emerging framework

8/8/2019 Emerging Framework

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Progress in librariesS ite licenses for electronic journals , and more aggregated content

from database servicesAlternative journals , e.g. support for the Scholarly Publishing &

A cademic Resources Coalition (SP A RC), to increase competition inthe journal market by facilitating partnerships with publishers andother journal producers

Open Arc h ives Initiative , interoperability standards to facilitatethe efficient dissemination of content

Fast-track standardization of OpenURL , to link users to thesesubscription and document services, recognising this vast new arrayof electronic content would need to be accessible and navigable byusers w ithin the librarys information environment


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Site licencesBy licencing access to bundled collections of e-journals, libraries canclaim to h ave satisfied t h eir objective of better value for money interms of cost per page delivered to users .

The site from which users access content could be an institution, a state-wide group of institutions (e.g. OhioLINK), a national collective, such asin Canada, or even all the people of a nation, as in Iceland. The UK hasthe National Electronic Site Licence Initiative (NESLI), which brokersdeals between publishers and participating institutions.

Th e O h ioLINK strategy: Enablers rat h er t h an gatekeepersOhioLINK claims to have overcome the library-imposed, self-limiting,collection development mentality of information rationing that pervadesour community. Th omas S anville, Executive Director , OhioLINK


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Making appropriate connectionsSite licenses give libraries access to more journal titles. A nother outcomeof the serials crisis is that fewer, non-core journals are subscribed to andlibraries have resorted to just-in-time document delivery and collections

from licensed full-text aggregators.

Library users may thus have authority to access a paper free of charge viaone library subscription or another. Th is h as become know as t h eappropriate copy problem.

OpenURL is a generalized framework for communicating and resolvinglinks and supports software solutions to the appropriate copy problem.OpenURL is described as an interoperability specification.


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Syntax of OpenURLhttp://(who you are, where you are, your institution)/(where you want to go)

A B C

(A ) A n OpenURL is mediated by the HTTP protocol(B) B A SEURL, data about the user, typically inserted during transport

between servers. One interim mechanism is to store the BA

SEURL as acookie in the users browser. The cookie identifies the resolver that provides context-sensitive services for the user.

(C) QUERY, points to the referenced object, which might be an identifier, e.g. Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Metadata derived from an authored reference Partial metadata - a secondary service identifies the required document

OpenURL h as been proposed as a National Information S tandardsOrganization (NI S O) standard http://library.caltech.edu/openurl/


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Example OpenURL architecture

OpenURLs mig h t be based on CrossRefDOI services(from Beit-Arie et al., 2001, D-Lib Magazine , S eptember)http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september01/caplan/09caplan.html


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The OpenA

rchives Initiative (OA

I)The O A I (http://www.openarchives.org/ ) defines

A M etadata Harvesting Protocol ( M HP) , an application-independent interoperability framework that can be used by a variety

of communities engaged in publishing content on the W ebTwo classes of participants

D ata providers expose metadata about content Service providers issue protocol requests to data providers

OA I is a very simple, low-barrier-to-entry interface , shiftingimplementation complexity and operational processing load awayfrom the data repositories to the developers of federated searchservices, repository redistribution services, etc.


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OA I service providers: an example

Th e Open Citation project: interposing an OAI serviceprovider between document (eprints) source and user interface


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Creating information interfaces: portals

W e have to manage the underlying complexity in the form of interfaces. Portals have become important interfaces in the scholarly

environment. Portal strategiesby publishers (e.g. Elseviers ScienceDirect)by associated networked information services (e.g. Ingenta),by library resource discovery networks (e.g. JISCs RDN)

have yet to establish a pre-eminent model. This is because all haveconcentrated on content, mostly owned content. The best next-generation portals will build services on top of content, and for researchers will become the starting point for all lines of enquiry.


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Information interfaces: RDN exampleJISC RDN is a goodexample of building oncontent to provide newservices and adaptableinterfaces. Theindividual subjectnetworks, in medicine,engineering, humanitiesand others, can besearched as though they

were one unifiedrepository, and aninterface presentingusers with this searchfacility can be embeddedin any library W eb page.

G uiding t h e implementation of t h eseservices is t h e JI S C InformationEnvironment (from Powell and Lyon 2001)http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/distributed-systems/dner/arch/dner-arch.html


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Multiple cooperating services in

the communication chain

TOOpenURL,

OA I,JISC IE

MEDI A TINGCONTENT

Site licenses,eprint archives,

etc.

Documents User interface

Server Client

http

FROM


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A ccess and interfaces:implications for journals

Digital information, ric h in media and resources, formal andinformal, mediated by multiple services, presents t h e user wit h anarray of c h oices t h at mig h t answer h is or h er queries most efficiently.

Those queries might be expressed as input to a search engine, or byselecting a link. W here might these citations come from? Personal emails,discussion lists, open access services such as O A I, eprint archives,newsletters, library services, Z-gateways and academic subject portals, aswell as formal research papers and commercial indexing services. Therewill be many more.

The journal package has traditionally been bound in issues and volumes.Wit h th e advent of multiple networked sources mediated by servicessuc h as OpenURL, t h e binding h as been unstitc h ed.


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W hat are digital journals for?

Journals will be scaled back to t h e single essential function of

quality control, in t h e form of managed peer review

A ccess to journal contents will be mediated by multiple interfaces -open access services, portals and information interfaces, other than justthe journal.

Journals cannot remain the exclusive provider of peer-reviewed papers


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A post-Google informationenvironment

Electronic journals exist in a post- G utenberg and a post- G oogleinformation environment

By March 2001 the Internet A rchive had stored 10 billion W eb pages(100 terabytes of data)

The ability to locate a specified item of information precisely andinstantly among the mass of information available on the W eb has

profound implications. In t h e electronic environment t h e searc h engine h as become t h e de facto interface to information, rat h er t h anth e fragmented packages t h at h ave migrated from t h e print world.


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Building eprint archivesEPrints.org software for building institutional eprint arc h ivesfor aut h or self-arc h iving

Version 2.0 February 2002OA I-compliantFree open source software

Developed at the Electronics and Computer Science Department,

University of Southamptonhttp://www.eprints.org/


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Amaximising strategy for authors

A uthors who self-archive their papers in O A I-compliant

institutional or discipline-based eprint archives will

M aximise interfaces to t h eir work M aximise access to t h eir work M aximise impact of t h eir work


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Maximising access: arXiv example

Decreasing citation latencies: The latency of the citation peak has been reducingover the period of the archive, i.e. each year papers are cited sooner and more often

M ining the Social Life of an Eprint Archive http://opcit.eprints.org/tdb198/opcit/


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Maximising impact: arXiv example

More highly cited papers show higher and more sustained download frequencies M ining the Social Life of an Eprint Archive http://opcit.eprints.org/tdb198/opcit/


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Maximising interfacesMeasuring arXiv access and impact data: the Open Citation project has mined:

Usage data from selected arXiv mirror server logsReference lists from 155,000+ arXiv papers to build CiteBase, an open

citation database

CiteBase, a new interface to the refereed literature http://citebase.eprints.org


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Initiatives promoting open accessto scholarly research papers

Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), funded by George Soros'Open Society Institute. Open access "gives readers extraordinary power

to find and make use of relevant literature, and gives authors and their works vast and measurable new visibility, readership, and impact.February 2002, has received almost 1800 signatories to datehttp://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml

Public Library of S cience , scientists urge publishers to allow the

research reports that have appeared in their journals to be distributedfreely by independent, online public libraries of science. Open letter March 2001, received almost 30 000 signatorieshttp://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/


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A dynamic digital archive Scientists and researchers, Nobel Laureates among them, have

produced the clearest declaration of their requirement for access to published research papers a comprehensive collection that can beefficiently indexed, searched, and linked:

U nimpeded access to these archives and open distribution of their contents w ill enable researchers to take on the challenge of integrating and interconnecting the fantastically rich, but

extremely fragmented and chaotic, scientific literature.Roberts et al . (2001) Science , 23rd March, 2001http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5512/2318a


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CreditsTh e Open Citation project is a collaboration between S out h amptonUniversity, Cornell University and arXiv

The project is lead by S tevan Harnad and Carl LagozeTechnical development at Southampton is directed by Les CarrEPrints.org software is being developed by C h ris G utteridgeCiteBase is produced and managed by T im Brody

A copy of these slides can be found on the OpCit W eb sitehttp://opcit.eprints.org/ . Look for Papers and Presentations

Contact S teve Hitc h cock : [email protected]