Slide 1

Education Planning and management

Education Planning in India

Education in the Indian ConstitutionArticle 29(1) : No citizen shall be denied admission to any educational institution maintained by the state on grounds of religion, caste, language or any other

1921 to 1976 : Education as a State subject

42nd amendment : Education in concurrent list

Entry 20 (List III Concurrent List) : Govt. of India & State govt. to work jointly for education

Important Functions of StateProviding elementary educationProviding secondary & higher educationControlling universities activitiesOpening training institutionsProviding adult & social educationProviding financial assistanceAppointing commissions Appointing supervisory staffProviding curriculum & syllabusHolding examinations

Free and Compulsory EducationArticle 45: Directive Principles of State Policy: state shall endeavour within 10 years, to provide free & compulsory education till 14 yrs. (i.e. by 1960)

RTE, 2009 : Free & compulsory education for 6-14 years of age

Vocational & Technical Training of Labour : Entry 25 in List III (Concurrent List)

Higher Education : List 1 (Union List)Entry 63 : BHU, AMU, DU national importance

Entry 64 : Scientific & Technical institutions

Entry 65 : Professional, Vocational & Technical trainingSpecial Studies & ResearchScientific assistance in Crime investigation

Entry 66 : Higher education not to be lowered at the hand of state to detriment of national interest

Entry 13 : International conferences & associationsEducation in Union TerritoriesArticle 239 : UT to be administered by president through an administrator

Thus, Govt. of India solely responsible for education in UTEducation for Weaker Section of PeopleArticle 46: State shall promote with special care the educational & economic interests of weaker sections (SC & ST) & protect them from social injustice & exploitation (includes disability)

Article 15: Nothing shall prevent the state from making special provisions for SC/ST/women & other backward classes

Education for the MinoritiesArticle 29 : Protection of interest of minorities

Article 30 : Right of Minorities to establish & administer educational institutions

Instruction in Mother tongue at Primary StageArticle 350-A : provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stageArticle 350-B : appointment of special officer for linguistic minorities

Spread of HindiArticle 351 : Special responsibility of the Centre to develop the national language i.e. Hindi

Scientific & Technical termsEncyclopaediaPopular literatureShort hand notationScholarshipsAssistance to non-Hindi states

Religious EducationArticle 25(1) : Right to profess, practice & propagate religionArticle 28 : Freedom to attend religious institutionNo religious instruction in state funded educational institutions

Liaison with UNESCOIndia is a founder member of UNESCO (1946)UNESCO research centre on Social & Economic development in Southern IndiaNational Institute of Educational Planning & AdministrationSouth Asia Science Co-operative OfficeRegional Research Centre on Social Implications of Industrialization for Southern IndiaScholarships by Commonwealth, Ford Foundation, British Council etc. to Indian students

Education on the Concurrent ListState subject till Dec, 197642nd amendment, education on concurrent listAlso, the act established the supremacy of Parliament over Executive & JudiciaryThe idea of education on Concurrent list was not a new one & had been raised by many in the past: M.C. Chagla (1964), Saprus Committe, Indian Education Commission etc.Education a national concernNational Policies on EducationUGC an autonomous body in 1956University Education Commission or Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-49)Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar Commission (1952-53)National Education Commission or Kothari Commission (1964-66)National Policy on Education (1986)

University Education Commission (1948-49)Chairman : Dr. S. Radha KrishnanTwo volumes: first part 18 chapters & 747 pages and second volume contains statistics

Recommendations:Leadership education Technical Education : Research and DevelopmentSet up UGC - 1956 Medium of Instruction : English should be replaced by Indian languageTeaching Standards: Better equipped & minimum 180 days of teaching Entry only after 12 years of study at schoolRural Education : Agriculture Education of Character Religious and Moral Instruction Examination and Evaluation Women Education Concurrent List Vocational Education

University Education Commission (1948-49)

Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)Chairman : Dr. A.L. Mudaliar (then Vice-Chancellor of Madras University)Report of 250 pages

Defects of Secondary EducationBookish, mechanical, stereotyped & uniformToo much stress on examinationsOver-crowded curriculum & classroomsUnscientific teaching methodsLack of proper study materialDefective examination system

Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)Recommendations:Period of secondary education = 7 yearsMulti-purpose schoolsHorticulture & Animal HusbandryStudy of Home ScienceThree language formulaIntroduce Objective testsGuidance & Counselling

National Education Commission (1964-66)Chairman : Dr. D.S. KothariEducationists from UK, USA, Japan, France, Russia 700 Pages - Bible for teachers Recommendations:Social & National Integration through EducationFree & Compulsory Education upto 14 yearsDiversification of curriculumScience & Technical EducationVocational EducationMedium of InstructionAdult Education

National Policy on Education, 1968Adopted by Indira Gandhi governmentOn Basis of Kothari Commission RecommendationsFree & Compulsory Education Science & Technical Education Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public exam Medium of Instruction/Development of languagesTeachers Status & Salaries Education for agriculture Games & Sports

National Policy on Education, 1968Education of Minorities Part time & Correspondence courses Examination and Evaluation Textbooks Vocational Education Equalization of Educational Opportunities - Poor/Disabled Adult Education Secondary Education Higher Education

National Policy on Education, 1986Adopted by Rajiv Gandhis governmentRecommendations:Promote National ProgressNational Curricular FrameworkUniversalization of Elementary Education Science & Technical Education Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public examTeachers Status & Salaries Rural Universities Education of Minorities Lifelong EducationEradication of illiteracy

National Policy on Education, 1986Open Universities, Non formal EducationExamination and Evaluation Women Education Vocational Education Equalization of Educational Opportunities - Poor/Disabled Adult Education Secondary Education Higher Education

NPE, Revised Policy in 1992In 1990, as United Front govt. was formed at the centreModifications by CABE recommendedThe revision of the policy, was completed & introduced in 1992, along with the revised Programme of Action.UEEWomens EducationVocational EducationHigher & Technical EducationImprovement in quality of content

One polytechnic in each stateProduction of audio visual aids at CIE14 Engineering collegesIndustrial schoolsSchools for handicraftsScholarship for further study in foreign countriesEstablish librariesDevelop regional languagesProvision for NCCAdult educationFirst Five Year Plan (1951-56)

Second Five Year Plan (1956-61)Primary education for girlsBoard for Primary and Basic EducationAgriculture Education at secondary levelStop stagnation & wastage in primary educationSecondary schools to converted into Higher SecondaryStop stagnation & wastage in university educationDevelopment & Enrichment of fine artsCultural & Educational programmes with UNESCO

Third Five Year Plan (1961-66)Six education centresState govt. to give full attention to child welfare centresPrimary education by state govt.Expand scientific educationMulti-purpose and secondary institutionsUniversity educationSocial education : National Institute of Fundamental Education and Audio-Visual Education CentreRs. 130 crores for technical education

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74)Remove deficienciesRemove internal stress & strainsTraining of teachers & Balwadis (Pre-school)Free and compulsory education till 14 yearsGirl educationQuality of secondary educationPart-time & diploma courses

Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-79)Social JusticeEmployment needsQuality of EducationInvolvement in Social & Economic developmentFree & Compulsory Education till 14 yrs.Evening colleges, correspondence courses, private study etc.Non formal educationScholarshipsFaculty developmentDiversification of courses

Sixth Five Year PlanAdult EducationAll round primary educationVocationalization of Secondary educationStandard of higher educationCo-relation between education, employment & national developmentEqual opportunities in educationEducational schemes in backward statesNon formal education

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)Eradication of illiteracy 18-35 yrs.Quality EducationReorganization of education systemModernization of technical educationDevelopment of human resourcesReshaping the educational structureNational Literacy Mission

Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97)UEENational Literacy Mission (18-35 yrs.)Vocational educationScientific methods in teachingEqual opportunities esp. girls10+2+3 in all statesOpen universitiesNavodaya VidyalayasEnvironmental EducationExpansion of IGNOUScholarship for students going abroad

Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)Till 1987, known as Ministry of Education9 Divisions:AdministrationElementary & Basic EducationSecondary EducationUniversity EducationPhysical Education & RecreationHindiScholarshipResearch & PublicationsSocial Welfare

Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MSJ&E)India is a welfare state, protecting the interests on weaker sectionsSC/ST; Other backward classes; Minorities; Aged People; Street Children; Drug Addicts & Persons with DisabilityEnsure equitable treatment of otherwise discriminated lotVarious schemes to sponsor/help NGOs like DDRS etc.

NIOS : National Institute of Open SchoolingAutonomous Registered Society Nov. 1989Full authority to examine & certify the students till pre-degree levelsFlexibility of courses, time and learning pace for secondary and senior secondary courses

Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE)Oldest & highest advisory body to govt.Reviews progress of educationCheck implementation of education policyAdvise State or Central govt. Union HRD minister is the chairman, State HRD minister is vice-chairman

National Council of Educational Research & Training (NCERT)Established in 1961 with HQ at DelhiTo undertake necessary research, innovations, experiments, pilot projects etc. in education

National Institute of Educational Planning & Administration (NIEPA)UNESCOs regional centre for Educational planners & administrators, 1961-62Renamed as Asian Institute of Educational Planning & AdministrationIndian Govt. took it over in 1970 after 10 yrs contract completion with UNESCO named National Staff College for Educational Planning & AdministrationGot its present name in 1979

National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE)Since 1973, it is advisory body for the central & state Govt.Ensure that standards are maintainedNCTE Act, 1993 making NCTE as statutory body in 1995

Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)Needs of disabledRespect, not pityRights, not charityEquality, not dependenceParticipation, not segregationRCI Act, 1992 RCI as statutory body in 1993Regulate standard training & programmes for rehabilitation professionalsCentral Rehabilitation Register recognized qualification

UNESCO United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationHead-quarter in Paris, 188 member statesRight educationLifelong educationEducational aid for RefugeesEducational conferencesTeacher educationEducation methods, Materials & TechniquesRestructuring educational systemEducational financing

UNICEF United Nations Childrens FundEarlier name United Nations International Childrens Emergency FundName changed in 1983Co-operates with National Govt, NGOs & other UN agencies in 161 countriesGuided by Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)Works for the most disadvantaged children

United Nation Fund For Population Activities (UNFPA)Began operation in 1969Helps developing countries to find solutions to their population problemsRight to freedom of choice of family sizeDevelop health & family planning serviceGender equality & women empowermentReproductive health, unsafe abortions, unwanted pregnancies etc.

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)Established in 1975Developed countries largely responsible for environmental imbalanceOzone layer depletionGlobal warmingExtinction of various speciesDeveloping countries social & financial pressures deforestation & industrializationPromote international awareness & co-operation regarding environment

Need of Educational planningEnsure success of enterpriseSave time & moneySolve problemsInherent nature Keep pace with time

Characteristics of Educational PlanningLogical, Systematic & Scientific ProcessCollective effortBroad goals of society/nationAccommodates anticipated changes in futureTakes note of maladjustments or deficienciesObjective & Scientific Procedure

Principles of Educational PlanningClear & well formulated ObjectivesIntegral aspect of National planningBased on organised researchAdaptations in times of emergenciesFunctional, Realistic & PracticalActive & continuing participation of concerned Specific RecommendationsContinuous EvaluationComprehensive & IntegratedNeed based & Situation Oriented

Approaches to Educational PlanningIntra-Educational Extrapolation ApproachDemographic Projection ModelManpower ApproachSocial Demand ApproachRate of Return ApproachSocial Justice Approach