macedonia (2000), Albania (2003), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia (2005), Kosovo (2013)
• Thessaloniki Summit (2003): a clear membership perspective granted to the Western Balkans, subject to fulfilment of the conditions determined by the SAP and the Copenhagen criteria
Progress so far• Croatia met all conditions and become a member of the EU
on 1 July 2013. • Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia recognised as
candidate countries, where the formal accession negotiations started with Montenegro in June 2012 and with Serbia in January 2014.
• Albania applied for EU membership in 2009, and in October 2012 the European Commission recommended that Council should grant Albania candidate status. Granted candidate status in June 2014
• Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo has not applied for membership yet, but the EU recognises these countries as potential candidates.
Financial Assistance Instruments for the Western Balkans
• PHARE, ECHO (1990) • Obnova (1996)• CARDS (2000)• IPA (2007)• IPA II (2014)
PHARE, ECHO, Obnova
• Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring their Economies (PHARE) programme (1990)– initially targeting assistance to Poland and
Hungary, – expanded to the pre-accession assistance of the
2004 and 2007 entrant countries and three countries from the Western Balkans, Albania, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina
PHARE, ECHO, Obnova• European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (ECHO)
(1990)– included support to refugees, internally displaced
persons and vulnerable groups and aimed at restoring livelihood conditions and fostering post-war infrastructure reconstruction.
• Obnova (reconstruction) (1996)
• In the 1990s, around €4.4 billion was allocated to the projects aiming at the physical, social and political reconstruction of the Western Balkans.
CARDS (2000)
• PHARE, ECHO and Obnova were limited to post-conflict reconstruction of the region.
• Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) programme – “building up an institutional, legislative, economic
and social framework directed at the values and models subscribed to by the EU”
CARDS (2000)
• Financial assistance (€4.6 billion in total) concentrated at a wide range of issues – integrated border management,– public administration reform, – taxation, – local infrastructure development, – civil society development, – media reform, – strengthened environment policies and – economic reforms.
CARDS Programme allocation for 2002–2006 (EUR million)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Albania 44.9 46.5 63.5 44.2 45.5
Bosnia-Herzegovina 71.9 63 72 49.4 51
Croatia 59 62 81 105 140
Macedonia 41.5 43.5 59 45 40
Serbia 189.7 240 218 154.5 179
Montenegro 15 15 19 22 24.5
Kosovo 154.9 76.28 75.4 54 89.5
Source: European Commission, DG Enlargement. Financial statistics per country 2000-2006
IPA (2007)
• Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) programme– Replaced all previous instruments for both official
candidate (Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey, and Iceland) and potential candidate countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo)
– Aims at providing assistance to these countries in harmonization and implementation of the EU acquis and preparation for use of the cohesion and structural funds after EU accession.
COMPONENTS OF IPA
• Component I: “Assistance for transition and institution-building”
• Component II: “Cross-border cooperation”• Component III: “Regional development”• Component IV: “Human resources
development”• Component V: “Rural development”
Allocation of IPA Funds
• allocation of the IPA funds for each component and beneficiary country was defined in the Multiannual Indicative Financial Framework (MIFF), which reflects the priorities identified by the Enlargement Strategy of the European Commission
• First MIFF: 2008-2010• Second MIFF: 2011-2013
Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1) Country Component 2007 2008 2009 2010
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 256.7 256.1 239.6 231.3Cross-border Cooperation 2.1 2.8 3.1 5.1Regional Development 167.5 173.8 182.7 238.1Human Resources Development 50.2 52.9 55.6 63.4Rural Development 20.7 53 85.5 131.3Total 497.2 538.7 566.4 653.7
CROATIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 49.6 45.4 45.6 39.5Cross-border Cooperation 9.7 14.7 15.9 15.6Regional Development 45.1 47.6 49.7 56.2Human Resources Development 11.4 12.7 14.2 15.7Rural Development 25.5 25.6 25.8 26Total 141.2 146 151.2 153.6
MACEDONIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 41.6 41.1 39.3 36.9Cross-border Cooperation 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.5Regional Development 7.4 12.3 20.8 29.4Human Resources Development 3.2 6 7.1 8.4Rural Development 2.1 6.7 10.2 12.5Total 58.5 70.2 81.8 91.7
SERBIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 181.5 179.4 182.6 186.2Cross-border Cooperation 8.2 11.5 12.2 11.8Total 189.7 190.9 194.8 198
MONTENEGROTransition Assistance and Institution Building 27.5 28.1 29.8 29.8Cross-border Cooperation 3.9 4.5 4.7 3.7Total 31.4 32.6 34.5 33.5
KOSOVOTransition Assistance and Institution Building 68.3 184.7 106.1 66.1Cross-border Cooperation 0 0 0 1.2Total 68.3 184.7 106.1 67.3
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Transition Assistance and Institution Building 58.1 69.9 83.9 100.7Cross-border Cooperation 4 4.9 5.2 4.7
Total 62.1 74.8 89.1 105.4
ALBANIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 54.3 65.2 71.4 84.2Cross-border Cooperation 6.7 8.6 9.8 10Total 61 73.8 81.2 94.2
Total Country Programmes 1109.4 1311.7 1305.1 1397.3Multi-Beneficiary Programmes 29.6 137.7 188.9 141.7Support Expenditure 44.8 52 47.6 47.4GRAND TOTAL 1263.2 1501.4 1541.6 1591.3
Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1)
Country Component 2011 2012 2013
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 231.3 227.5 238.5
Cross-border Cooperation 5.1 2.2 2.2
Regional Development 293.4 356.1 366.9
Human Resources Development 77.6 83.2 91.2
Rural Development 172.5 187.4 204.2
Total 779.9 856.3 902.9
CROATIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 40 40 17.4
Cross-border Cooperation 15.9 16.4 9.7
Regional Development 58.2 57.5 30.1
Human Resources Development 16 15.9 8.5
Rural Development 26.5 25.8 27.7
Total 156.5 155.6 93.5
MACEDONIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 29.4 28.7 27.1
Cross-border Cooperation 4.5 3.6 5.1
Regional Development 39.3 40.9 50.3
Human Resources Development 8.8 10.3 10.6
Rural Development 16 18 20.2
Total 98 101.5 113.2
SERBIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 190.6 190.6 196.7
Cross-border Cooperation 11.3 11.5 11.6
Total 201.9 202.1 208.3
MONTENEGRO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 29.8 16.3 5.1
Cross-border Cooperation 4.3 4.6 4.7
Regional Development 0 8 14.8
Human Resources Development 0 2.8 2.8
Rural Development 0 3.3 7.3
Total 34.2 35 34.6
KOSOVO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 66.9 67 68.5
Cross-border Cooperation 1.8 1.8 3
Total 68.7 68.8 71.5
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 102.7 102.7 103.5
Cross-border Cooperation 4.7 5.2 5.3
Total 107.4 107.9 108.8
ALBANIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 84.3 85.1 84.7
Cross-border Cooperation 10.1 9.4 10.7
Total 94.4 94.6 95.3
Total Country Programmes 1553 1633.7 1634.1
Multi-Beneficiary Programmes 193.2 212.7 177.3
Support Expenditure 52.2 52.7 53.3
GRAND TOTAL 1798.4 1899.1 1864.6
Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 2)
From IPA to IPA II: 2014 - 2020
• IPA II: “more closely linked to the enlargement priorities, and based on a more results-oriented and strategic approach targeting key reforms in the enlargement countries”– access to all areas of the IPA II for all countries,
regardless their official candidate status; – Easy management of financial assistance with fewer
processes for accreditation and conferral of management to beneficiaries.
– Generalisation of a sector approach with the increased use of sectoral budget support