early civilizations in africa 8. the big questions how & why did the first civilizations arise?...
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Early Early Civilizations in Civilizations in
AfricaAfrica
88
The Big questionsThe Big questions How & why did the first civilizations arise? What role did cross-cultural contacts play in their
developments? What was the nature of the relationship between
these permanent settlements and nonagricultural peoples living elsewhere in the world?
What brought the demise of these early civilizations, and what legacy did they leave for their successors in the region?
Questions:Questions:
What is your knowledge of Africa or perceptions of African civilizations?
How much have you learned about Africa in the course of your educational careers?
How did the first people develop in Africa and to what civilizations did the neolithic or agricultural revolutions give rise?
Questions:Questions:
What are the several possible reasons that might explain Islam's success in Africa prior to 1500 C.E.? What do the career and accomplishments of Mansa Musa reveal about African society during the fourteenth century C.E.?
Identifications Nubia Kush Axum Coptic Christianity Ethiopia "fleets of the desert" Meroë Nok culture Bantu Swahili Berbers al-Maghrib
Zanj/Azania Ghana and Saleh mansa Mansa Musa Timbuktu "noncentralized societies" Great Zimbabwe lineage group matrilinear African slavery
p222
Figure 8-1 p215
Nubians 9000 BCE
Agriculture Cattle, Sheep,
Goats Pottery By 5000 BCE
Cotton textile manufacture
Figure 8-2 p216
Axum & Meroe
Center of trade
Iron based economy
Religion of Saba
writing 4CE Coptic
p234
Berbers Pastoral
people of N. Africa Intermediaries
of technological & Cultural Exchange
Carthage Center of Trade
p218
Berbers – Fleets of the Desert
p218
N. Nigeria Nok Culture 500BCE Metallurgy Terra Cotta
p231
East and Southern AfricaEast and Southern Africa Bantu “The People”
Migrations Introduced agriculture & iron
metallurgy 3000BCE Engaged in trade with Egypt
2000 BCE Port of Rhapta – trade hub by
1CE Swahili – trade language –
lingua Franca
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p219
Pantheism
Lineage Group
Syncretism of Islam & original systems of belief
p220
The Spread of Islam
Al-Maghrib
Egypt 641 CECarthage 690 CE
Ethiopia Ethiopia Zagwe Dynasty – consolidated
control of the region, incorporated Axum
Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia 12th C
King Lalibela (1221 CE) 11 Great Churches
Muslim State of Adel, 14-16th C
Swahili Coast of East Africa: Swahili Coast of East Africa: ZanjZanj Cosmopolitan
independent states Revenue – commerce
tax Swahili “coast” culture
Fusion of Bantu & Arabic language and culture
p223
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The Emergence of States in The Emergence of States in AfricaAfrica
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Gao & Ghana
Intermediaries of theTrans-Sahara Trade
Figure 8-3 p225
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
p226
Figure 8-4 p227
GhanaLand of Gold
Soninke People
Commercial economy Gold & Salt 20 Kings
pre-dated Muhammad
Today’s Mali
Ghana’s DeclineGhana’s Decline
Arrival of Islam in North Africa weakened Ghana Conquered by 1076
Berber & Tuareg Tribes of the Sahara converted in 7th Century and by 11th Century
Rise of the Almoravids Controlled the gold trade
Empire of Mali & Mansa SundiataEmpire of Mali & Mansa Sundiata Mailinke Peoples 13th C broke away from Ghana Basis of society: Agriculture Juula or merchants formed partnerships & carried
out trade Expansion : Mansa Sundiata
Organized social & political arrangements of the empire – 16 clans with distinct duties
• Griots: professional oral historians• Kept history, tradition, advised the king
p228Mansa Musa – Haj to Mecca – promoted Islam
Mansa Kankan MusaMansa Kankan Musa1312-1337 CE Hajj to Mecca 1324
So much gold was distributed that there was a general devaluation of currency
Ishak al-Sahili Poet & architect Great Mosque of Jenne
p235
p228City of Timbuktu
TimbuktuTimbuktu Great sankore mosque
Library University Scholars, Jurists,
Theologians Book symbolized the
Islamic world• Book trade, most lucrative Business in Timbuktu
The Songhay KingdomThe Songhay Kingdom Decline of Mali Sunni Ali 1464 – 1492 forged new Empire
Conquered trading cities of Jenne and Timbuktu
Developed system of provincial administration Mobilized recruits for conquests Muslim rulers took on military title, Askia Extended boundaries, by mid 1500’s
dominated Central Sudan
p233
Decline of SonghayDecline of Songhay 1591 Muslim army from
Morocco defeated larger forces of the Songhay
Signs of weakness stimulated internal revolts against the ruling family
Legacy: political and cultural tradition of Western Sudan
Hausa of Northern Nigeria established cities such as Kano and Katsina Kano became a center of
Muslim Learning
Sudanic States, Political & SocialSudanic States, Political & Social
Islam provided a universalistic faith Common religion and law provided solidarity Ruling families used Islamic titles such as Empire
& Caliph to reinforce authority Fusion of Africa and Islam Many did not convert to Islam
Fusion evident in role of womenFusion evident in role of women Songhay State – matrilineal societies, recognized role of women in kinship Women continued to enjoy freedom under Islamic Songhay
Impact of Slavery on women Slaves
domestics, laborers, soldiers and administrators, eunuchs and concubines, Children of slave women were freed and integrated into society but that
also meant a constant demand for slaves. The trade extended over 700 years and is estimated 4.8 – 6 million.
Southern Africa Southern Africa States of Luba & KongoStates of Luba & Kongo
Luba & Kongo Centralized Government King appointed provincial governors who
collected tribute from village chiefs Agriculture & manufacture Absorbed mixed farming & pastoral people in
area of Modern day Angola
p213
Zimbabwe “The Sacred/Stone House”
1000CEMixed Economy
12-14th CEPowerful stateGold trade
15th C abandoned
p238