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SEMINOR TOPIC

ECOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Presented by,

Ancy Jacob

Jincy Joseph

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INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGYLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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ECOLOGY

Derived From Greek work oikos(home) andlogos(study).

Branch of Science

Ecology is the scientific study of the relationship to theirhabits and habitats

Habitat Place where the population of an species lives.

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ECOLOGY DEFINED IN NUMBER OF WAYS :

According to Odum "Ecology is the study of structure

and functions of nature and ecosystems.

According to Colinvauk, "Ecology is the study of

animals and plants in situations to their habits and

habitats".

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ECOSYSTEM

An ECOSYSTEM can be described simply as the collection ofall living and non-living components in a particular area.

The living components of the environment are known as

BIOTIC factors. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and

micro-organisms.

The non-living components of the environment are knownas ABIOTIC factors. Abiotic factors include things such as

rocks and water.

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OBJECTIVES OF ECOLOGY

Presence of man in the ecosystem.

To understand the dynamics of our surroundings and to take propermeasures to conserve it if and when required.

1. The local and geographic distribution and abundance of organisms (habitat, niche,community, biogeography).

2. Temporal changes in the occurrence, abundance, and activities of organisms(seasonal, annual, successional, geological).

3. The interrelations hips between organisms in populations and communities(population ecology).

4. The structural adaptations and functional adjustments of organisms to their physicalenvironment (physiological ecology).

5. The behaviour of organisms under natural conditions (ethology).

6. The evolutionary development of all these interrelations (evolutionary ecology).

7. The biological productivity of nature and how this may best serve mankind(ecosystem ecology).

8. The development of mathematical models to relate interaction of parameters andpredict effects (systems analysis).

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DIVISION OF ECOLOGY

Main Divisions

Physiological Ecology (Eco-physiology) and

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology or Autoecology

Community Ecology or Synecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Landscape Ecology

Also subdivided as Animal ecology,plant

ecology,insect ecology,space ecology etc

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ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

Balance between the production and consumption of eachcomponent in the ecosystem.

To Explain the Stability of Ecosystem

Theory of Diversity or Stability

Homeostatic Mechanism

Models

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Issues Affecting Ecological Equilibrium

Climatic Factors

Light

Heat

Water

Rainfall

Wind

Humidity

Atmospheric gases

pH

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Topograhic Factors

Altitude

Slope and direction of mountain chain and

valleys

Edaphic Factors

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Biotic Factors

Symbiosis

Commensalism

Parasitisim

Epiphytism

Competition

Limiting Factors

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LIMITING FACTORS

Limiting factors denote the amount of

substance that is either least abundant or

over abundant in the relation to the needof the living organism.

Density Dependent Density Independent

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LAWS OF LIMITING FACTORS

LIEBIGs law of minimum

BLACKMANs law of limiting factor

SHELFORDs law of tolerance

Limit or Zone of tolerance

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Every Environmental factors has 2 zones :

Zone of tolerance

Zone of intolerance

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