Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology

Ursula Schmidt-ErfurthThomas KohnenEditors

Encyclopedia ofOphthalmology

With 453 Figures and 34 Tables

Editors

Ursula Schmidt-ErfurthDepartment of Ophthalmology andOptometryMedical University ViennaVienna, Austria

Thomas KohnenDepartment of OphthalmologyGoethe University of Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany

ISBN 978-3-540-68292-9 ISBN 978-3-540-69000-9 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-540-69001-6 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954881

# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH, DEThe registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany

Preface

Encompassed with comprehensive and focused information, accompanied by

high-quality images, detailed tables, and graphics on all relevant ophthalmictopics, the Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology is a valuable resource for practic-ing ophthalmologists from the various ophthalmic subspecialties. This com-prehensive source of ophthalmological expertise will also be of interest tooptometrists, orthoptists, opticians, low vision specialists, researchers, resi-dents, medical students, nurse practitioners, and all other eye care profes-sionals who deal with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye.

The reader will benefit from the knowledge of leading experts in the rapidlychanging field of ophthalmology with an easy reference, geared to providedetailed, timely, and relevant information about the rapid advances that con-tinuously influence the field of ophthalmology. Intended as a user-friendlyreference, available in hardcopy and electronic format and continuouslyupdated. We hope that this encyclopedia facilitates easy reference and clinicaluse.

v

Acknowledgment

We would like to extend our thanks to the many authors who devoted an

extensive amount of time in contributing to the development of this compre-hensive coverage of current state-of-the-art knowledge in ophthalmology. Wewould also like to thank the consultants at Springer Nature for their commit-ment to publishing this book.

vii

List of Topics

External Diseases and Cornea Chlorpromazine, Cornea Verticillata

Section Editor: Shameema Sikder

Actinic KeratosisAcute Hemorrhagic ConjunctivitisAdenoviral KeratoconjunctivitisAllergic ConjunctivitisAmniotic Membrane Transplantation

NonpharmacotherapyAmorphous Corneal Dystrophy, Posterior DiseaseAtopic DermatitisBlepharitisBlepharoconjunctivitisBlue NevusBlue ScleraBullaBurnsCalcific Band KeratopathyCanaliculitisCandida Keratitis/Ocular InfectionCarcinoma In Situ, of ConjunctivaCarpenter SyndromeCat Scratch DiseaseCatarrhal (Marginal Corneal) InfiltratesCellulitis, Preseptal, Haemophilus CausingChalazionChandler SyndromeChelation Therapy, for Calcific Band KeratopathyChemical Injury (Burns)ChemosisChlamydiaChloroquine Toxicity, Cornea Verticillata

Chocolate CystChoristomasChrysiasis, Corneal PigmentationClimatic Droplet Keratopathy (Spheroidal

Degeneration)Coats’ White RingCogan SyndromeComputerized Corneal TopographyConcretions, ConjunctivalConcussive TraumaCongenital Hereditary Endothelial DystrophyCongenital Hereditary Stromal DystrophyConjunctivaConjunctival AutograftConjunctival DegenerationsConjunctival FlapsConjunctival Inclusion CystsConjunctival TumorsConjunctivitisConjunctivochalasisConnective Tissue Disorder of the CorneaContact DermatoblepharitisCornea FarinataCornea PlanaCornea VerticillataCorneal ArcusCorneal DegenerationsCorneal GuttataCorneal Intraepithelial NeoplasiaCorneal PatchingCorneal Pigmentations

ix

x List of Topics

Corneal TattooCorneal UlcersCorneoretinal Dystrophy, Bietti’s CrystallineCorneoscleral LacerationCryptophthalmosCryptophthalmos-Syndactyly (Fraser) SyndromeCrystalline DystrophyCrystalline Keratopathy, InfectiousCyanoacrylate AdhesiveDacryoadenitisDacryoadenomaDacryocystitisDarier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK)Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty (DLEK)DellenDermatitisDescemetoceleDesquamating Skin ConditionsDisciform Keratitis, Herpes Simplex Virus

CausingDistichiasis: DefinitionDry Eye: DefinitionEctasia, CornealEctodermal DysplasiaEctrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasial-Clefting

(EEC) SyndromeEczema, of EyelidEhlers-Danlos Syndrome, Gene Linkage of

DiseaseEndothelial DegenerationsEndothelial DystrophiesEndothelial FailureEndothelial Graft RejectionEphelis (Freckle), Conjunctival DiseaseEpibulbar TumorEpidermisEpidermoid CystsEpiscleritis: OverviewEpithelial DefectsEpithelial DystrophiesEpithelial ErosionsEpithelial Inclusion CystsEpitheliopathyExposure Keratitis/KeratopathyExposure Staining, Keratoconjunctivitis SiccaExternal Hordeolum (Stye)

Eye Bank Association of AmericaEye BankingEyelid Weights, for Exposure KeratopathyFornicesFrançois, Central Cloudy DystrophyFuchs Superficial Marginal KeratitisFuchs’ Dystrophy DiseaseFurrow Degeneration, SenileGiant Papillary (Contact Lens-Induced)

Conjunctivitis DiseaseGoblet Cells, Mucin Tear Secretion byGonococcal ConjunctivitisGraft-Versus-Host Disease: OverviewGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaGroenouw Dystrophy Type 1 DiseaseHaemophilus influenzae, ConjunctivitisHansen’s DiseaseHeerfordt’s SyndromeHemochromatosisHereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-

Weber-Rendu Disease)Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Neurotrophic

KeratopathyHerpes Zoster OphthalmicusHolmium YAG Laser, ThermokeratoplastyHordeolumHorner-Trantas DotsHudson-Stähli LineHuman Herpes VirusHuman Papilloma Viruses, Ocular InfectionHurler-Scheie SyndromeHurricane (Vortex) KeratopathyHyaluronic Acid, for Dry EyeHydrops, KeratoconusHypercalcemia: Corneal ChangesHyperemia, ConjunctivalInterstitial KeratitisIron Lines, PterygiumIron, Corneal Deposits ofIron, Corneal Intraocular Foreign Body ofJuvenile Epithelial Dystrophy (Meesmann

Dystrophy)Kayser-Fleischer RingKeloids: Corneal and CongenitalKeratinocytes: OverviewKeratinoid (Spheroidal) Degeneration

List of Topics xi

Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca: DefinitionKeratoconjunctivitis: OverviewKeratoglobus Basic ScienceKeratolysis (Corneal Melting), Marginal,

Systemic Immune-Mediated DiseaseKeratomalacia, Vitamin A DeficiencyKeratopathy Actinic (Labrador Keratopathy/

Spheroidal Degeneration)KeratoprosthesisKhodadoust LineKrukenberg SpindlesLagophthalmosLamellar KeratoplastyLattice DystrophyLattice LinesLigneous ConjunctivitisLimbal Autograft/Allograft (Limbal

Transplantation)Limbal Stem CellsLimbal Transplantation for Chemical InjuryLimbal Vernal Conjunctivitis/

KeratoconjunctivitisLipemia RetinalisLipid KeratopathyLithiasis, ConjunctivalLymphoma: DefinitionMap-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy (Epithelial/

Anterior Membrane Dystrophy)Maroteaux-Lamy SyndromeMcCannel TechniqueMegalocorneaMeibomian Gland DysfunctionMelanocytosisMelanokeratosis, StriateMelanomas, ConjunctivalMelanosisMeretoja SyndromeMicrocorneaMicrocystic EpitheliopathyMicropannusMicrophthalmos (Microphthalmia), AnteriorMolluscum Contagiosum: OverviewMooren UlcerMorquio SyndromeMosaic Degeneration (Anterior Crocodile

Shagreen)Mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucus Fishing SyndromeNd:YSGG Laser, for Intrastromal

PhotodisruptionNecrotizing KeratitisNecrotizing ScleritisNeurotrophic KeratopathyNonnecrotizing KeratitisOcular LiceOculodentoosseous DysplasiaOculoglandular Syndrome, ParinaudOculomandibulofacial Dyscephaly (Hallermann-

Streiff Syndrome)OncocytomaOnychoosteodysplasia (Nail-Patella Syndrome)Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Blue ScleraPachymetry (Pachometry)Palpebral ConjunctivaPalpebral Vernal Conjunctivitis/

KeratoconjunctivitisPannus/MicropannusPapillae: OverviewPapillomas, ConjunctivalParasitesPediculosis (Lice), Ocular InfectionPellucid Marginal DegenerationPemphigoid, CicatricialPenetrating InjuriesPeripheral Corneal Guttata (Hassall-Henle

Bodies/Warts)Peripheral KeratitisPhlyctenulesPhotokeratoscopyPhotomicroscopy, SpecularPhthirus Pubis (Crab/Pubic Louse), Ocular

InfectionPigmented Lesions of the ConjunctivaPingueculaPort-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)Posterior Polymorphous Corneal DystrophyPostherpetic NeuralgiaPrecorneal Tear FilmPrimary Endothelial Failure, After Penetrating

KeratoplastyPseudo-Hurler PolydystrophyPseudoguttatae: Inflammatory DiseasePseudomembrane, ConjunctivalPterygium

xii List of Topics

Punctate Epithelial Defects/ErosionsPyogenic GranulomaRecurrent Corneal ErosionReis-Bücklers DystrophyRiley-Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia)Rosacea: OverviewRust Ring, Iron Foreign Body CausingSalzmann Nodular DegenerationSarcoidosisSattler’s Veil (Central Epithelial Edema)Scanning Confocal MicroscopeSchirmer TestsSchnyder Crystalline Dystrophy SyndromeScleritisSclerocorneaSclerokeratitisScleromalacia: OverviewSebaceous Gland Carcinoma: OverviewSeborrheic BlepharitisShagreen, CrocodileSiderosis: Signs and SymptomsSipple-Gorlin Syndrome, Enlarged Corneal

NervesSpheroidal DegenerationSquamous Cell Carcinoma, of the ConjunctivaSquamous Dysplasia of ConjunctivaStaphylococcusStaphylomas, Congenital, AnteriorStevens Johnson SyndromeStriate Keratopathy, Intraocular Surgery CausingStriate MelanokeratosisStromal DegenerationsStromal DystrophiesStromal Graft RejectionStromal Keratitis (Herpetic)Stromal Micropuncture, for Recurrent Corneal

ErosionsSubconjunctival HemorrhageSubepithelial Corneal DegenerationsSubepithelial Graft RejectionSuperior Limbic KeratoconjunctivitisSymblepharonSyphilis: OverviewTangier Disease, Corneal ChangesTarsal ConjunctivaTarsal Plates/TarsusTarsorrhaphy

Tay-Sachs Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis Type I)Tear Breakup TimeTearing (Epiphora)Tectonic Penetrating Keratoplasty, for Herpetic

KeratitisTerrien Marginal DegenerationThermal CauteryThermal Injury: OverviewThiel-Behnke DystrophyThygeson’s Superficial Punctate KeratitisTissue Adhesives, Cyanoacrylate, for Anterior

SegmentTransplantationTransplantation, Amniotic MembraneTreacher Collins-Franceschetti Syndrome

(Mandibulofacial Dysostosis)TrichiasisUlcerative Keratitis DiseaseUlcerative Keratopathy, ToxicUlcersVascular Tumors Disease of the ConjunctivaVernal Conjunctivitis/KeratoconjunctivitisVogt Lines, KeratoconusVortex (Hurricane) KeratopathyWave Front AnalysisWilson DiseaseXanthelasma, DyslipoproteinemiaXanthomasXerophthalmiaXerosis

Fundamentals and Principles

Section Editor: Bhavna P. Sheth

Achromatopsia (Rod Monochromatism), GeneDefects Causing

Anesthesia (Anesthetics), LocalAngiography, FluoresceinAqueous HumorAxenfeld-Rieger Syndrome; Mesodermal

Dysgenesis; LeukomasBergmeister’s PapillaBest DiseaseBeta Carotene, Use and Dosage ofBiomicroscopy, Ultrasound, of Anterior SegmentBipolar Cells

List of Topics xiii

Blood-Aqueous BarrierBlood-Retina BarrierBruch’s MembraneChoroid, Gyrate Atrophy ofCiliary ArteriesCiliary Block (Malignant) Glaucoma, Muscarinic

Antagonists forCiliary BodyColor Vision, Three Cone OpsinsCorneal DystrophiesCorneal LimbusCorticosteroids, Use in OphthalmologyCyclopiaDrugs, Ocular, Absorption ofDrusenFluorescein, as Diagnostic AgentFovea, Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ)FoveolaFundus AlbipunctatusFundus Flavimaculatus (Stargardt Disease/

Juvenile Macular Degeneration)Fundus OculiFundus Salt and PepperGardner Syndrome: Retinal Pigment Epithelium

HypertrophyGlands of Krause, Glands of Moll, Glands of

Wolfring, Glands of ZeisGoldenhar SyndromeHerpes Simplex VirusHerpes ZosterIndocyanine GreenInherited Color Vision DefectsIntraocular Injection of Ocular DrugsIntraocular PressureIris, CharacteristicsLevator Muscle (Levator Palpebrae Superioris)Light AdaptationLight Toxicity, Free Radical Damage; Photic

Damage/Phototoxicity, Free Radical DamageLocal Anesthesia for Ophthalmic ProceduresLuteinMacular DystrophyMacular HolesMarfan SyndromeMeibomian GlandsMelanin in EyesMicrophthalmos (Microphthalmia)

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)Nyctalopia: Night BlindnessOcular Medication Absorption Affected by

ViscosityOcusert Delivery SystemOptic Disc (Optic Nerve Head)Ora SerrataPars Plana; Pars PlicataPedigree Analysis, Symbols Used inPeriocular Injection of Ocular DrugsPersistent Hyperplastic Primary VitreousPersistent Pupillary MembranePhotoreceptor CellsPhototransduction Cone/RodPigment Epithelium, Ciliary Body, and IrisPosterior Embryotoxon, NeurocristopathyProstaglandin AnaloguesPupil, CharacteristicsRetina, Structure ofRetinal Blood VesselsRetinitis Punctata AlbescensRetinoblastomaSchwalbe’s LineStem Cells, Limbal, Corneal Epithelium

MaintenanceStickler Syndrome (Hereditary Progressive

Arthro-Ophthalmopathy)Tear Film (Tears)Tearing, Reflex, Absorption of Ocular MedicationTenon’s CapsuleUsher SyndromeUvea (Uveal Tract)Viscoelastic AgentsVitreolysis, EnzymaticVitreous HumorWatershed Zone of the ChoroidXeroderma Pigmentosum

Glaucoma

Section Editor: George Spaeth, Jens Funk andFrances Meier-Gibbons

Angle ClosureAngle Closure Secondary to Uveal EffusionAngle-Closure SuspectAngle Recession Glaucoma

xiv List of Topics

Angle-Closure GlaucomaCiliary Block “Malignant” GlaucomaFuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis, GlaucomaFundamental Considerations Regarding the Optic

NerveGhost Cell GlaucomaHeterochromic Cyclitis Fuchs’ GlaucomaHigh-Pressure GlaucomaHomocystinuriaIridocorneo Endothelial SyndromeJuvenile GlaucomaLens DislocationLens-Induced Angle-Closure GlaucomaMydriasis Induced Secondary Angle ClosureNeovascular Glaucoma in Diabetes MellitusNeovascular Glaucoma in Ocular Ischemia,

OthersNeovascular Glaucoma in VOROpen-Angle GlaucomasOther Uveitic EtiologiesPediatric GlaucomaPigmentary GlaucomaPosner-Schlossman SyndromePrimary Angle Closure and Angle Closure

GlaucomaPrimary Congenital GlaucomaPseudoexfoliative GlaucomaSecondary Angle-Closure GlaucomaSecondary Open-Angle GlaucomaSurgical ApproachesTraumatic GlaucomaUveitic GlaucomaWeill-Marchesani Syndrome

Lens and Cataract

Section Editor: Thomas Kohnen

Accommodation, CataractAcrylic Intraocular LensAcute Angle ClosureAnesthesia, CataractAniridia, TraumaticAnterior CapsuleAnterior CapsulorhexisAnterior Capsulotomy TechniquesAnterior Chamber

Anterior MegalophtalmosAnterior Optic CaptureAnterior SegmentAnterior Segment Partial Coherence

InterferometryAnterior Segment SurgeryAntibiotics for Eye InfectionsAnticoagulants, Ophthalmological TreatmentApodized Diffractive Intraocular LensAspherical Intraocular LensAspiration CuretteAspirin: Usage, Effects, and Dosage in

OphthalmologyAtropine Drug, Usage in OphthalmologyAxial LengthBacterial Adhesion in Ophthalmology,

Characteristics ofBiometry, Use and Principle ofBiomicroscopy, UltrasoundCan-Opener TechniqueCapsular BagCapsular Bag OpacificationCapsular BendCapsular Block SyndromeCapsular Tension RingCapsulotomyCataract SurgeryCataract, Causes and TreatmentCefuroximeClear Corneal IncisionCorneal TopographyCrystalline LensEctopia LentisEndophthalmitisFoldable Intraocular LensFree RadicalsHapticHydrodissectionHydrophilicHydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular LensHydrophobicHydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular LensHypotonyInterlenticular OpacificationIntracameral AntibioticsIntraocular LensIntraoperative Floppy-Iris Syndrome

List of Topics xv

Iris ColobomaIris HooksIris ProsthesisLens Epithelial CellsLensectomyLenticonusLuxated LensMacular EdemaNanophthalmosNeodymium:YAG LaserNuclear FragmentsOphthalmic Viscosurgical DevicesOptical Coherence TomographyPars Plana VitrectomyPartial Coherence InterferometryPeribulbar AnesthesiaPhacofragmentationPhacotrabeculectomyPhacoviscocanalostomyPhotochromic Foldable Intraocular LensPiggyback Intraocular LensPlate-Haptic Posterior Chamber Intraocular LensPosterior Capsule RupturePosterior CapsulorhexisPosterior ChamberPosterior LenticonusPosterior Polar CataractPotential Acuity MeterPresbyopiaPrimary Posterior CapsulorhexisPseudoaccommodationPseudoexfoliation SyndromePupil DilatorPupil StretchScanning Electron MicroscopyScleral Fixation of Intraocular LensScleral TunnelSealed Capsule Irrigation DeviceSilicone Intraocular LensSilicone Oil TamponadeSilicone, Uses in OphthalmologySpherical Intraocular LensSubtenon’s AnesthesiaSurgically Induced AstigmatismTamsulosinTopical Anesthesia in Eye SurgeryToxic Anterior Segment Syndrome

Traumatic AniridiaTrypan BlueUltrasonic PachymetryVitrectomy

Neuro-Ophthalmology

Section Editor: Andrew G. Lee

Accommodation, Functional (Nonorganic/Nonphysiologic) Disorders of

Acetazolamide for Pseudotumor CerebriAchromatopsia CerebralAcute Idiopathic Enlargement of Blind SpotAdie’s Pupil (Tonic Pupil), Pharmacologic

TestingAfferent Pupillary Defects, Relative (Marcus

Gunn Pupil)Afferent Visual PathwaysAgnosia, ObjectAIDS and Neuro-Ophthalmology ManifestationsAkinetopsiaAlexander’s LawAlexia, Without AgraphiaAlternating Skew DeviationAltitudinal Visual Field DefectsAnalgesic Rebound HeadacheAneurysmsAngiofibromas, Facial, in Tuberous SclerosisAngiomas (Angiomatosis)Anisocoria of Small Pupil: Horner SyndromeAnisocoria of the Small PupilAnisocoria: Big PupilAnnulus of ZinnAnterior Chiasmal SyndromeAnterior Cranial FossaAnterior Inferior Cerebellar ArteryApraxia of Lid OpeningArachnoid Mater, Optic NerveArgyll Robertson PupilArterial DissectionArteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyArteritic Ischemic Optic NeuropathyAspirin (for Carotid Artery Disease)Astrocytoma (Astrocytic Hamartoma)Ataxia, Optic

xvi List of Topics

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T)Balint SyndromeBartonella henselae, Cat ScratchBattle Sign, Facial Nerve PalsyBell’s PalsyBenign Episodic Pupillary MydriasisBenign Essential Blepharospasm: Neuro-

ophthalmic ConsiderationsBinocular DiplopiaBitemporal HemianopsiaBloch-Sulzberger Syndrome (Incontinentia

Pigmenti)Borrelia burgdorferiCancer-Associated RetinopathyCarotid Cavernous FistulaCavernous Sinus AnatomyCavernous Sinus SyndromeCerebral AchromatopsiaCharles Bonnet Syndrome: OverviewChiasmal DisordersCiliary GanglionClaude SyndromeCollier’s SignCommunicating Arteries AnteriorCongenital Ocular Motor ApraxiaCranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve)Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve), CNIVCranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens Nerve)Cranial Nerve VIICraniopharyngiomasDemyelination, in Multiple Sclerosis, Optic

NeuritisDiabetic PapillopathyDiffusion-Weighted MR ImageDiplopia in Graves’ OphthalmopathyDiplopia in Multiple SclerosisDiplopia in MyopathiesDiplopia in Vertebrobasilar System DiseaseDiplopia MonocularDiplopia, Restrictive Syndromes CausingDoll’s Head Maneuver/Phenomenon, in

Horizontal Gaze PalsyDorsal Midbrain (Parinaud) Syndrome,

Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus, EyelidRetraction

Double Ring Sign: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Drugs: AnisocoriaDrugs: HallucinationsDuction TestDuplex UltrasonographyDural Sinus ThrombosisDyschromatopsiaEclampsia, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders,

Transient Visual LossEdinger-Westphal ComplexEfferent Visual System (Ocular Motor Pathways)Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Giant Cell

ArteritisFacial Diplegia, Guillain-Barré SyndromeFlutter, OcularFourth Nerve PalsyFoville SyndromeGasserian Ganglion (Semilunar/Trigeminal

Ganglion)Gradenigo SyndromeGraves OphthalmopathyHallucinationHemangioblastomas, with Retinal Angiomatosis

(von Hippel Lindau Disease)Horizontal Gaze CenterIce Pack Test for Myasthenia GravisIce Pick PainsIdiopathic Intracranial HypertensionInfraorbital NerveInternuclear OphthalmoplegiaKearns SyndromeKlippel-Trenaunay-Weber SyndromeLacrimal NerveLanthony Tritan Plates, in Color Vision

EvaluationLeber Hereditary Optic NeuropathyLight, Pupillary ResponseLight-Near DissociationLisch Nodules, in NeurofibromatosisLyme DiseaseMacropsiaMarcus Gunn PupilMethanol, Optic NeuropathyMicropsiaMiller FisherMitochondrial Optic NeuropathyMonocular Transient Visual Loss in Carotid

Artery Disease

List of Topics xvii

Monocular Transient Visual Loss, HypoperfusionCausing

Monocular Transient Visual Loss, OcularCauses of

Monocular Transient Visual Loss, OrbitalCauses of

Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Stroke AfterMonocular Transient Visual Loss, Systemic

Causes ofMonocular Transient, Visual Loss Embolic

Causes ofMorning Glory DiscMunchausen SyndromeMyasthenia Gravis, OverviewNonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyNonorganic Visual LossNystagmus: OverviewOccipital Seizures: Transient Visual LossOcular BobbingOcular Motor ApraxiaOne-and-a-Half SyndromeOphthalmoplegia, InternuclearOptic AtrophyOptic Disc in Central Retinal Vein OcclusionOptic GliomasOptic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)Optic NeuritisOptic Neuritis: OverviewOptic TractOptokinetic NystagmusOrbital Apex Syndrome in Neuro-OphthalmologyOscillopsiaPalinopsiaParinaud (Dorsal Midbrain) SyndromePeduncular HallucinosisPharmacologic AnisocoriaPhysiologic AnisocoriaPort-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus) in Sturge-

Weber SyndromePoser Criteria, for Multiple SclerosisPositron Emission TomographyPosterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyProgressive Supranuclear PalsyPseudopapilledemaPseudopapilledema: Disc DrusenPseudoptosisPupil Irregularity Caused by Trauma

RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)RecoverinRed-Green Color Vision, DefectsReflex BlepharospasmRetinae (Retinal Angiomatosis, von Hippel

Syndrome/Disease)Retinal/Ocular MigraineRetinitis Pigmentosa, Decreased Vision in

Neuro-OphthalmologyRetrobulbar Hemorrhage, Optic Nerve

DysfunctionRetrochiasmal DisordersRosenthal SyndromeSetting Sun SignSeventh Nerve PalsySingle-Photon Emission Computed

TomographySixth Nerve PalsiesSkew DeviationSpasmus NutansSwinging-Light Test, for RAPD

IdentificationT1-Weighted ImageT2-Weighted ImageTerson Syndrome Caused by Subarachnoid

HemorrhageThird Nerve PalsyThyroid Eye DiseaseTonic Pupil (Adie’s Pupil), Pharmacological

Testing forToxic Optic NeuropathyToxic/Nutritional and Hereditary Optic

NeuropathyTransient Obscurations of VisionTransverse (Lateral) Sinus ThrombosisTrigeminal Ganglion (Gasserian/Semilunar

Ganglion)Uveitis in Multiple SclerosisV1 (Ophthalmic Nerve)V2 (Maxillary Nerve)V3 (Mandibular Nerve)Vertical Gaze PalsyVHL SyndromeWallenberg SyndromeWEBINO (“Wall-Eyed” Bilateral Internuclear

Ophthalmoplegia) SyndromeWilbrand Knee

xviii List of Topics

Optics Refraction and Contact Lenses

Section Editor: Jens Bühren

Ametropia: DefinitionAphakic SpectaclesBichrome (Red-Green/Duochrome) TestBifocal LensesBitoricBrightness (Radiance)Candle Power (Luminous Intensity)Carbon Dioxide LaserChromatic Aberration: DefinitionCircularly Polarized LightContrast Sensitivity Function, GeneralDiode LasersDiopter: DefinitionDispersion: DefinitionEmmetropia: DefinitionETDRS Visual Acuity ChartFrequency of Light WaveFresnelFresnel PrismsGeometrical OpticsGlare TestingGlare, GeneralGul Schematic EyeHolmium-YLF Solid-State LaserHruby LensHyperacuity (Vernier Acuity)Illuminance: DefinitionImage Quality, GeneralIndirect OphthalmoscopeInterferometry, GeneralIOL HapticKestenbaum’sKnapp’s LawLaser SpeckleLaw of Reflection: DefinitionLaw of Refraction (Snell’s Law)Legal Blindness: DefinitionLensmeterLuminance: DefinitionMinimum Angle of Resolution/Recognition

(MAR)Minus Cylinder FormMonocular DiplopiaMonocular Distortion

Pelli-Robson ChartPhotodisruptionPhotorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)Refractive AmetropiaRefractive AstigmatismSloan LettersSnellen AcuitySolid-State LasersSpherical EquivalentSpherocylindrical LensesTopography (Corneal)

Orbit, Eyelids, and Lacrimal System

Section Editor: Pete Setabutr

Actinic (Solar) KeratosisAnophthalmic SocketAnterior OrbitotomyAspergillosis and Mucormycosis, Orbital

InfectionsAspergillosis in OrbitBasal Cell Carcinoma of EyelidBasal Cell Nevus Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)Benign Essential Blepharospasm: Orbital and

Oculoplastic ConsiderationsBlepharochalasisBlowout FracturesBotox: Spastic EntropionBowen’s DiseaseBuccal Mucous Membrane GraftCanthal ReconstructionCantholysisCanthotomyCheek Elevation, in Eyelid RepairChloasma, of EyelidsCompound NevusContracted SocketCoronal Scalp Flap, for Anterior OrbitotomyCutaneous Horn+B2658Cutler-Beard ProcedureCylindroma of EyelidCysticercosis, Orbital Involvement andDermis-Fat GraftsDouble Convexity DeformityEchinococcus granulosus (Echinococcosis),

Orbital

List of Topics xix

Edema, EyelidEmphysema (Ocular), of Orbit and Eyelids, in

Blowout FracturesEnucleationEphelis (Freckle), of the EyelidEpidermal Cysts, of the EyelidEviscerationExcisional BiopsyExtraperiosteal RouteEyelid ErythemaEyelid TraumaEyelid WeightsFine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) of OrbitFull-Thickness Eyelid BiopsyGlobe, Displacement of, in Orbital DisordersGorlin SyndromeGraves’ DiseaseGuerin (Maxillary) FractureHard Palate GraftHidradenoma, Clear Cell (Eccrine Acrospiroma)Hidrocystoma, ApocrineHorizontal Eyelid ShorteningHughes Procedure/Modified Hughes Procedure,

in Eyelid RepairImplants, OrbitalIncisional BiopsyInfraciliary Blepharoplasty Incision, for Anterior

OrbitotomyIntraorbital Foreign Body (IOFB)Inverted Follicular KeratosisKaposi SarcomaKeratoacanthomaLangerhans Cell HistiocytosisLash Follicle, Tumors Arising inLateral OrbitotomyLe Fort FracturesLentigo Senile (Liver Spots)Lentigo Simplex (Simple Lentigines)Lower Lid RetractionLynch Incision, for Anterior OrbitotomyMelanoma of the EyelidMelasma, of EyelidsMohs’ Micrographic SurgeryMolluscum Contagiosum, of EyelidMustarde FlapNaso-Orbital-Ethmoid FracturesNecrotizing Fasciitis, of Orbit

Neurofibromas, DiscreteNevus, IntradermalNevus, JunctionalOcular ProsthesesOrbit, Inflammation ofOrbital CellulitisOrbital Compartment SyndromeOrbital HemorrhagesOrbitotomyPapillomas, EyelidPenetrating Eyelid InjuriesPilomatrixomasProptosisPseudoproptosisPulsation, OrbitalReconstructive Surgery of EyelidReflex Tear ArcRetractors, Lower EyelidRetro-Orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF)Rhabdomyosarcoma of OrbitRing Sign, in Idiopathic Orbital InflammationRosengren-Doane Tear PumpRosenmüller, Valve ofRotational Flap for Eyelid RepairSarcoidosis, Orbit Affected inSarcoma, OrbitalSebaceous AdenomaSebaceous Carcinoma/AdenocarcinomaSebaceous CystSebaceous Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising inSebaceous Hyperplasia of EyelidSemicircular Flap for Eyelid RepairShave BiopsySilicone IntubationSinusesSnapback TestSphenoid BoneSpiradenoma, EccrineSpiral Computed Tomography, in Orbital

EvaluationSquamous Cell Carcinoma of EyelidSquamous Cell Papillomas of EyelidSteatoblepharonSub-brow Fat PadsSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Transverse LigamentSurgical Spaces, Orbital

xx List of Topics

Sutures (Surgical), Quickert, for InvolutionalEntropion

Sweat Glands of EyelidSweat Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising inSympathetic Nerves/Pathway, Orbit Supplied byTarsal Fracture Operation, for Cicatricial

EntropionTarsal KinkTarsal Muscles, InferiorTarsal Strip ProcedureTarsotomyTelecanthusTelorbitism (Hypertelorism)Temporal Artery, Eye Supplied byTenzel FlapsTeratomas, OrbitalThree-Dimensional Computed Tomography, in

Orbital EvaluationThrombophlebitis, of Orbital VeinTight OrbitTranscaruncular Route, for Anterior OrbitotomyTransconjunctival RouteTranscutaneous RoutesTransposition Flaps, for Lateral Canthal DefectsTransseptal Route, for Anterior OrbitotomyTrauma, Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal DuctTrauma, CanalicularTreatment for Lid RetractionTrichinella spiralis Trichinosis, Orbital Infection

Caused byTrichoepitheliomaTrichofolliculomaUltrasonography, in Orbital EvaluationUpper Lid RetractionVarices, OrbitalVascular System of OrbitVenography, in Orbital EvaluationVerruca VulgarisVertical Eyelid Splitting, for Anterior OrbitotomyWegener GranulomatosisWies RepairY-V-Plasty for Blepharophimosis SyndromeZ-PlastiesZygomatic BoneZygomatic-Maxillary Complex FracturesZygomaticofacial Canal

Zygomaticotemporal Canal

Refractive Surgery

Section Editor: Thomas Kohnen

AberrometryAccommodating Intraocular LensAnterior Lamellar Keratoplasty, Laser AssistedArtisan LensAspheric Profile Photorefractive KeratectomyAstigmatic KeratotomyAstigmatismBacterial KeratitisBest-Fit SphereCentral Corneal ThicknessCiliary MuscleCollamer Intraocular LensColvard PupillometerComatic AberrationsConductive KeratoplastyConfocal MicroscopyContrast SensitivityCorneaCorneal AblationCorneal AstigmatismCorneal CollagenCorneal DiameterCorneal EctasiaCorneal Stromal HazeDecentrationExcimer Laser PhotoablationExcimer LasersFemtosecond LaserFree Caps, LASIK ComplicationHigher-Order Aberrations, Refractive SurgeryHyperopiaHyperopic ShiftInfrared Digital PhotographyInfrared PupillometersInterface Fluid SyndromeIridotomyKeratitisKeratoconusLaser In Situ KeratomileusisLimbal Relaxing Incisions

List of Topics xxi

MicrokeratomeMitomycin CMycobacterium chelonae KeratitisOptical AberrationsPhakic Intraocular LensPhototherapeutic KeratectomyPosterior Optic ButtonholingPRL Phakic Intraocular LensPupil CenterPupil DiameterPupillometersQ-Factor Customized Ablation ProfileRadial KeratotomyRay TracingRefractive Lens ExchangeRefractive SurgeryResidual Stroma ThicknessRetinal DetachmentScoptopic Pupil DiameterShack-Hartmann AberrometrySteep Central IslandsStromal BedSuperficial KeratectomyTransepithelial Photorefractive KeratectomyTransient Light-Sensitivity SyndromeVerisyse Iris-Supported Phakic Intraocular

LensWavefront-Guided Laser In Situ KeratomileusisWavefront-Guided Laser Refractive SurgeryWound HealingZernike Coefficients

Retina

Section Editor: Anat Loewenstein, UrsulaSchmidt-Erfurth and Barbara Gold

Absorption, Light, Spectra of Visual PigmentsAcute Retinal Necrosis (Necrotizing Herpetic

Retinitis)Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy

(AZOOR)Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform

DystrophyAge-Related Macular DegenerationAlbinism

Alport Disease/Syndrome, RenalAlström SyndromeAmaurosis FugaxAmniotic Fluid Embolism, Purtscher-Like

RetinopathyAmphotericin B, for Aspergillus EndophthalmitisAmyloidosis/Amyloid Deposits, Vitreous

Involvement inAnatomic Reattachment Surgery, for Retinal

DetachmentAnecortave Acetate (RETAANE), for

Age-Related Macular DegenerationAneurysm Retinal ArterialAngioid StreaksAnomalous TrichromatsAnterior Vitreous Detachment, Contusion

Injury CausingAntivascular Endothelial Growth FactorAntioxidantsArc Welding, Occupational Light Injury andArgon Laser TherapyArteriohepatic Dysplasia (Alagille Syndrome),

Retinal DegenerationAspergillus (Aspergillosis), Endogenous

EndophthalmitisAsteroid HyalosisAtrophy, GeographicAtrophy, GyrateBacteria, Endophthalmitis Caused by,

EndogenousBardet–Biedl Syndrome, RenalBaylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon Ascarid),

Diffuse Unilateral Subacute NeuroretinitisBietti Crystalline RetinopathyBinocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO), in

Retinal ExaminationBirdshot Retinochoroidopathy (Vitiliginous

Chorioretinitis)Blue Cone MonochromatismBlunt TraumaBright-Flash ElectroretinogramCancer, Retinopathy Associated withCandida (Candidiasis), Ocular Infection/

Inflammation Caused by, EndogenousEndophthalmitis

Canthaxanthin, Retinopathy

xxii List of Topics

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, for CystoidMacular Edema

Carotenoids (Xanthophylls)Cat Scratch Disease, Ocular ManifestationsCellophane MaculopathyCentral Retinal Artery Occlusion, Ocular

Ischemic SyndromeCentral Retinal Vein, Occlusion ofCentral Serous Chorioretinopathy/ChoroidopathyCerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) SyndromeCeroid LipofuscinosisCharcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Retinal

DegenerationChlorpromazine, Retinal DegenerationCholesterol Emboli (Hollenhorst Plaques)Choroidal HemangiomaChoroidal NeovascularizationChoroidal Neovascularization: MyopiaChoroidal OsteomaChoroidal Perfusion Abnormalities in the

Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, and HELLPSyndrome Complex

Chédiak-Higashi SyndromeColor BlindnessComma Sign, in Sickle Cell HemoglobinopathiesCommotio Retinae (Berlin Disease/Edema)Cone Dystrophies/DegenerationCone-Rod DystrophyConfocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy, in

Retinal ExaminationCongenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment

EpitheliumCorticosteroidsCystic Retinal TuftsCystinosis, Ocular Findings in, Retinal

DegenerationCytomegaloviruses, RetinitisDark Adaptation TestingDay Blindness (Hemeralopia), in Cone

DystrophiesDegenerative Retinoschisis, Typical and ReticularDesferrioxamine RetinopathyDexamethasone ImplantDiabetic Macular EdemaDiabetic Retinopathy, ProliferativeDisciform Scar

DNA, Disorders with Retinal Phenotype,Associated with Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) Mutations

Doyne’s Honeycomb DystrophyDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Retinal

DegenerationEales’ DiseaseEarly Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study

(ETDRS)Ectasia, RetinalEhlers-Danlos Syndrome, Angioid Streaks inElectrically Evoked PotentialsElectromagnetic Energy/Radiation, Adverse

Effects on RetinaElectrooculogramElectroretinogramElschnig SpotsEncircling BuckleIndeterminate Melanocytic Lesions of the

ChoroidIntraocular GasesIntraocular LymphomaIntravitreal InjectionsIntravitreal TriamcinoloneKetorolac TromethamineLaser Focal TreatmentMacroaneurysmsMyopic Chorioretinal Atrophy and Lacquer

CracksNeovascularization, RetinalOptic Nerve EdemaOptic Nerve Head DrusenOptic Neuropathy: Ischemic, ArteriticPathologic MyopiaPerfluorocarbonPigment EpitheliopathyPigment Epithelium DetachmentPolypoidal Choroidal VasculopathyPosterior Vitreous DetachmentPrimary Color Vision DeficiencyPunctate Inner ChoroidopathyRanibizumabRetinal BreakRetinal Detachment RhegmatogenousRetinal HemangiomaRetinal Hole

List of Topics xxiii

Retinal Peripheral DegenerationRetinal Pigment EpitheliumRetinitisRetinopathy of PrematurityRetrobulbar Block

Sickle Cell RetinopathySilicone OilSubretinal FluidTractional Retinal DetachmentUveal Melanoma

About the Editors

Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth is Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthal-mology at the University Eye Hospital, Vienna, Austria, one of the largestacademic institutions in ophthalmology in Europe. Professor Schmidt-Erfurth’s clinical activities include surgical and medical retina. Her scientificresearch focuses on the development of novel diagnostic techniques, e.g.,retinal imaging and novel treatment strategies such as intravitreal pharmaco-therapy. She has founded the Vienna Study Center (VSC), which serves as theprincipal site for multicenter clinical trials, and the Vienna Reading Center(VRC), an independent institution for digital imaging performing image anal-ysis for over 140 clinical sites worldwide. She is Head of the OPTIMA project,which is a continuation in the development of advanced image analysis(Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis). ProfessorSchmidt-Erfurth is a member of many professional organizations, includingthe Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), MaculaSociety, Retina Society, Gonin Club, the European Academy of Ophthalmol-ogists, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She currently serves asPresident of EURETINA (European Society of Retina Specialists), the largestcommunity of retinologists worldwide. The author of over 260 original arti-cles, Professor Schmidt-Erfurth is on the editorial board of the British Journalof Ophthalmology (BJO), the Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science(IOVS), and others. Professor Schmidt-Erfurth has received numerous grantsand awards, among others the Research Award by the German

xxv

xxvi About the Editors

Ophthalmological Society, the Achievement Award of the American Academyof Ophthalmology, the Roger Johnson Award by the University of Washing-ton, and the Donald Gass Award of the Retina Society. Since 2014, she holdsan appointment as Adjunct Professor at Northwestern University, FeinbergSchool of Medicine, Chicago.

Thomas Kohnen M.D., Ph.D., FEBO is Professor and Chairman of theDepartment of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, which is oneof the busiest teaching hospitals in Germany. He leads a team that helps over35,000 patients annually and is highly active in teaching and research. He isVisiting Professor of Ophthalmology at the Cullen Eye Institute, BaylorCollege of Medicine, Houston, USA.

He originally studied medicine in Germany, Italy, India, and the USAbefore specializing in ophthalmology in 1989. After his residency, he wasawarded a 2-year scholarship from the German Research Foundation to studyat the Cullen Eye Institute in 1995/6 and gained an additional degree inHealthcare Management in 2006/7. During his career, he has worked both asa physician and as a scientist. This dual approach to the clinical and researchaspect of the job is one he continues to be passionate about today.

A leading expert in the anterior segment, he specializes in cataract, IOL,refractive, and cornea surgery as well as treating glaucoma and retinal prob-lems to increase optical quality. His research focuses on intraocular lenses,laser technology and cataract, and refractive and corneal surgery. He publishesand holds lectures worldwide regularly on these subjects.

He is Editor of the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, AssociateEditor of Der Ophthalmologe, Focal Topic Editor of Klinische Monatsblätterfür Augenheilkunde, Editorial Board Member of Graefe’s Archive for Clinicaland Experimental Ophthalmology, and frequently peer-reviews for topjournals. He has received several awards including the AAO LifetimeAchievement Honor Award in 2002. Prof. Kohnen holds senior Board posi-tions for a number of professional organizations including President andTreasurer of the DOG (Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft) and isPast President of the DGII (Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für

About the Editors xxvii

Intraokularlinsen-Implantation, interventionelle und refraktive Chirurgie).Elected Treasurer and Executive Board Member of the ESCRS (EuropeanSociety of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons) and also the current Treasurer ofthe IIIC (International Intraocular Implant Club).

Research Funding: Abbott, Alcon, Hoya, Oculentis, Oculus, Schwind,Zeiss; Consultant or Advisory Board: Abbott, Alcon, Geuder, Oculus,Schwind, STAAR, TearLab, Thieme Compliance, Ziemer, Zeiss.

Section Editors

SECTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES

Bhavna P. Sheth Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA

SECTION: GLAUCOMA

George Spaeth Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, USA

Jens Funk Augenklinik, Zürich, Switzerland

Frances Meier-Gibbons Eye Center Rapperswil, Rapperswil, Switzerland

SECTION: ORBIT, EYELIDS, AND LACRIMAL SYSTEM

Pete Setabutr Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Univer-sity of Illinois, Chicago, USA

xxix

xxx Section Editors

SECTION: LENS AND CATARACT

SECTION: REFRACTIVE SURGERY

Thomas Kohnen Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University ofFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

SECTION: NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY

AndrewG. Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Meth-odist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics,Iowa City, IA, USA

Section Editors xxxi

SECTION: EXTERNAL DISEASES AND CORNEA

Shameema Sikder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA

SECTION: OPTICS REFRACTION AND CONTACT LENSES

Jens Bühren Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

SECTION: RETINA

Anat Loewenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, TelAviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

xxxii Section Editors

Barbara Gold Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivMedical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Contributors

Tulio Abud MEEI – Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Anita Agarwal Vitreoretinal Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Med-icine, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA

Aniruddha Agarwal Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular ImagingResearch and Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, Universityof Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Steven Agemy Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate MedicalCenter, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Amier Ahmad Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida,Tampa, FL, USA

Rehan Ahmed Greater Houston Eye Consultants, Houston, TX, USA

I. Aknin Department of Ophthalmology, Clinique Oxford, Cannes, France

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Paris, Paris, France

Lojain M. AlBat’hi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abdullmajeed Alfakhri Assistant Professor of Department of Ophthalmol-ogy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Ziyad Alharbi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Saba Al-Hashimi Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schoolof Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

Rasha Ali Department of Ophthalmology, Wohl Eye Center, University ofMinnesota, Bloomingdale, IL, USA

Majed Alkharashi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

xxxiii

xxxiv Contributors

Maan Alkharashi Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Mon-treal, QC, Canada

Sumayya J. Almarzouqi Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Insti-tute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Saeed Alwadani Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Nagham Al-Zubidi Neuro-Ophthalmology Eye Wellness Center/Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, PLLC, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston MethodistHospital, Houston, TX, USA

Brooks P. Applewhite Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,USA

Ahmad A. Aref Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Uni-versity of Illinois, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, IL, USA

Gerd U. Auffarth Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg, Germany

Nur Azem Department of ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical center, Tel Aviv,Israel

Ali Azimi Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of MedicalSciences, Shiraz, Iran

Mansooreh Bagheri Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Centre, Shiraz Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abeir Baltmr Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Shahram Bamdad Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Centre, Shiraz Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Francesco Bandello Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

Behin Barahimi Department of Ophthalmology,Wills Eye Institute, ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Yoreh Barak Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus,Haifa, Israel

HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

Adiel Barak Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

Anne Barmettler Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Martin Baumeister Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Klinik für Augenheilkunde,Bad Hersfeld, Germany

Contributors xxxv

Francine Behar-Cohen Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lau-sanne. Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland

Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team 1 and 17, Sorbonne Universités,UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 1138, Paris, France

Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR 1138, Paris, France

Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, SorbonneParis Cité, UMR 1138, Paris, France

Department of Ophthalmology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMR S872 Equipe 17, Paris, France

Efraim Berco Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel

Brent Betts Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist Health,Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Melanie Bödemann Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversitätFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Charline Boente Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Eye Institute, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

GustavoBonfadini Department ofOphthalmology, Rio de Janeiro Eye Bank –INTO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Francesco Boscia A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy

Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences, Section ofOphthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

Tyler D. Boulter College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, TX, USA

David Boyer Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Vitreous AssocsiatesMedical Group, Beverly Hills, CA, USA

Susan B. Bressler Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Elliott Brodbaker Department of Ophthalmology, Bronx Lebanon Hospital,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

Jens Bühren Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Kelly Bui Eye Associates Northwest, PC, Seattle, WA, USA

Bryn Burkholder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA

Michelle Butler Glaucoma Associates of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA

Alison B. Callahan Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

xxxvi Contributors

Ashley A. Campbell Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, New York, NY, USA

Vittorio Capuano Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France

Joseph J. Carroll Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute- MedicalCollege of WI, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Niccolò Castellino Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale San Raffaele,University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy

Marcelo Cerullo School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,MD, USA

Daniel Chang Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,USA

Emmanuel Chang Retina and Vitreous of Texas, Houston, TX, USA

Roomasa Channa Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA

Samantha Chao Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Hospi-tal, Houston, TX, USA

Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Methodist Eye Associate,Houston, TX, USA

Ru-ik Chee Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Allison J. Chen Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Kevin C. Chen Department of Ophthalmology, New York UniversityLangone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

Teresa C. Chen Glaucoma Service, Department of Ophthalmology, HarvardMedical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA

Ying Chen Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Gemmy Cheung Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore

Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Emily Y. Chew Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications,National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Eileen Choudhury Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Itay Chowers Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew UniversityMedical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Contributors xxxvii

Eyal Cohen Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

Salomon Y. Cohen Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Ophtalmologiqued’Imagerie et de Laser, Paris, France

Michael Coleman Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Atif Collins Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UniversityHospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,OH, USA

Daniel E. Croft Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Neil M. D’Souza Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston, TX, USA

Giuseppe D’Amico Ricci A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy

Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences, Section ofOphthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy

John V. Dang Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M, College Station, TX, USA

Kirsten Dansey Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida,Tampa, FL, USA

Alejandra Daruich Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne.Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland

Andrew R. Davis Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Marc D. de Smet Division of Retina and Ocular Inflammation, MIOS Sa,Lausanne, Switzerland

Danielle L. DeBacker College of Medicine, Texas A&M, College Station,TX, USA

Samantha Dewundara Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Insti-tute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Elona Dhrami-Gavazi Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department ofOphthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons,New York, NY, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants of NewYork, New York, NY, USA

Drew D. Dickson Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA

xxxviii Contributors

Jiaxi Ding Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, State Univer-sity of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

Diana V. Do Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Research andReading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Univer-sity School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Gad Dotan Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel

Susan Downes The Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK

Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Kristen E. Dunbar Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Julio Echegoyen Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Insti-tute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Allen O. Eghrari Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,MD, USA

Cornea and Anterior Segment, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins, Balti-more, MD, USA

Bora Eldem Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School ofMedicine, Ankara, Turkey

Michael J. Elman Department of Ophthalmology, Elman Retina Group,John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Honaida Elshiek Department of Cornea Makkah Eye Complex, Sudan EyeCenter Alreyad, Khartoum, Sudan

Parisa Emami-Naeini Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Michael Engelbert Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-MaculaConsultants of New York, New York, NY, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, NY, USA

Timo Eppig Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University,Homburg, Germany

Benjamin P. Erickson Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miami, FL, USA

Alireza Eslampoor Eye Research Center, Khatam-al-anbia Eye Hospital,Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran

Angelina Espino Barros Palau Centro Medico Zambrano Hellion–TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico

Jonathan Etter Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

Contributors xxxix

Jeff Falco Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX, USA

Hua Fan Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Chang-sha, China

Nicholas Farber Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate, Brook-lyn, NY, USA

Christoph Faschinger Universitäts-Augenklinik, Graz, Styria, Austria

Sayeeda Fatima Kresge Eye Institute-DMC, Detroit, MI, USA

Nadeem Fatteh Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, WayneState University, Detroit, MI, USA

Christopher Fecarotta Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Sharon Fekrat Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Surgery andDiseases, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA

Ronald L. Fellman Attending Surgeon and Clinician, Glaucoma Associatesof Texas, Dallas, TX, USA

Mark M. Fernandez Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA

Naomi Fischer Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky MedicalCenter, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Monika Fleckenstein Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn,Bonn, Germany

Shahar Frenkel Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew Univer-sity Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Jens Funk Augenklinik, Zürich, Switzerland

Debora Garcia-Zalisnak Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA,USA

Helene Chokron Garneau Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwest-ern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

Brian Garrett Dalhousie Medical School, Dalhousie University, Halifax,Nova Scotia, NS, Canada

Adam T. Gerstenblith Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Reza Ghaffari Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abdolhossein Ghafourian Department of Ophthalmology, Eye ResearchCenter, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran

Ermete Giancipoli A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy

xl Contributors

Annette Giangiacomo Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,USA

Rose Gilbert Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Chiara Giuffrè Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

Katherine Giuliano Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA

Barbara Gold Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivMedical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Katherine G. Gold Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Phila-delphia, PA, USA

Michaella Goldstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Cen-ter and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Matthew B. Goren Cornea and External Diseases, Department of Ophthal-mology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,USA

Evangelos Gragoudas Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Mas-sachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Yoel Greenwald Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel

Michael Greenwood Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland, OH, USA

Ronald L. Gross Department of Ophthalmology, WVU Eye Institute, Mor-gantown, WV, USA

Davinder S. Grover Attending Surgeon and Clinician, Glaucoma Associatesof Texas, Dallas, TX, USA

Anita Gupta Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infir-mary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Shipra Gupta Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals-CaseMedical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Ron Gutmark The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Zohar Habot-Wilner Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center,Tel Aviv University, Uveitis and Inflammatory Eye Disease Service and RetinaUnit, Tel Aviv, Israel

Yesim Haeussler-Sinangin Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-Univer-sity Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Contributors xli

Paul Hahn Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Surgery and Dis-eases, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA

Moulaye A. Haidara Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University ofMaryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA

Jason E. Hale Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Whitney E. Hall Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Julia A. Haller Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Daniel Hansen Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Carrie Happ Department of Ophthalmology, University of PittsburghSchool of Medicine, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

David M. Harmon Jr. Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, A&M University, Texas, College Station, TX,USA

Jeffrey S. Heier Department of Retina, Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston,Boston, MA, USA

Wolfgang Herrmann Department of Ophthalmology, University of Regens-burg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany

Cornelia Hirn Eye Clinic, City Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland

Frank G. Holz Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn,Germany

Mike P. Holzer Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg, Germany

Michael Hood Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Uni-versity of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA

Sana Idrees The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Maanasa Indaram Department of Ophthalmology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Sally Ingham Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Research andReading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Suzanne K. Jadico Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

xlii Contributors

Ben Janson School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,USA

Kathleen Jee Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, JohnsHopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Vishal Jhanji Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chi-nese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,Australia

Shangli Ji Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Chang-sha, China

Elizabeth S. John Department of Ophthalmology, University of CentralFlorida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA

Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson UniversityHospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Jost B. Jonas Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim ofthe Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

Gowtham Jonna Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, AlbertEinstein College of Medicine – Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA

Gary Joseph Lelli Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Hoon Jung Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, State Univer-sity of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

Ashutosh Kacker Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Weill College ofMedicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Sibel Kadayıfçılar Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe UniversitySchool of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Mona Kaleem Department of Ophthalmology, Euclid Hospital, Cole EyeInstitute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Patricia Kalout Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and EarInfirmary, Boston, MA, USA

Anselm Kampik Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der UniversitätMünchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

Joann Kang Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, IL, USA

Rabia Karani Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, John Hopkins University,Baltimore, MD, USA

Matthew S. J. Katz Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department ofOphthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,NY, USA

Contributors xliii

Rinat Kehat Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Medical Center,Haifa, Israel

Maike Keintzel Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main,Germany

Scott Kelly Howerton Eye Clinic, Austin, TX, USA

K. Blaire Kerwin Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Anat Kesler Neurology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sackler Faculty of Medi-cine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

M. Ali Khan Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Faraaz Khan Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University HealthSystem, Richmond, VA, USA

Khurrum Khan Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Rabeea Khan Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Med-ical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA

Samer Khateb Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew Univer-sity Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Gene Kim Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, RobertCizik Eye Clinic, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston,TX, USA

James D. Kim Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston,TX, USA

Jonathan Kim Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Ivana Kim Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, MassachusettsEye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Oliver K. Klaproth Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Christoph Kniestedt TAZZ Talacker Augenzentrum Zurich, Zürich,Switzerland

Shilpa Kodati Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Laurent Kodjikian Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Univer-sity Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France

xliv Contributors

Adrian Koh Eye and Retina Surgeons, Singapore, Singapore

Nicole Khadavi Kohan Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School ofMedicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,USA

Thomas Kohnen Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frank-furt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Sneha Konda Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University,Temple, TX, USA

Daniel Kook Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians Univer-sity, Munich, Germany

Michal Kramer Head, Uveitis Service, Department of Ophthalmology,Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel

Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Mark Krauthammer Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel

Nitya Kumar Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical School,Houston, TX, USA

Barry Kuppermann Department of Ophthalmology, UC Irvine MedicalCenter, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Anne Marie Lane Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Massa-chusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Achim Langenbucher Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, SaarlandUniversity, Homburg, Saar, Germany

Tiago Lansini Department of Ophthalmology, Bruno Born Hospital,Lajeado, RS, Brazil

Nathan Law Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Phuc V. Le Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Department ofOphthalmology, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Henry A. Leder Leder Retina, LLC, West Friendship, MD, USA

Contributors xlv

AndrewG. Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Meth-odist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics,Iowa City, IA, USA

W. Barry Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Consultants of Atlanta,Atlanta, GA, USA

Hyunjoo Jean Lee Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine,Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

John E. Legarreta Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Jonathan Lester Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Benjamin Levine Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Ben Levine Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Ilya Leyngold Department of Ophthalmology, University of South FloridaCollege of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA

Michelle C. Liang New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston,MA, USA

Sue Lightman Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology(IO), London, UK

Amy Y. Lin Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary,University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

Moritz Lindner Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn,Germany

T. Peter Lindquist Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Consultants ofAtlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dara Liotta Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Weill College of Medicineof Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

xlvi Contributors

Tin Yan Alvin Liu Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA

Irina Livshitz Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals, CaseWestern Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

Anat Loewenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, TelAviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Brent Luedders Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Researchand Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University ofNebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Laiyin Ma Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Jacey HongjieMa Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University,Changsha, China

Kelly N. Ma Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service Clackamas Medical OfficeNW Permanente, PC, USA

FriederikeMackensen Interdisciplinary Uveitis Center, Department of Oph-thalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Vitor Maduro Cornea and External Diseases Section – OphthalmologyDepartment, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal

Wipawee Mahatthanatrakul Department of Ophthalmology,Buddhachinaraj Hospital, Pitsanulok, Thailand

Kim Binh T. Mai Department of Ophthalmology, The University of TexasMedical School of Houston, The Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology andVisual Science, Houston, TX, USA

ZaibaMalik Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA

Ronald Mancini Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern MedicalCenter, Dallas, TX, USA

Elizabeth Marlow Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

João Pedro Marques Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar eUniversitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coim-bra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal

Michael R. Martinez Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel

N. Massamba Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, UPMC, Paris, France

Alexandre Matet Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne.Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland

Jeffrey J. Mattingly Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sci-ences, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, University of Texas Medical School at Hous-ton, Houston, TX, USA

Contributors xlvii

Kathryn McPherson Department of Ophthalmology, The University ofTexas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, New College, Level 3,Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Victor Menezo Uveitis Service, Institut Catala de Retina, Barcelona, Spain

Farhan I. Merali Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,MD, USA

Jay J. Meyer Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA

Mark Mifflin Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A.Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School ofMedicine, Salt Lake City, UT,USA

Michael Mimouni Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health CareCampus, Haifa, Israel

Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty ofMedicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Yasaman Mohadjer The Aesthetic Institute of West Florida, Largo, FL,USA

Atif Mohiuddin Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington Uni-versity, Washington, DC, USA

Jordi Monés Department of Ophthalmology, Institut de la Màcula i de laRetina, Centro MÃ#dico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona Macula Foundation: Research for Vision, Barcelona, Spain

Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nano-medicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain

Daniel Montenegro Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Michael L. Morgan Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals EyeInstitute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland,Ohio, USA

Eli B. Moses Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas – South-western Medical Center, Dallas, USA

Corneal Associates of New Jersey, Fairfield, NJ, USA

Aisha Mumtaz Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington Univer-sity School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

Wuqaas M. Munir Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

xlviii Contributors

David Loring Nash Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA

Nathan Nataneli Department of Ophthalmology, Bronx Lebanon Hospital,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

Neema Nayeb-Hashemi Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola UniversityMedical Center, Maywood, IL, USA

Daniel Nelson Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist MedicalCenter, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Gregory Nettune Cornea Associates of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA

Marcus Neuffer Department of Ophthalmology, Keesler Medical Center,Biloxi, MS, USA

Hadas Newman Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel

Carla J. Newton Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Bryan, TX, USA

Matthew Nguyen Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Andrew Nightingale Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and EarInfirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Oded Ohana Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel

Andrea Oleñik Department of Ophthalmology, Institut de la Màcula i de laRetina, Centro MÃ#dico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain

Kathryn Maier Ortmann Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and VisualSciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Robert Cizik EyeClinic, Houston, TX, USA

Trucian Ostheimer Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medi-cine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Marko Ostovic Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Julia Mathew Padiyedathu Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eyeand Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

Arti Panchal Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, WI, USA

Hemang K. Pandya Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit,MI, USA

Claudine E. Pang Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-MaculaConsultants of New York and LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Centre,Manhattan Eye Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Maurizio Battaglia Parodi Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

Contributors xlix

Efthymia Pavlidou Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmol-ogy, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Jacob Pe’er Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew UniversityMedical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

Robert J. Peralta Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Uni-versity of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA

Gil Peretz Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot,Israel

Ido Perlman Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Paul Petrakos Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Roberto Pineda Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and EarInfirmary, Boston, MA, USA

Ayala Polack Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel

Alexander Port Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Col-lege, New York, NY, USA

Eran Pras The Matlow’s Ophthalmo-Genetic Laboratory, Assaf HarofehMedical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, RamatAviv, Israel

Chris M. Pruet Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science,University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Nathalie Puche Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France

Ernest Puckett Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Sidharth Puri University of Louisville Ophthalmology, Louisville, KY,USA

Allen Pusateri USF Eye Institute, University of South Florida College ofMedicine, Tampa, FL, USA

Joanna Queen Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic,Houston, TX, USA

Giuseppe Querques Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France

Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, UniversityVita-Salute, Milan, Italy

Wolfgang Raab Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Augenklinik, Darmstadt,Germany

l Contributors

Gilad Rabina Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, TelAviv, Israel

Department of Ophthalmology, Oculoplastic and Orbital Institute, Tel AvivUniversity, Tel Aviv, Israel

Michael Rabinowitz Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Alessandro Rabiolo Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

Tanja M. Rabsilber Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidel-berg, Heidelberg, Germany

Effie Z. Rahman Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston, TX, USA

Deepak Raja Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida,College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA

Orlando Eye Institute, Orlando, FL, USA

Fatemeh Rajaii University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Radha Ram Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine,Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

Sonia Walia Rana Lansing Ophthalmology in East Lansing, Michigan, MI,USA

B. Ranjodh Singh Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Ashvini Reddy Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA

Morgan Renner Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Cen-ter, Rochester, NY, USA

Zachary Richardson Department of Ophthalmology, NYU, New York, NY,USA

Christopher Ricks Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic,Houston, TX, USA

S. Risard-Gasiorowski Department of Ophthalmology, MedPress, Tel Aviv,Israel

Luba Rodov Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel

Amir Rosenblatt Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center(Ichilov) and Sackler Faculty ofMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Contributors li

Philip J. Rosenfeld Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Mordechai Rosner Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Israel

Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Ahmara G. Ross Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC - The University ofPittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Paisan Ruamviboonsuk Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital,Bangkok, Thailand

Lauren Rushing Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Mazeyar Saboori Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School ofMedicine, Detroit, MI, USA

SriniVas Sadda Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Uni-versity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Mohammad Ali Sadiq Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular ImagingResearch and Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, Universityof Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

Shadi Safuri Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Surajit Saha Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,MD, USA

Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island Rockville Centre, New York, USA

Sherveen Salek Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, JohnsHopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

Sarwat Salim Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Amit Sangave Department of Ophthalmology, U Rochester, Rochester, NY,USA

Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Luis Santiago-Caban Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt LakeCity, UT, USA

Rony R. Sayegh Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals, CaseWestern Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

Karen B. Schaal Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Insti-tute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Jonathan Schell STLVision, Saint Louis, MO, USA

lii Contributors

Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Augenklinikmit Poliklinik, Erlangen, Germany

Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg Department of Ophthalmology, University ofBonn, Bonn, Germany

Shulamit Schwartz Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Cen-ter, Tel Aviv, Israel

Roy Schwartz Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

Shula Schwartz Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center(Ichilov) and Sackler Faculty ofMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Oliver Schwenn Bürgerhospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Adrienne W. Scott Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Univer-sity School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Kira L. Segal Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Col-lege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Sophie Seguin-Greenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Oph-thalmology, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,UK

Bryan Seiff Delaware Eye Institute, Rehoboth Beach, DE, USA

Jessica Selter Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Pete Setabutr Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Univer-sity of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

Ravi Shah Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Rohan J. Shah Vitreoretinal Diseases, Vanderbilt University School ofMedicine, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA

Mehdi Shajari Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Omar Shakir University of Florida – Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA

Yinon Shapira Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce RappaportFaculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa,Israel, Atlit, Israel

Lazha Sharief Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Kevin Shen Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX, USA

Contributors liii

David Shiple Ophthalmic Consultants of Vermont, South Burlington, VT,USA

Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, University of Rochester MedicalCenter, Rochester, NY, USA

Shiri Shulman Ophthalmology Division, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Aazim A. Siddiqui Imperial College London School of Medicine, SouthKensington Campus, London, UK

Shameema Sikder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA

Rufino Silva Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar eUniversitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coim-bra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal

Shira Simon Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University,Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago,IL, USA

Kavitha R. Sivaraman Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and EarInfirmary, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

Stacy V. Smith Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA

Mahsa Sohrab Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Mohsin Soleja Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Rachel Song Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, BostonUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

G. Soubrane Department of Ophthalmology, Hotel Dieu,Medical UniversityParis V, Paris, France

Shiri Soudry Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Campus,Haifa, Israel

Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute ofTechnology, Haifa, Israel

Eric H. Souied Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France

Arielle Spitze Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA

liv Contributors

Vishwanath Srinagesh Sinai Hospital, Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore,MD, USA

Ryan St Clair Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Plas-tic, Reconstructive and Orbital Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork, NY, USA

Andrew Stacey University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Kimberly E. Stepien Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Jörg Stürmer Kantonsspital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse, Winterthur,Switzerland

Augenklinik Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland

Maxwell Su Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Maria J. Suarez Ocular Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA

Alessandra Sugrañes University of Texas of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,USA

Ayman Suleiman Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA

Miel Sundararajan Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Krishna Surapaneni Department of Ophthalmology, UT San Antonio, SanAntonio, TX, USA

Aleena Syed College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station,TX, USA

Mohammed Taha Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Mon-treal, QC, Canada

Anna C. S. Tan Duke-NUSMedical School, Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore, Singapore

Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

Shibo Tang Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University,Changsha, China

Jeremiah Tao Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, GavinHerbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Yong Tao Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Cap-ital Medical University, Beijing, China

Contributors lv

Simon R. J. Taylor Department of Ophthalmology, University of Surrey,Guildford, Surrey, UK

Whitlow Bryan Thomas Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College ofMedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Elaine Thung Houston Eye Associates, Houston, TX, USA

Marc Töteberg-Harms Department of Ophthalmology, University HospitalZurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Sohrab Tofigh Department of Ophthalmology, The University of TexasMedical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Oren Tomkins-Netzer Department of Ophthalomology, Moorfields EyeHospital, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London,UK

Omer Trivizki Division of ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, TelAviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Apostolos J. Tsiouris Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Khaled Tuwairqi Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Joshua Udoetuk Kelsey Seybold Clinic, Houston, TX, USA

Tara Uhler Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Alan Fremder Utria Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Sina Vahedi Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Mithaq Vahedi Department of Ophthalmology, William Beaumont Hospital,Royal Oak, MI, USA

Rasik B. Vajpayee Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Mel-bourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Guadalupe Villarreal Jr. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital,Baltimore, MD, USA

Burkhard von Jagow Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Betina Wachter Department of Ophthalmology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grandedo Sul, Brazil

Siegfried Wagner The Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK

Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Aaron Wang Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA

lvi Contributors

Eileen Wang Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityHospital/Wills Eye Hospital, New York, NY, USA

Laura L. Wayman Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt UniversityMedical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA

R. Joel Welch Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Cen-ter, Omaha, NE, USA

Stephen Winkler Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

William J. Wirostko Eye Institute- Medical College of WI, Milwaukee, WI,USA

Armin Wolf Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München, München, Germany

Tien Yin Wong Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore

Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore

Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Malgorzata Woronkowicz Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Oph-thalmology, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,UK

Rahul Yadav Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Visual Sciences,University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Lawrence A. Yannuzzi Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. HarknessEye Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork, NY, USA

Colleen Yard Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas, MedicalSchool at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Niloofar Yari Department of Internal Medicine, The University of TexasMedical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&MUniversity Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA

Michael T. Yen Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, BaylorCollege of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

Sojung Yi Hospital and Health Care, School of Medicine and Health Sci-ences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Jia Yin Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, MI, USA

Ophelia Yin Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Steven J. Yoon Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, GavinHerbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Contributors lvii

Oren Yovel Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Joshua Zaffos Department of Ophthalmology, Krieger Eye Institute, SinaiHospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA

Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran Univer-sity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Khora san-Razavi, Iran

Shiri Zayit-Soudry Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health CareCampus, Haifa, Israel

Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medi-cine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Jason Chao Zhang Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston, TX, USA

Mingjuan Lisa Zhang Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bal-timore, MD, USA

Xiaolin Zhang University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,USA

Jiawei Zhao Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Med-icine, Baltimore, MD, USA

Len Zheleznyak Center for Visual Science, The Institute of Optics, Univer-sity of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA

Christopher Zoumalan Department of Ophthalmology, Aesthetic andReconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC,American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amer-ican College of Surgeons, Beverly Hills, CA, USA