The kidneys are reddish brown and lie retroperitonially high up and posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column;

The R. kidney is slightly lower than L.

On medial concave surface each kidney has a vertical slit or hilum through which two branches of renal artery, the ureter, and the renal veins pass to the kidney.

Each kidney has a dark brown outer coretx

and a light brown inner

medulla. The medulla is composed

of renal pyramids, each of whose apices end in the renal papilla, which open into minor calyces, further into major calyces and which finally emptys into renal pelvis.

Renal pelvis: extended portion of ureters which open into urinary bladder

Each kidney has a supra-renal (adrenal) gland antero-superiorly.

R.Kidney: Liver,R.colic flexure, anteriorly 12th rib posteriorly

L.Kidney: The spleen, stomach, pancreas, L.colic flexure, and

the coils of jejunum,anteriorly 11th rib posteriorly

Blood supply of Kidneys

The renal arteries arise from aorta at L2 vertebrae level.

Renal artery 5 segmental arteries lobar arteries(1 for each pyramid)

Each lobar artery 2 or 3 interlobar arteries arcuate arteries at the junction of cortex and medulla.

Arcuate arteries several interlobular arteries afferent glomerular arterioles

UretersMuscular tubes extending from renal

pelvis to the posterior surface of urinary bladder.

Blood supply: Upper end: renal artery Middle end:testicular or ovarian artery In the pelvic region: superior veical artery

Urinary bladderSituated immediately behind the pubic

bone within pelvis.Strong muscular receptacle for storage of

urine. Max capacity 500mlEmpty baldder lies entirely within pelvis;It

may project upto hypogastrium when full.Bladder wall has 3 layers of interlacing

bundles of smooth muscle fibres known as detrusor muscles.

Sphincter guarding the ureter opening into bladder is sphincter vesicae.

The superior and inferior vesical arteries, branches of internal iliac arteries supplies the bladder.

The parasympathetic nerves, stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle inhibit closure of sphinter vesicae

In males the sphinchter vesicae closure is very actively stimulated during ejaculation by the sympathetic nervous system.

ScrotumOutpouching of the lower part of anterior

abdominal wall.It contains

Testes Epididymides Lower end of spermatic cords

The wall of the scortum hasSkinSuperficial fasciaDartos muscle(smooth muscle)External spermatic fascia Cremasteric fasciaInternal spermatic fascia and tunica vaginalis

Superficial fascia(colles fascia) is continuous with scarpas fascia which is the membranous layer of anterior abdominal wall

Dartos smooth muscle is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres

Both these contribute to the septum passing in the middle of scrotum to separate testes from each other.

Spermatic fascia lie beneath the superficial fascia and are derived from 3 layers anterior abdominal wall muscles on each side.

The cremastic fascia is derived from the cremastic smooth muscle which contributes to the cremastic reflex.

The tunica vaginalis is a closed sac covering the testes, seperating it from abdominal cavity.

Testis is a firm, mobile organ lying within the scrotum.

covered by a touch fibrous capsule tunica albugenia

Seperated into lobules.1-3 seminiferous tubules within each

lobule.Seminiferous tubules rete testis

epididymis

Normal spermatogenesis can occur only if the testes are 3°C lower than body temp.

It is acheived by the pampiniform plexus-plexus formed by the testicular veins

Epididymis is a firm coiled tube nearly 6m in the posterior aspect of testis.

Stores spermMaturation of sperm takes placeNourish the maturing sperm

The epididymis continues as vas deferens which enters the spermatic cord.

Vas deferensCordlike structure that can be palpated

between finger and thumb in the upper part of scrotum

It transports the sperms from the epididymis to urethra

Testicular artery, branch of abdominal aorta supplies the testis

Spermatic cordIt is a collection of structures that pass to

and fro the testis.Covering layers is composed of,

External spermatic fascia Crmasteric fascia Internal spermatic fascia

It contains vas deferensTesticular arteryTesticular veinsGenital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

Spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal

Inguinal canal is an oblique passage through lower part of ant abdomnal wall. In males, spermatic cord to pass from abdomen to

testes In femals, round lig of uterus passes from uterus to

the labium majus.Deep inguinal ring: superior openingSuperficial inguinal ring: inferior opening

The canal is about 4 cm long in adultDeep inguinal ring:

oval, superior opening in the fascia transversalis lies just 1.3 cm above the inguinal ligament. The margins of the ring give attachment to the internal

spermatic fasciaThe superficial inguinal ring:

triangular shaped defect in aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Lies just superior and medial to the pubic tubercle. Gives attachment to the external spermatic fascia

Monday march 1st anatomy test Muscular system Epithelial Tissue Histology Muscle Contraction Nervous System Connective Tissue Fetal Skull Cartilage Skull Pre-med Thorax ,heart,respiratory system Abdomen Organs in the abdomen Urogenital system 1 +urogenital sytem 2