10/18

Do Now: Where did ancient civilizations develop in Africa?

Aim: What are the key characteristics of Africa’s early civilizations?

Objectives: Students will be able to…•Describe the location, economy, government, religion, and achievements of Africa’s early civilizations•Compare and contrast Africa’s early civilizations

Agenda: Review Early Civilizations Chart

Homework: Read and take notes on Ch. 4 Sec. 2

Early Human Civilization

• Earliest humans developed in Africa because of its climate

• As climate warmed, the Sahara Desert formed and humans migrated to river valleys

• Developed farming and civilization along the lower Nile in Egypt

Review of Ancient Egyptian Civilization (3000 BCE-1100 BCE)

• Economy centered around the Nile• Ruled by pharaohs• Polytheistic and link btwn gods and

govt. • Social hierarchy based on occupation• Made great achievements

Review of Nubia/Kush Civilization (600 BCE-30OCE)

• Influenced by and one ruled by ancient Egypt

• Economy centered around the Nile and trade

• Polytheistic

• Ruled by kings

• Made great artistic and scientific achievements

Early African Civilizations Group Work

• Work with your group to learn about the economy, govt., religion and achievements of your assigned early African civilization

• Explain its characteristics to the class so that everyone’s “Early African Civilizations Chart” is complete

Groups- H Block

• Ghana- Sara, Kelsey, Daniel, Steven

• Mali- Jocelyn, Ridge, Hunter

• Songhai- Ilana, Cooper, Jacob

• Benin- Erika, Patrick, Kris

• East African Coastal Cities- Noa, Ben, Jonice

• Great Zimbabwe- Brittney, Sam, Jordan

Ancient Egyptian and Nubian Civilization (3000 BCE-1100 BCE)

Axum (100-900 CE)

West African Kingdoms- Ghana, Mali, Songhai

The Kingdom of Benin (1300-1897)

East African Coastal Cities/Swahili States (1000s-1800s)

Great Zimbabwe (1000-1450)

10/16

Aim: What were early African societies like?

Objectives: Students will be able to…•Identify similarities and differences between farming and herding communities•Describe general trends in African social organization, govt., economics and religion•Identify cultural elements in a story

Agenda: PPT Review of 4.2African Folktale Group Work

Homework: 4.3 Notes

Patterns of Early African Life

Ch. 4 Sec. 2

Social Organization- Family

• Early hunter-gathers lived in nuclear families

• Farmers and herders live in extended families, often in clans (group of interrelated families)

• Most urban dwellers live in nuclear families

Social Organization- Women and Marriage

• Women seen as central to family life and respected for child bearing

• Status varied but influenced roles and inheritance– Matriarchal/Matrilineal societies

vs. Patriarchal/Patrilineal societies

• Marriage traditionally occurred at young ages and included a gift to the bride’s family (bride wealth) but varied in type – Monogamy vs. polygamy

Matriarchal Patriarchal

Monogamy Polygamy

Social Organization- Age Grade System

• A form of social organization based on age- all boys or girls born in the same year were linked– Formed basis of education and rise of adulthood– Helped community’s sharing of duties– Created ties of loyalty based on age– Influenced social hierarchy

Patterns of Government

• Traditionally, the village was a democratic govt. unit – Stressed community over

individual– Elders served as leaders and

developed consensus (common agreement) on decisions

– In empires, village elders still made most decisions

• Today, a variety of govt. types exist, but villages are still important

Traditional Economic Organization

• Most lived and worked as farmers or herders• Farming:

– In river valleys and savanna– Based on subsistence (growing

enough to survive)– Land as community property– Techniques based on environment

(Slash and burn)

• Herding: – Where farming was difficult– Cattle supported society- how?

Economic Organization Today

• Many countries are becoming more advanced• Many Africans are still farmers and herders, but

are increasingly working in industry, manufacturing, services and mining

Traditional African Religions

• Mostly monotheistic, but many worshipped spirits and revered ancestors– Animism: all objects have souls

and should be respected

• Believed in diviners (intermediaries between human and spirit world) and healers

Religion in Africa Today• Some still believe in

traditional religions• Traditional beliefs have

blended with other religions• 40% of Africans are Christian

– Reached Africa in ancient times through trade and expanded in 1800s through missionaries

– Strongest in Central and Southern Africa

• 45% of Africans are Muslim– Reached Africa through trade

and Muslim empires beginning in 700s

– Strongest in Northern Africa

“Where Stories Come From”

• What does the story tell us about the Zulu (a group from Southern Africa)?– Family– Role of women– The economy (work and jobs)– Values (what’s important)– Beliefs

10/23

Do Now: Why did Europeans turn to Africa for slaves?

Aim: What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade?

Objectives: Students will be able to…•Explain what led to the development of the slave trade•Explain the effects of the slave trade on Africa

Agenda: Slave Trade Questions

Homework: Read and take notes on Chapter 4 Section 4

10/20

Do Now: What led to the end of the Atlantic slave trade in the mid-1800s? What led to the rise of imperialism in the late 1800s?

Aim: How did Africa become controlled by European imperial powers?

Objectives: Students will be able to…•Define imperialism•Explain European motives for controlling Africa•Explain how Europeans divided Africa for themselves

Agenda: PPT ReviewAfrican History Review

Homework: None!

The Transatlantic Slave Trade• Causes:

– European desire for cheap labor in the Americas

– Death of most Native Americans– Africans’ ability to work and “survive” on

American plantations

• Effects on Africa:– Linked to Europe and the Americas– Growth of war – Hurt communities and families– Diaspora (people of African descent

living in many places)– Set stage for imperialism

Atlantic Slave Trade vs. Imperialism

• Selling African slaves to work European farms in the Americas

• Linked to agriculture• 1500s – mid-1800s

• Conquest of African nations/groups by Europeans

• Linked to industry• Late 1800s – mid-

1900s

Europeans Explore Africa

• Europeans had established trading posts on coast in 1500s, but hadn’t ventured inland

• Desire for new resources and adventure caused Europeans to explore Africa’s rivers in the 1700s and 1800s– Examples?

• Exploration made Europeans excited to extend influence to Africa

Park

Burt

on &

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ke

Livi

ngst

one

European Motives for Imperialism: “Gold, Glory and God”

• Economic: – Desire for cheap raw materials and new

markets for manufactured goods

• Political: – Influenced by nationalism– Countries competed to control more land

than their rivals

• Religious/cultural: – Desire to spread Christianity and western

values to “inferior” African tribes

Scramble for Colonies

• Europeans fought with each other and with Africans to control the continent

• Europeans were able to colonize most of the continent by the early 1900s– Why?

The Berlin Conference (1884)

• A meeting in which Europeans made decisions about the division of Africa – No Africans

invited – Made borders

regardless of cultural/language divisions

Struggle for South Africa

• 1600s-1700s: Boer Settlement– Boers (Dutch) settled tip Cape Town in 1652– Enslaved local peoples– Expanded north while Zulu (African tribe) were

expanding south

• 1800s: Boers vs. British vs. Zulus– British won control of Cape Colony from Boers

and forced them north on “Great Trek”– Boers set up 2 republics (Orange Free State &

Transvaal) and battled Zulu for control of area

• 1900s: British Domination– Diamonds & gold discovered – British fought Dutch in Boer War (1902) and won

control over Dutch republics– Created Union of South Africa & granted it self-

rule (a colony but could have own govt. and make most decisions)

10/25

Do Now: What is imperialism? Why did it develop?

Aim: How did Africa become controlled by European imperial powers?

Objectives: Students will be able to…•Define imperialism•Explain European motives for controlling Africa•Explain how Europeans divided Africa for themselves

Agenda: Scramble for Africa Game

Homework: Read and take notes on Chapter 4 Section 5, Africa test next Thursday