english 306a; harris - university of waterlooraha/306a_web/09-downloadfiles/morphology.… ·...
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English 306A; Harris
Morphemes
English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
Sirin
bozorg
daroSt
xub
dana
Sirini
bozorgi
daroSti
xubi
danai
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
EnglishPersian
sweetSirin
bigbozorg
thickdaroSt
goodxub
wisedana
EnglishPersian
sweetnessSirini
sizebozorgi
thicknessdaroSti
goodnessxubi
wisdomdanai
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
Noun Former
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English 306A; Harris
A little Persian
sweetSirin sweetnessSirini
Suffix
Morpheme
{-i}
Noun Former
AfAdjective
Noun
AdjAdjective AdjAf
Noun
Simplex Complex
adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun
English 306A; Harris
The smallest signifier/signifiedbundles
{un-}Antonym former
{re-}Iterative former
{draw}Verb, to make representative
marks{-s}
Third-singular-present agreementformer
{-ing}Present-participle former
English 306A; Harris
Homophony/PolysemyBut, … matching the signifiers and
signifieds is not a piece of cake{-ing}
Present-participle former“Oriana is drawing the cat”
{-ing}Gerund former“Oriana’s drawing of the cat
is beautiful.”{-ing}
Adjective former“Oriana’s drawing chalk is
the white one”
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English 306A; Harris
Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix)
prefixsuffixinfixcircumfix
Morpheme function derivational
change meaningdramatically, and/orword category
inflectionalnever change category,
and only changemeaning very subtly
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
Bound!Derivational!What type is
{-i}?
xubi
Afadjective
Noun
English 306A; Harris
Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix)
prefixsuffixinfixcircumfix
Morpheme function derivational
change meaningdramatically, and/orword category
inflectionalnever change category,
and only changemeaning very subtly
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
xubi
Afadjective
Noun
adjective ⇒ [adjective-i]noun
English 306A; Harris
Affix rules
prefixoldcategory ⇒ [affix-oldcategory]newcategory
suffixoldcategory ⇒ [oldcategory-affix]newcategory
infixoldcategory ⇒ [old-affix- category]newcategory
circumfixoldcategory ⇒ [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory
Old Af
New
oooa
Af Old
New
aooooo
Old
aooooa
Old AfAf
New
Af Old
ooaoo
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English 306A; Harris
Affix rules
Prefix e.g.{un-} adjective ⇒ [un-adjective ]adjective
{anti-} adjective ⇒ [anti-adjective ]adjective
{auto-} noun ⇒ [auto-noun ]noun
suffix{-er} verb ⇒ [verb-er]noun
{-ness} adjective ⇒ [adjective-ness]noun
{-ly} adjective ⇒ [adjective-ly]adverb
unattractiveanti-racistautobiography
writerhappinessquickly
English 306A; Harris
CompoundsMorphological analysis
Adjective
blackboard
Noun
Noun
English 306A; Harris
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
?
fly
Noun?Verb?Adjective?Adverb?Preposition?Determiner?Qualifier?Quantifier?Who cares?
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English 306A; Harris
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Noun
fly
English 306A; Harris
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Verb
fly
English 306A; Harris
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Adjective
fly
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English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)Morphological analysis
flies
Af?
?
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)Morphological analysis
flies
AfNoun
Noun
Plural
English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)Morphological analysis
flies
AfVerb
Verb
3rd singularpresentagreement
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English 306A; Harris
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)Morphological analysis
flies
AfAdjective
Adjective
English 306A; Harris
Free morphemeMorphological analysis
flier fliest
AfAdjective
Adjective
AfAdjective
Adjective
? ?
English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
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English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
Noun
English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
Af
Adj
Noun
English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
Adj
Af
Noun
Noun
Af
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English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
Adj
AfVerb Af
Noun
Noun
Af
English 306A; Harris
Optionality
optionality
Adj
AfVerb Af
Noun
Noun
Af
English 306A; Harris
Roots and stems
optionalityroot
stems
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English 306A; Harris
Ainu (Japan)
= to loseewen= badwen= to gainepirka= goodpirka= to be able to endureeniSte= hardniSte
= to be unable to endureehaparu= softhaparu
English 306A; Harris
verb former1. Stative
have adjectival quality2. Active
change towardsstate described byadjective
{e-}
adjective —> [e-adjective]verb
English 306A; Harris
Ainu (Japan)
e pirka
AdjectiveAf
Verb
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English 306A; Harris
Bontoc (Philippines)
{-um-}third-personsingularmasculineinchoativeverb-former
kumilad = he is becoming red
he, not she or it
he, not I or youhe, not they
becomingis; state change
English 306A; Harris
Bontoc (Philippines)
k um ilad
Adjective
Af
Verb
English 306A; Harris
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
his clothespjama
my clothesmpama
clothespama
his cowwjakas
my cownwakas
cowwakas
his cornfieldkjama
my cornfieldNkama
cornfieldkama
his donkeybjuRu
my donkeymbuRu
donkeybuRu
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English 306A; Harris
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
his clothespjama
my clothesmpama
clothespama
his cowwjakas
my cownwakas
cowwakas
his cornfieldkjama
my cornfieldNkama
cornfieldkama
his donkeybjuRu
my donkeymbuRu
donkeybuRu
English 306A; Harris
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
his clothespjama
my clothesmpama
clothespama
his cowwjakas
my cownwakas
cowwakas
his cornfieldkjama
my cornfieldNkama
cornfieldkama
his donkeybjuRu
my donkeymbuRu
donkeybuRu
English 306A; Harris
MorphologyZoque possessives
{-j- }third-personsingularmasculinepossessive
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English 306A; Harris
MorphologyZoque possessives
b j uRu
English 306A; Harris
Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun]noun
b j uRu
Noun
Af
Noun
English 306A; Harris
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
{m-}, {n-}, {N-}
first-personsingularpossessive
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English 306A; Harris
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
m pama
NounAf
Noun
n wakas
NounAf
Noun
N kama
NounAf
Noun
Assimilation in place of articulation
English 306A; Harris
Chickasaw
He isn’t good.ikchokmoHe is good.chokma
He doesn’t open it.iktiwwoHe opens it.tiwwi
It isn’t hot.ikpalloIt is hot.palli
It isn’t yellow.iklaknoIt is yellow.lakna
TranslationWordTranslationWord
NegativeAffirmative
English 306A; Harris
Chickasaw
{-a}, {-i}third-personsingularaffirmative
{ik- … -o}third-personsingularnegative
Verb formschokm-lakn-pall-tiww-
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English 306A; Harris
Chickasaw circumfix
iklakno
Verb
AfAf Verb
verb —> [ik-verb-o]verb
English 306A; Harris
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernism
Noun
Adj AfAf
iklakno
Verb
AfAf Verb
Adj
English 306A; Harris
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernismiklakno
Verb
AfAf Verb
Noun
Adj AfAf
Adj
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English 306A; Harris
English “Circumfixes”
em-bold-enen-light-enir-regard-less
a-work-ina-turn-ina-change-in
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication
dilly-dallyheebie-jeebieschit-chatfiddle-faddlemumbo-jumbohocus-pocus
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication
boy toytoy boypooper scooperartsy-fartsywalkie-talkiewiggle-waggle
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English 306A; Harris
English reduplication
Ping-pong vs.Table tennis
English 306A; Harris
English reduplication: gang-bang
Onomasiologicallyextremely serious referents
Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form
English 306A; Harris
English {-er}
farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer,printer, …
Londoner, Winnipeger, …
villager, foreigner, …
printer, toaster, heater, freezer, …
page-turner, reader, drawer, …
chatter, mutter, flicker, …
triple-decker, porker, …
Agentive
Locative1 (geographic)
Locative2 (type)
Instrumental
Patient
Frequentive
Other
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English 306A; Harris
?
Radial networkEnglish -er
specialization
generalization
metaphormetaph
or
inver
sion
English 306A; Harris
Productivity
The relative ability to produce new words.-er
farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper,weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker,candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, …
a-asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?
English 306A; Harris
Productivity
petro-petroleum,Petrocanda™,petrochemical,petrodollars,petropolitics, …
-castbroadcast,telecast,newscast,sportscast,podcast, …
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English 306A; Harris
Productivity
cran-cranberry, cran-apple, cran-
cherry, cran-grape, cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango, …
huckle-huckleberry
rasp-raspberry
English 306A; Harris
MorphologySemasiological
• free (word)• bound (affix)
Onomasiological• derivational (new word)• inflectional (new function)
RulesStructuresProductivity
breakunbreakable
breakable
breaksverb ⇒ [verb-affix]adjective
verb Af
Adj
bre akab lebreakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable, blorkable, …