ecological solid waste management notes

8/2/2019 Ecological Solid Waste Management Notes

1/10

Ecological Solid Waste Management

Topic Outline What is Solid Waste? Sources of Solid Waste Classification of Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Effects of Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal

What is Solid Waste? Refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional

and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural wastes &other non-hazardous & non-toxic solid wastes.

Scope of Solid WastesSolid waste - household, commercial, institutional (non-hazardous), street sweepings,

construction debris, agricultural, and other non-hazardous wasteSpecial waste - household/ commercial hazardous waste e.g., paints, thinners,

batteries, spray canisters.

Sources of Solid Wastes Residential domestic & special Commercial domestic Industrial domestic & process waste Institutional

Schools/universities domestic/infectious& pathogenic

Health care/facilities domestic/infectious & pathogenic

Categories of Solid WasteNON-HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable Recyclables Bulky wastes / scrap (e.g. damaged chairs, furnitures)

HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES Empty chemical containers (e.g. paint cans, adhesive tubes) Medical wastes Chemical Wastes


2/10

Classification of Solid Waste Domestic Waste Factory Waste Waste from oil factory E-waste Construction Waste Agricultural Waste Food Processing Waste Bio-medical Waste Nuclear Waste

Compostable Wastes Are biodegradable waste such as food wastes, garden wastes & animal wastes.

They undergo biological degradation under controlled conditions and can beturned into compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer).

Examples:Fruit & vegetable peelingsFood leftovers

Vegetable & plant trimmings

Recyclable Wastes Materials retrieved from waste stream and free from contamination & can still be

converted into suitable beneficial use. These may be transformed into newproducts in such a manner that the original products may lose its identity.

Examples:Papers Glass

Plastics Metals

Residual Wastes Waste materials that are non-compostable & non-recyclable. They should be

disposed ecologically through a long term disposal facility or sanitary landfill.Examples:

Bulky wastes: Broken furniture, lamps, book cases, filing cabinets

Waste Mismanagement


3/10

Solid Waste Management

Garbage Generation Collection Disposal

Segregation Segregated Use of sanitary

Avoidance Collection landfills and/orReuse alternativeReduce technologyRecycleComposting

Causal of Increase in Solid Waste Population growth Increase in industrials manufacturing Urbanization Modernization

Modernization, technological advancement and increase in globalpopulation created rising in demand for food and other essentials.

Effects of Solid Waste Health EnvironmentAquatic Life and Animals

Impacts of Solid Waste in Health Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood Low birth weight Cancer Congenital malformation Neurological disease Nausea and vomiting Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury.

Impacts of Solid Waste on Environment Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by

which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them


4/10

Effects of Solid Waste on Animals and Aquatics Life Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers. Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea. Degrades water and soil quality

HIERARCHY of METHODS

Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste generated,

including the design and manufacture of products with minimum toxic content,minimum volume of material, and/or a longer useful life.

Recycling Is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste

materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the

items are made can be reprocessed into new products The most common consumer products recycled include aluminum such as

beverage cans, copper such as wire, steel food and aerosol cans, old steelfurnishings or equipment, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and jars,paperboard cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugatedfiberboard boxes

Treatment/DisposalWaste Handling Facilities Civic Amenity Site (CA Site) Transfer Station

Established Waste Treatment Technologies Composting Incineration Landfill Recycling Windrow Composting


5/10

Alternative Waste TreatmentTechnologiesAnaerobic digestionAlcohol/ethanol production

Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels (pilot scale) Biodrying Gasification Gas Plasma: Gasification followed by syngas plasma polishing (commercial test

scale) In-vessel composting Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical heat treatment Plasma arc waste disposal (commercial demonstration scale) Pyrolysis Sewage treatment Tunnel composting UASB (applied to solid wastes) Waste autoclave

Civic Amenity Site ACA site or household waste recycling centre (HWRC) is a facility where

the public can dispose of household waste and also often containing recyclingpoints. Collection points for recyclable waste such as green waste, metals, glassand other waste types are available. Items that cannot be collected by localwaste collection schemes such as bulky waste are also provided.

Transfer Station

Is a building or processing site for the temporary deposition of waste. Transferstations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles willdeposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles. These largervehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal in an incinerator,landfill, or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling.

COMPOSTING

Composting, often described as natures way of recycling, is the biologicalprocess of breaking up of organic waste such as food waste, manure, leaves,grass trimmings, paper, worms, and coffee grounds, etc., into an extremelyuseful humus-like substance by various micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi

and actinomycetes in the presence of oxygen.

Types of Composting / According To Its NatureAerobic CompostingAnaerobic CompostingVermicomposting Takakura Method


6/10

AEROBIC COMPOSTING This means to compost with air. High nitrogen waste (like grass clippings or

other green material) will grow bacteria that will create high temperatures (upto 160 degrees). Organic waste will break down quickly and is not prone tosmell.

This type of composting is high maintenance, since it will need to be turnedevery couple days to keep air in the system and your temperatures up. It is alsolikely to require accurate moisture monitoring. This type of compost is good forlarge volumes of compost.

ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING This is composting without air. Anaerobic composting is low maintenance since

you simply throw it in a pile and wait a couple years. If you just stack your debrisin a pile it will generally compact to the point where there is no available air forbeneficial organisms to live.

Instead you will get a very slow working bacteria growing that does not requireair. Your compost may take years to break down (this is what happens when youthrow your food waste in the garbage that goes to the landfill).

Anaerobic composts create the awful smell most people associate withcomposting. The bacteria break down the organic materials into harmfulcompounds like ammonia and methane.

VERMICOMPOSTING This is most beneficial for composting food waste. Along with red worms, this

includes composting with bacteria, fungi, insects, and other bugs. Some of these guests break down the organic materials for the others to eat.

Red worms eat the bacteria, fungi, and the food waste, and then deposit theircastings. Oxygen and moisture are required to keep this compost healthy.


7/10

TAKAKURA METHOD


8/10

INCENERATION Is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion

so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is usefulfor disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue fromwaste water management. Incineration and other high temperature waste

treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment". Incineratorsconvert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.

LANDFILL Is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of

waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods oforganized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Older, poorly designed or poorly managed landfills can create a number ofadverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin,and generation of liquid leachate.

Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane andcarbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically.This gas can create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhousegas.

Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of

potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution(from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, andlower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.

Windrow composting In agriculture, windrow composting is the production of compost by piling

organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and cropresidues, in long rows (windrows). This method is suited to producing largevolumes of compost. These rows are generally turned to improve porosity andoxygen content, mix in or remove moisture, and redistribute cooler and hotterportions of the pile.

Windrow composting is a commonly used farm scale composting method.Composting process control parameters include the initial ratios of carbon andnitrogen rich materials, the amount of bulking agent added to assure air

porosity, the pile size, moisture content, and turning frequency.

Biodrying Is the process by which biodegradable waste is rapidly heated through initial

stages of composting to remove moisture from a waste stream and hence reduceits overall weight.


9/10

Gasplasma Plasma gasification is an emerging technology which can process landfill waste to

extract commodity recyclables and convert carbon-based materials into fuels. Itcan form an integral component in a system to achieve zero-waste and producerenewable fuels, whilst caring for the environment.

Plasma arc processing has been used for years to treat hazardous waste, such asincinerator ash and chemical weapons, and convert them into non-hazardousslag.

In-vessel CompostingAn industrial form of composting biodegradable waste that occurs in enclosed

reactors. These generally consist of metal tanks or concrete bunkers in which airflow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a "bioreactor".

Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air tobe injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a biofilter,with temperature and moisture conditions monitored using probes in the mass toallow maintenance of optimum aerobic decomposition conditions.

Waste Autoclave Is a form of solid waste treatment that utilizes heat, steam and pressure of an

industrial autoclave in the processing of waste. Waste autoclaves process wasteeither in batches or in continuous-flow processes.

References: U.S. Environment Protection Agency (2009). Proposed Revision to Definition of

solid waste- frequent Questions. Retrieved July17, 2009 fromhttp://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm

Goorah, S., Esmyot, M., Boojhawon, R. (2009). The Health Impact ofNonhazardous Solid Waste Disposal in a Community: The case of the MareChicose Landfill in Mauritius. Journal of Environment Health, 72(1) 48-54

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies http://northwestredworms.com/compost.aspx http://rapidlibrary.com/files/takakura-method-full-pdf_ulcfbvzcxyi89on.html http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9003.htm http://emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm National Solid Waste Management Commission Managing our Solid Waste The Philippines: Solid Waste Management Oragnizational Structure http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_C

ommission
http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologieshttp://northwestredworms.com/compost.aspxhttp://northwestredworms.com/compost.aspxhttp://rapidlibrary.com/files/takakura-method-full-pdf_ulcfbvzcxyi89on.htmlhttp://rapidlibrary.com/files/takakura-method-full-pdf_ulcfbvzcxyi89on.htmlhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9003.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9003.htmhttp://emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htmhttp://emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htmhttp://www.denr.gov.ph/nswmc/http://www.denr.gov.ph/nswmc/http://www.emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm/http://www.emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm/http://www.globe-net.ca/market_reports/index.cfm?ID_Report=772/http://www.globe-net.ca/market_reports/index.cfm?ID_Report=772/http://www.emb.gov.ph/nswmcs/WE%20--%20UNDP%20October%2020,%202006/site/aboutus.html/http://www.emb.gov.ph/nswmcs/WE%20--%20UNDP%20October%2020,%202006/site/aboutus.html/http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commissionhttp://www.emb.gov.ph/nswmcs/WE%20--%20UNDP%20October%2020,%202006/site/aboutus.html/http://www.globe-net.ca/market_reports/index.cfm?ID_Report=772/http://www.emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm/http://www.denr.gov.ph/nswmc/http://emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htmhttp://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9003.htmhttp://rapidlibrary.com/files/takakura-method-full-pdf_ulcfbvzcxyi89on.htmlhttp://northwestredworms.com/compost.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologieshttp://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm


10/10

ecological solid waste management notes

Documents