earth’s interior and the rock cycle. earth’s interior four layers each has a different...
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Earth’s Interior and the Rock Cycle
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Earth’s Interior
• Four Layers
• Each has a
different
composition
and density
(mass/volume).
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CRUST - Outermost layer
• Density = low• Composition is silicon and oxygen-based minerals and rocks. • Crust is extremely thin.• Consistency is rocky.
Composed of two general types.Continental crustOceanic crust
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• Oceanic crust is thin (8-10 km), dense, and found below ocean basins.
• Continental crust is thicker(20-70 km), has low density and forms the bulk of continents.
Crust consists of Oceanic Crust (brown) Continental Crust (green).
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MANTLE - Middle thin layer
• Density = medium• Composition is silicon and oxygen-based. • Also includes iron and magnesium.• Consistency is plastic.• Two main regions, Upper and Lower Mantle.
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Lithosphere (rock layer) - Contains parts of the upper mantle and all of the crust.• Strong layer, but brittle.• Represents outer ~100 km of the Earth.• Thicker where continents exist, thinner under oceans.
Below the lithosphere resides the Asthenosphere (weak layer).
•Heat softened and acts like a plastic.•It is weak, slow flowing, yet solid rock.•Found 100-350 km beneath Earth’s surface.
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CORE – Center layers
• Density = high• Composition is primarily iron
and nickel. •Contains two parts
Outer core is liquid. Inner core is solid.
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Rock Types and the Rock Cycle
Rock - a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals formed within the Earth.
Delicate Arch, Arches Nat’l Park, UT
Basaltic DikeAcadia Nat’l Park,Maine
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A Mineral is/has:1. Naturally occurring 2. An inorganic solid 3. Made of a single element or compound4. Definite chemical composition5. Orderly arrangement of atoms.
Rock Types and the Rock Cycle
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DiamondC
PyriteFeS2
BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
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•Three types of rocks.•These are present in the crust and at the
Earth’s surface.•Each have fundamentally different
origin.
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
Rock Types and the Rock Cycle
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Igneous Rocks• Cooled and solidified from Molten material.• Formed at or beneath the Earth’s surface.• Melting of pre-existing rocks required.
Granite
BasalticLava
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Igneous Rocks – 2 major subdivision
Intrusive Igneous•Formed under ground•Usually medium to coarse grained texture due to slow cooling.•Typically light colored.
Extrusive Igneous•Formed on surface•Glassy or fine-grained due to rapid cooling•May have voids due to degassing of magma•Typically dark colored.
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Extrusive (volcanic) Intrusive (plutonic)
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Sedimentary Rocks• Pre-existing rocks are weathered and broken into fragments that accumulate. • Are then compacted or cemented together.• Also forms from precipitates or organisms.
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Sedimentary Rocks • Formed by the lithification of unconsolidated sediments - compaction and cementation
• The weight of overlying sediments causes sediments to be reduced in volume by 40%.
•Increases pressure and temperature causes some minerals to melt - filling spaces between remaining grains.
•They then harden to form a glue or cement: cementation
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Metamorphic Rocks• Form when pre-existing Earth materials are subjected to heat, pressure and/or chemical reactions and change the mineralogy, chemical composition and/or structure of the material.
Coal
Gneiss
Slate
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Metamorphic Rocks • Generated by recrystallization of either igneous or sedimentary rocks by the action of any or all of the following:
•Pressure•Temperature•Pore Fluids
• The lower temperature limit is 150 °C. • The upper limit is the melting temperature when magma forms.
• Type of metamorphic rock is determined by the parent rock, and the P/T conditions.
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Any rock type can become any other rock type given time and processes acting on them.
These changes are reflected in the ROCK CYCLE.
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Here is another version of the Rock Cycle
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Metrocks/Metrocks2.html
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The Rock Cycle
Several key processes change rocks:
•Weathering: the physical and chemical breakdown of rock.
•Transportation: the transportation of from
the weathering site
•Deposition: the deposition of sediments after transportation
•Lithification: sediments turning into rock by the processes of compaction and cementation
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•Melting: The heating of solid rock till it melts
•Metamorphism: The changing of rock by heat, pressure &chemically active fluids
•Crystallization: The growth of crystals from a cooling magma
•Uplift and exposure: The movement of rock to the surface by weathering & erosion, faulting etc
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• http://www.earth2class.org/er/students/256,1,Rocks
• http://www.colby.edu/~bfrueger/141/316,4,Slide 4
• http://sun.menloschool.org/~cfat/powerpoint/earth_science/276,5,Slide 5