earth interior all

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8/25/13 1 The Earth’s Interior As defined by its chemical composi>on…. 1 What are the Crust & Mantle made of? Silicate Rock: Rock made with the siliconoxygen tetrahedron. Silicate rocks will also have varying amounts of iron: Felsic Less than 31% Fe/Mg content. Intermediate – 3247% Fe/Mg content. Mafic – 4854% Fe/Mg content. Ultramafic – greater than 55% Fe/Mg content 2 3 USGS Ocean Crust – Juan de Fuca Ridge (Pacific) Con>nental Crust – Yosemite, CA (Half Dome) Bri4le Mantle NOAA USGS Mohorovičić Discon>nuity Note: Mojo for short Boundary between the Earth’s crust and the mantle. 4 Crustal Thickness and Depth to the Mojo Note: Rocks behave In a brifle manner Above and below the Mojo. Con7nental Crust Thickness: 3070 km Thickest at mountains Lightest of all layers Density: 2.7 g/cm 3 (Felsic) Oldest of all layers Up to 3.8 billion years old Best understanding It’s right underneath our feet! Oceanic Crust Thickness is 310 km Denser 3.0 g/cm 3 (Mafic) Very young Less than 200 million years old. Primarily Igneous Midocean Ridge Volcanism ~75% of all volcanism happens here. 5 6 South Pacific, 2009 (NOAA)

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8/25/13  

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The  Earth’s  Interior  As  defined  by  its    

chemical  composi>on….  

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What  are  the  Crust  &  Mantle  made  of?  

•  Silicate  Rock:  – Rock  made  with  the  silicon-­‐oxygen            tetrahedron.  

•  Silicate  rocks  will  also  have          varying  amounts  of  iron:  

–  Felsic  -­‐  Less  than  31%  Fe/Mg  content.  –  Intermediate  –  32-­‐47%  Fe/Mg  content.  – Mafic  –  48-­‐54%  Fe/Mg  content.  –  Ultramafic  –  greater  than  55%  Fe/Mg  content  

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USGS

Ocean  Crust  –  Juan  de  Fuca  Ridge  (Pacific)    Con>nental  Crust  –  Yosemite,  CA  (Half  Dome)  

Bri4le  Mantle  

NOAA  USGS  

Mohorovičić  Discon>nuity  Note:    Mojo  for  short  

Boundary  between  the  Earth’s  crust  and  the  mantle.  

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Crustal  Thickness  and  Depth  to  the  Mojo  

Note:  Rocks  behave  In  a  brifle  manner  Above  and  below  the    Mojo.  

•  Con7nental  Crust  •  Thickness:  30-­‐70  km  

–  Thickest  at  mountains  

•  Lightest  of  all  layers  –  Density:  2.7  g/cm3  

(Felsic)  

•  Oldest  of  all  layers  –  Up  to  3.8  billion  years  old  

•  Best  understanding  –  It’s  right  underneath  our  feet!  

•  Oceanic  Crust  •  Thickness  is  3-­‐10  km  •  Denser  

–  3.0  g/cm3  (Mafic)  

•  Very  young  –  Less  than  200  million  years  old.  

•  Primarily  Igneous  – Mid-­‐ocean  Ridge  Volcanism  

–  ~75%  of  all  volcanism  happens  here.  

5   6  South  Pacific,  2009  (NOAA)  

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Mantle  

•  Composi>on  – Ultramafic  

•  Very  thick  – 2,883  km    – or  ~1791  miles  

•  Density  – 3.3  g/cm3  

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Core  

•  Composi>on  – Mostly  iron  and  nickel.  (90%)  

•  Very  thick!  – 3,486  km    – or  ~2,160  miles  

•  Density  – 11  g/cm3  

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The  Earth’s  Interior  As  defined  by  its  physical  proper>es...  

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Physical  Proper>es:    How  rocks  respond  to  stress….  

•  Liquids  – The  state  of  mafer  in  which  molecules  flow  freely  by  one  another  and  lack  crystal  structure.  

•  Solids  – Brifle  

•  Breaks  under  stress  – Duc>le  

•  Flows  under  stress,  but  not  freely  

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Flow  in  the  solid  state…….  

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Before   Aper  

Flow  in  the  solid  state  for  Earth’s  layers  is  MUCH  slower  than  clay!  

Lithosphere  

•  Earth’s  cool,  rigid  brifle  outer  layer    

•  Includes  both:  – Con>nental  and  oceanic  crust  

–  the  uppermost  cool  and  brifle  part  of  the  mantle  

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(also  brifle)  

Duc>le  

Reminder:    The  difference  between  the  crust  and  the  uppermost  mantle  is  composi>onal  only.    They  behave  the  same  when  stressed  (brifle).  

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Asthenosphere  

•  Hot,  duc>le  and  slowly  flowing  solid.  

•  Moves  independently  of  the  lithosphere.  

•  Moves  very  very  slowly  compared  to  the  clay  example.  

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(also  brifle)  

Duc>le  

Mesosphere  (aka  Lower  Mantle)  

•  Chemical  Composi>on  is  similar  to  the  asthenosphere  –  Why?  

•  Temperature  is  hofer,  but  it  does  not  melt  –  Why?  

•  Flows  even  more  slowly  than  the  asthenosphere.  14  

Outer  Core  

•  Dense  viscous  liquid  •  Why  is  the  outer  core  liquid  even  at  these  extreme  pressures?  

•  Generates  the  Earth’s  magne>c  field  due  to  the  movement  of  metallic  iron.    

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Inner  Core  

•  Behaves  as  a  solid  •  Immense  pressure  strengthens  metallic  minerals  at  this  depth.  

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Some  important  notes  from  lecture:  •  The  lithosphere  does  not  equal  the  crust!  

–  These  two  layers  are  defined  differently  and  occupy  different  (but  overlapping)  spaces  in  Earth’s  interior.  

•  The  base  of  the  lithosphere,  the  asthenosphere  and  mesosphere  are  all  ultramafic  (and  therefore  are  all  a  part  of  the  mantle).  

•  Plates  are  made  of  the  en>re  lithosphere,  not  just  the  crust.  

•  The  asthenosphere  and  mesosphere  are  considered  solid  because  atoms  are  s>ll  bonded  together  in  a  crystalline  larce.  

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Evidence  for  Earth’s  Layers  

By  Physical  Proper>es  By  Composi>on  

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Evidence  for  Layering  by  Physical  Proper>es  

•  Seismicity  – Body  Waves  

•  Primary  Waves  •  Secondary  Waves  

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Primary  Waves  (P-­‐waves)  

•  Compressional  waves    •  Can  travel  through  both  liquid  and  solid    •  Move  faster  than  S-­‐waves    •  Travels  at  different  speeds  through  different  mediums  

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Secondary  Waves  (S-­‐waves)  

•  Transverse  waves    •  Only  travels  through  solids  •  Travels  at  different  speeds  through  different  mediums  

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What  waves  can  do?  

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The  Evidence  for  Layering  by  Composi>on  

•  Crust  – Field  observa>ons  – Ocean  floor  drilling  

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The  Evidence  for  Layering  by  Composi>on  

•  Mantle  – Volcanic  Erup>ons  – Ophiolite  Sequences  

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Ophiolite  Sequence  

Photos  above:    Marin  Headlands  Golden  Gate  NRA,  CA   Photo  above:    Oranheli,  Turkey  

The  Evidence  for  Layering  by  Composi>on  

•  Core  – Meteorite  Composi>on  

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